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GIT(1)                                       Git Manual                                       GIT(1)



NAME
       git - the stupid content tracker

SYNOPSIS
       git [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
           [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
           [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
           [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
           [--super-prefix=<path>] [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>]
           <command> [<args>]


DESCRIPTION
       Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command
       set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals.

       See gittutorial(7) to get started, then see giteveryday(7) for a useful minimum set of
       commands. The Git User’’s Manual[1] has a more in-depth introduction.

       After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this page to learn what commands
       Git offers. You can learn more about individual Git commands with "git help command".
       gitcli(7) manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.

       A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation can be viewed at
       https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html or https://git-scm.com/docs.

OPTIONS
       --version
           Prints the Git suite version that the git program came from.

           This option is internally converted to git version ...  and accepts the same options as
           the git-version(1) command. If --help is also given, it takes precedence over --version.

       --help
           Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used commands. If the option --all or
           -a is given then all available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
           option will bring up the manual page for that command.

           Other options are available to control how the manual page is displayed. See git-help(1)
           for more information, because git --help ...  is converted internally into git help ....

       -C <path>
           Run as if git was started in <path> instead of the current working directory. When
           multiple -C options are given, each subsequent non-absolute -C <path> is interpreted
           relative to the preceding -C <path>. If <path> is present but empty, e.g.  -C "", then
           the current working directory is left unchanged.

           This option affects options that expect path name like --git-dir and --work-tree in that
           their interpretations of the path names would be made relative to the working directory
           caused by the -C option. For example the following invocations are equivalent:

               git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
               git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status

       -c <name>=<value>
           Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value given will override values from
           configuration files. The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by git config
           (subkeys separated by dots).

           Note that omitting the = in git -c foo.bar ...  is allowed and sets foo.bar to the
           boolean true value (just like [foo]bar would in a config file). Including the equals but
           with an empty value (like git -c foo.bar= ...) sets foo.bar to the empty string which git
           config --type=bool will convert to false.

       --config-env=<name>=<envvar>
           Like -c <name>=<value>, give configuration variable <name> a value, where <envvar> is the
           name of an environment variable from which to retrieve the value. Unlike -c there is no
           shortcut for directly setting the value to an empty string, instead the environment
           variable itself must be set to the empty string. It is an error if the <envvar> does not
           exist in the environment.  <envvar> may not contain an equals sign to avoid ambiguity
           with <name> containing one.

           This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory configuration options to git,
           but are doing so on OS’s where other processes might be able to read your cmdline (e.g.
           /proc/self/cmdline), but not your environ (e.g.  /proc/self/environ). That behavior is
           the default on Linux, but may not be on your system.

           Note that this might add security for variables such as http.extraHeader where the
           sensitive information is part of the value, but not e.g.  url.<base>.insteadOf where the
           sensitive information can be part of the key.

       --exec-path[=<path>]
           Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This can also be controlled by
           setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment variable. If no path is given, git will print the
           current setting and then exit.

       --html-path
           Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git’s HTML documentation is installed and
           exit.

       --man-path
           Print the manpath (see man(1)) for the man pages for this version of Git and exit.

       --info-path
           Print the path where the Info files documenting this version of Git are installed and
           exit.

       -p, --paginate
           Pipe all output into less (or if set, $PAGER) if standard output is a terminal. This
           overrides the pager.<cmd> configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism"
           section below).

       -P, --no-pager
           Do not pipe Git output into a pager.

       --git-dir=<path>
           Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be controlled by setting
           the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to current
           working directory.

           Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this option (or GIT_DIR environment
           variable) turns off the repository discovery that tries to find a directory with ".git"
           subdirectory (which is how the repository and the top-level of the working tree are
           discovered), and tells Git that you are at the top level of the working tree. If you are
           not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you should tell Git where the
           top-level of the working tree is, with the --work-tree=<path> option (or GIT_WORK_TREE
           environment variable)

           If you just want to run git as if it was started in <path> then use git -C <path>.

       --work-tree=<path>
           Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path or a path relative to the
           current working directory. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
           environment variable and the core.worktree configuration variable (see core.worktree in
           git-config(1) for a more detailed discussion).

       --namespace=<path>
           Set the Git namespace. See gitnamespaces(7) for more details. Equivalent to setting the
           GIT_NAMESPACE environment variable.

       --super-prefix=<path>
           Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from above a repository
           down to its root. One use is to give submodules context about the superproject that
           invoked it.

       --bare
           Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment is not set, it is set
           to the current working directory.

       --no-replace-objects
           Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See git-replace(1) for more
           information.

       --literal-pathspecs
           Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). This is equivalent to
           setting the GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.

       --glob-pathspecs
           Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS
           environment variable to 1. Disabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using
           pathspec magic ":(literal)"

       --noglob-pathspecs
           Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the
           GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1. Enabling globbing on individual pathspecs
           can be done using pathspec magic ":(glob)"

       --icase-pathspecs
           Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS
           environment variable to 1.

       --no-optional-locks
           Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is equivalent to setting the
           GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS to 0.

       --list-cmds=group[,group...]
           List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental option and may change or be
           removed in the future. Supported groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that
           use parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory), others (all other commands
           in $PATH that have git- prefix), list-<category> (see categories in command-list.txt),
           nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config (retrieve command list from config
           variable completion.commands)

GIT COMMANDS
       We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level ("plumbing") commands.

HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN)
       We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some ancillary user utilities.

   Main porcelain commands
       git-add(1)
           Add file contents to the index.

       git-am(1)
           Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.

       git-archive(1)
           Create an archive of files from a named tree.

       git-bisect(1)
           Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.

       git-branch(1)
           List, create, or delete branches.

       git-bundle(1)
           Move objects and refs by archive.

       git-checkout(1)
           Switch branches or restore working tree files.

       git-cherry-pick(1)
           Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.

       git-citool(1)
           Graphical alternative to git-commit.

       git-clean(1)
           Remove untracked files from the working tree.

       git-clone(1)
           Clone a repository into a new directory.

       git-commit(1)
           Record changes to the repository.

       git-describe(1)
           Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref.

       git-diff(1)
           Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.

       git-fetch(1)
           Download objects and refs from another repository.

       git-format-patch(1)
           Prepare patches for e-mail submission.

       git-gc(1)
           Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.

       git-grep(1)
           Print lines matching a pattern.

       git-gui(1)
           A portable graphical interface to Git.

       git-init(1)
           Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one.

       git-log(1)
           Show commit logs.

       git-maintenance(1)
           Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.

       git-merge(1)
           Join two or more development histories together.

       git-mv(1)
           Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.

       git-notes(1)
           Add or inspect object notes.

       git-pull(1)
           Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch.

       git-push(1)
           Update remote refs along with associated objects.

       git-range-diff(1)
           Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).

       git-rebase(1)
           Reapply commits on top of another base tip.

       git-reset(1)
           Reset current HEAD to the specified state.

       git-restore(1)
           Restore working tree files.

       git-revert(1)
           Revert some existing commits.

       git-rm(1)
           Remove files from the working tree and from the index.

       git-shortlog(1)
           Summarize git log output.

       git-show(1)
           Show various types of objects.

       git-sparse-checkout(1)
           Initialize and modify the sparse-checkout.

       git-stash(1)
           Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.

       git-status(1)
           Show the working tree status.

       git-submodule(1)
           Initialize, update or inspect submodules.

       git-switch(1)
           Switch branches.

       git-tag(1)
           Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.

       git-worktree(1)
           Manage multiple working trees.

       gitk(1)
           The Git repository browser.

   Ancillary Commands
       Manipulators:

       git-config(1)
           Get and set repository or global options.

       git-fast-export(1)
           Git data exporter.

       git-fast-import(1)
           Backend for fast Git data importers.

       git-filter-branch(1)
           Rewrite branches.

       git-mergetool(1)
           Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.

       git-pack-refs(1)
           Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.

       git-prune(1)
           Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.

       git-reflog(1)
           Manage reflog information.

       git-remote(1)
           Manage set of tracked repositories.

       git-repack(1)
           Pack unpacked objects in a repository.

       git-replace(1)
           Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.

       Interrogators:

       git-annotate(1)
           Annotate file lines with commit information.

       git-blame(1)
           Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.

       git-bugreport(1)
           Collect information for user to file a bug report.

       git-count-objects(1)
           Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.

       git-difftool(1)
           Show changes using common diff tools.

       git-fsck(1)
           Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.

       git-help(1)
           Display help information about Git.

       git-instaweb(1)
           Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.

       git-merge-tree(1)
           Show three-way merge without touching index.

       git-rerere(1)
           Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.

       git-show-branch(1)
           Show branches and their commits.

       git-verify-commit(1)
           Check the GPG signature of commits.

       git-verify-tag(1)
           Check the GPG signature of tags.

       git-whatchanged(1)
           Show logs with difference each commit introduces.

       gitweb(1)
           Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).

   Interacting with Others
       These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other people via patch over e-mail.

       git-archimport(1)
           Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.

       git-cvsexportcommit(1)
           Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.

       git-cvsimport(1)
           Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.

       git-cvsserver(1)
           A CVS server emulator for Git.

       git-imap-send(1)
           Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.

       git-p4(1)
           Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.

       git-quiltimport(1)
           Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.

       git-request-pull(1)
           Generates a summary of pending changes.

       git-send-email(1)
           Send a collection of patches as emails.

       git-svn(1)
           Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.

   Reset, restore and revert
       There are three commands with similar names: git reset, git restore and git revert.

       •   git-revert(1) is about making a new commit that reverts the changes made by other
           commits.

       •   git-restore(1) is about restoring files in the working tree from either the index or
           another commit. This command does not update your branch. The command can also be used to
           restore files in the index from another commit.

       •   git-reset(1) is about updating your branch, moving the tip in order to add or remove
           commits from the branch. This operation changes the commit history.

           git reset can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with git restore.

LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING)
       Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to
       support development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might start by
       reading about git-update-index(1) and git-read-tree(1).

       The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) to these low-level commands
       are meant to be a lot more stable than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
       primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands on the other hand are subject
       to change in order to improve the end user experience.

       The following description divides the low-level commands into commands that manipulate
       objects (in the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and compare
       objects, and commands that move objects and references between repositories.

   Manipulation commands
       git-apply(1)
           Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.

       git-checkout-index(1)
           Copy files from the index to the working tree.

       git-commit-graph(1)
           Write and verify Git commit-graph files.

       git-commit-tree(1)
           Create a new commit object.

       git-hash-object(1)
           Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.

       git-index-pack(1)
           Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.

       git-merge-file(1)
           Run a three-way file merge.

       git-merge-index(1)
           Run a merge for files needing merging.

       git-mktag(1)
           Creates a tag object with extra validation.

       git-mktree(1)
           Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.

       git-multi-pack-index(1)
           Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.

       git-pack-objects(1)
           Create a packed archive of objects.

       git-prune-packed(1)
           Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.

       git-read-tree(1)
           Reads tree information into the index.

       git-symbolic-ref(1)
           Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.

       git-unpack-objects(1)
           Unpack objects from a packed archive.

       git-update-index(1)
           Register file contents in the working tree to the index.

       git-update-ref(1)
           Update the object name stored in a ref safely.

       git-write-tree(1)
           Create a tree object from the current index.

   Interrogation commands
       git-cat-file(1)
           Provide content or type and size information for repository objects.

       git-cherry(1)
           Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.

       git-diff-files(1)
           Compares files in the working tree and the index.

       git-diff-index(1)
           Compare a tree to the working tree or index.

       git-diff-tree(1)
           Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.

       git-for-each-ref(1)
           Output information on each ref.

       git-for-each-repo(1)
           Run a Git command on a list of repositories.

       git-get-tar-commit-id(1)
           Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.

       git-ls-files(1)
           Show information about files in the index and the working tree.

       git-ls-remote(1)
           List references in a remote repository.

       git-ls-tree(1)
           List the contents of a tree object.

       git-merge-base(1)
           Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.

       git-name-rev(1)
           Find symbolic names for given revs.

       git-pack-redundant(1)
           Find redundant pack files.

       git-rev-list(1)
           Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.

       git-rev-parse(1)
           Pick out and massage parameters.

       git-show-index(1)
           Show packed archive index.

       git-show-ref(1)
           List references in a local repository.

       git-unpack-file(1)
           Creates a temporary file with a blob’s contents.

       git-var(1)
           Show a Git logical variable.

       git-verify-pack(1)
           Validate packed Git archive files.

       In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the working tree.

   Syncing repositories
       git-daemon(1)
           A really simple server for Git repositories.

       git-fetch-pack(1)
           Receive missing objects from another repository.

       git-http-backend(1)
           Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.

       git-send-pack(1)
           Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.

       git-update-server-info(1)
           Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.

       The following are helper commands used by the above; end users typically do not use them
       directly.

       git-http-fetch(1)
           Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.

       git-http-push(1)
           Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.

       git-receive-pack(1)
           Receive what is pushed into the repository.

       git-shell(1)
           Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.

       git-upload-archive(1)
           Send archive back to git-archive.

       git-upload-pack(1)
           Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.

   Internal helper commands
       These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end users typically do not use
       them directly.

       git-check-attr(1)
           Display gitattributes information.

       git-check-ignore(1)
           Debug gitignore / exclude files.

       git-check-mailmap(1)
           Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.

       git-check-ref-format(1)
           Ensures that a reference name is well formed.

       git-column(1)
           Display data in columns.

       git-credential(1)
           Retrieve and store user credentials.

       git-credential-cache(1)
           Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.

       git-credential-store(1)
           Helper to store credentials on disk.

       git-fmt-merge-msg(1)
           Produce a merge commit message.

       git-interpret-trailers(1)
           Add or parse structured information in commit messages.

       git-mailinfo(1)
           Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.

       git-mailsplit(1)
           Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.

       git-merge-one-file(1)
           The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.

       git-patch-id(1)
           Compute unique ID for a patch.

       git-sh-i18n(1)
           Git’s i18n setup code for shell scripts.

       git-sh-setup(1)
           Common Git shell script setup code.

       git-stripspace(1)
           Remove unnecessary whitespace.

GUIDES
       The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.

       gitattributes(5)
           Defining attributes per path.

       gitcli(7)
           Git command-line interface and conventions.

       gitcore-tutorial(7)
           A Git core tutorial for developers.

       gitcredentials(7)
           Providing usernames and passwords to Git.

       gitcvs-migration(7)
           Git for CVS users.

       gitdiffcore(7)
           Tweaking diff output.

       giteveryday(7)
           A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.

       gitfaq(7)
           Frequently asked questions about using Git.

       gitglossary(7)
           A Git Glossary.

       githooks(5)
           Hooks used by Git.

       gitignore(5)
           Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.

       gitmailmap(5)
           Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.

       gitmodules(5)
           Defining submodule properties.

       gitnamespaces(7)
           Git namespaces.

       gitremote-helpers(7)
           Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.

       gitrepository-layout(5)
           Git Repository Layout.

       gitrevisions(7)
           Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.

       gitsubmodules(7)
           Mounting one repository inside another.

       gittutorial(7)
           A tutorial introduction to Git.

       gittutorial-2(7)
           A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.

       gitworkflows(7)
           An overview of recommended workflows with Git.

CONFIGURATION MECHANISM
       Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per repository and are per
       user. Such a configuration file may look like this:

           #
           # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
           #

           ; core variables
           [core]
                   ; Don't trust file modes
                   filemode = false

           ; user identity
           [user]
                   name = "Junio C Hamano"
                   email = "gitster AT pobox.com"


       Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their operation accordingly. See
       git-config(1) for a list and more details about the configuration mechanism.

IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY
       <object>
           Indicates the object name for any type of object.

       <blob>
           Indicates a blob object name.

       <tree>
           Indicates a tree object name.

       <commit>
           Indicates a commit object name.

       <tree-ish>
           Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that takes a <tree-ish> argument
           ultimately wants to operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences <commit>
           and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.

       <commit-ish>
           Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a <commit-ish> argument
           ultimately wants to operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences <tag>
           objects that point at a <commit>.

       <type>
           Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of: blob, tree, commit, or tag.

       <file>
           Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of the tree structure
           GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.

SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS
       Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following symbolic notation:

       HEAD
           indicates the head of the current branch.

       <tag>
           a valid tag name (i.e. a refs/tags/<tag> reference).

       <head>
           a valid head name (i.e. a refs/heads/<head> reference).

       For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in
       gitrevisions(7).

FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
       Please see the gitrepository-layout(5) document.

       Read githooks(5) for more details about each hook.

       Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the $GIT_DIR.

TERMINOLOGY
       Please see gitglossary(7).

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       Various Git commands use the following environment variables:

   The Git Repository
       These environment variables apply to all core Git commands. Nb: it is worth noting that they
       may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.

       GIT_INDEX_FILE
           This environment allows the specification of an alternate index file. If not specified,
           the default of $GIT_DIR/index is used.

       GIT_INDEX_VERSION
           This environment variable allows the specification of an index version for new
           repositories. It won’t affect existing index files. By default index file version 2 or 3
           is used. See git-update-index(1) for more information.

       GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY
           If the object storage directory is specified via this environment variable then the sha1
           directories are created underneath - otherwise the default $GIT_DIR/objects directory is
           used.

       GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES
           Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be archived into shared,
           read-only directories. This variable specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated)
           list of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git objects. New objects
           will not be written to these directories.

           Entries that begin with " (double-quote) will be interpreted as C-style quoted paths,
           removing leading and trailing double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the
           value "path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path has two paths: path-with-"-and-:-in-it and
           vanilla-path.

       GIT_DIR
           If the GIT_DIR environment variable is set then it specifies a path to use instead of the
           default .git for the base of the repository. The --git-dir command-line option also sets
           this value.

       GIT_WORK_TREE
           Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can also be controlled by the
           --work-tree command-line option and the core.worktree configuration variable.

       GIT_NAMESPACE
           Set the Git namespace; see gitnamespaces(7) for details. The --namespace command-line
           option also sets this value.

       GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES
           This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If set, it is a list of
           directories that Git should not chdir up into while looking for a repository directory
           (useful for excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not exclude the current
           working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment. Normally,
           Git has to read the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that might be present in
           order to compare them with the current directory. However, if even this access is slow,
           you can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the subsequent entries are not
           symlinks and needn’t be resolved; e.g.,
           GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink.

       GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM
           When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository directory, Git tries to find
           such a directory in the parent directories to find the top of the working tree, but by
           default it does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable can be set to
           true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem boundaries. Like GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES, this
           will not affect an explicit repository directory set via GIT_DIR or on the command line.

       GIT_COMMON_DIR
           If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are normally in $GIT_DIR will
           be taken from this path instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are taken
           from $GIT_DIR. See gitrepository-layout(5) and git-worktree(1) for details. This variable
           has lower precedence than other path variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE,
           GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...

       GIT_DEFAULT_HASH
           If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new repositories will be set to
           this value. This value is currently ignored when cloning; the setting of the remote
           repository is used instead. The default is "sha1". THIS VARIABLE IS EXPERIMENTAL! See
           --object-format in git-init(1).

   Git Commits
       GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
           The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating commit or tag objects,
           or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.name and author.name configuration settings.

       GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
           The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
           when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.email and author.email configuration settings.

       GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
           The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when
           writing reflogs. See git-commit(1) for valid formats.

       GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
           The human-readable name used in the committer identity when creating commit or tag
           objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.name and committer.name
           configuration settings.

       GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
           The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
           when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.email and committer.email configuration
           settings.

       GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
           The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when
           writing reflogs. See git-commit(1) for valid formats.

       EMAIL
           The email address used in the author and committer identities if no other relevant
           environment variable or configuration setting has been set.

   Git Diffs
       GIT_DIFF_OPTS
           Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the number of context lines shown
           when a unified diff is created. This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
           value passed on the Git diff command line.

       GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
           When the environment variable GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is set, the program named by it is called
           to generate diffs, and Git does not use its builtin diff machinery. For a path that is
           added, removed, or modified, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 7 parameters:

               path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode

           where:

       <old|new>-file
           are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of <old|new>,

       <old|new>-hex
           are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,

       <old|new>-mode
           are the octal representation of the file modes.

           The file parameters can point at the user’s working file (e.g.  new-file in
           "git-diff-files"), /dev/null (e.g.  old-file when a new file is added), or a temporary
           file (e.g.  old-file in the index).  GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF should not worry about unlinking
           the temporary file --- it is removed when GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF exits.

           For a path that is unmerged, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 1 parameter, <path>.

           For each path GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called, two environment variables,
           GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER and GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL are set.

       GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER
           A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.

       GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL
           The total number of paths.

   other
       GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY
           A number controlling the amount of output shown by the recursive merge strategy.
           Overrides merge.verbosity. See git-merge(1)

       GIT_PAGER
           This environment variable overrides $PAGER. If it is set to an empty string or to the
           value "cat", Git will not launch a pager. See also the core.pager option in git-
           config(1).

       GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY
           A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing optional progress
           indicators. Defaults to 2.

       GIT_EDITOR
           This environment variable overrides $EDITOR and $VISUAL. It is used by several Git
           commands when, on interactive mode, an editor is to be launched. See also git-var(1) and
           the core.editor option in git-config(1).

       GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR
           This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor when editing the todo list
           of an interactive rebase. See also git-rebase(1) and the sequence.editor option in git-
           config(1).

       GIT_SSH, GIT_SSH_COMMAND
           If either of these environment variables is set then git fetch and git push will use the
           specified command instead of ssh when they need to connect to a remote system. The
           command-line parameters passed to the configured command are determined by the ssh
           variant. See ssh.variant option in git-config(1) for details.

           $GIT_SSH_COMMAND takes precedence over $GIT_SSH, and is interpreted by the shell, which
           allows additional arguments to be included.  $GIT_SSH on the other hand must be just the
           path to a program (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
           needed).

           Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your personal .ssh/config
           file. Please consult your ssh documentation for further details.

       GIT_SSH_VARIANT
           If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git’s autodetection whether
           GIT_SSH/GIT_SSH_COMMAND/core.sshCommand refer to OpenSSH, plink or tortoiseplink. This
           variable overrides the config setting ssh.variant that serves the same purpose.

       GIT_ASKPASS
           If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to acquire passwords or
           passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication) will call this program with a suitable
           prompt as command-line argument and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the
           core.askPass option in git-config(1).

       GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT
           If this environment variable is set to 0, git will not prompt on the terminal (e.g., when
           asking for HTTP authentication).

       GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL, GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM
           Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or system-level
           configuration files. If GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM is set, the system config file defined at build
           time (usually /etc/gitconfig) will not be read. Likewise, if GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL is set,
           neither $HOME/.gitconfig nor $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config will be read. Can be set to
           /dev/null to skip reading configuration files of the respective level.

       GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM
           Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. This
           environment variable can be used along with $HOME and $XDG_CONFIG_HOME to create a
           predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it temporarily to avoid using
           a buggy /etc/gitconfig file while waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix
           it.

       GIT_FLUSH
           If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as git blame (in
           incremental mode), git rev-list, git log, git check-attr and git check-ignore will force
           a flush of the output stream after each record have been flushed. If this variable is set
           to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this
           environment variable is not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
           based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.

       GIT_TRACE
           Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in command execution and
           external command execution.

           If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case insensitive), trace
           messages will be printed to stderr.

           If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower than 10 (strictly)
           then Git will interpret this value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
           trace messages into this file descriptor.

           Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting with a / character),
           Git will interpret this as a file path and will try to append the trace messages to it.

           Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" (case insensitive)
           disables trace messages.

       GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR
           Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension. See GIT_TRACE for available
           trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS
           Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each access, the pack file name
           and an offset in the pack is recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
           pack-related performance problems. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACKET
           Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a given program. This can help
           with debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a
           packet starting with "PACK" (but see GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE below). See GIT_TRACE for
           available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE
           Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a given program. Unlike other trace
           output, this trace is verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
           certainly want to direct into a file (e.g., GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack) rather than
           displaying it on the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.

           Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side of clones and fetches.

       GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE
           Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution time of each Git
           command. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_REFS
           Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database. See GIT_TRACE for available
           trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_SETUP
           Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current working directory
           after Git has completed its setup phase. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output
           options.

       GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW
           Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching / cloning of shallow
           repositories. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_CURL
           Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including descriptive
           information, of the git transport protocol. This is similar to doing curl --trace-ascii
           on the command line. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA
           When a curl trace is enabled (see GIT_TRACE_CURL above), do not dump data (that is, only
           dump info lines and headers).

       GIT_TRACE2
           Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library. Output from GIT_TRACE2 is
           a simple text-based format for human readability.

           If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case insensitive), trace
           messages will be printed to stderr.

           If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower than 10 (strictly)
           then Git will interpret this value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
           trace messages into this file descriptor.

           Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting with a / character),
           Git will interpret this as a file path and will try to append the trace messages to it.
           If the path already exists and is a directory, the trace messages will be written to
           files (one per process) in that directory, named according to the last component of the
           SID and an optional counter (to avoid filename collisions).

           In addition, if the variable is set to af_unix:[<socket_type>:]<absolute-pathname>, Git
           will try to open the path as a Unix Domain Socket. The socket type can be either stream
           or dgram.

           Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" (case insensitive)
           disables trace messages.

           See Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.

       GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
           This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine interpretation. See
           GIT_TRACE2 for available trace output options and Trace2 documentation[2] for full
           details.

       GIT_TRACE2_PERF
           In addition to the text-based messages available in GIT_TRACE2, this setting writes a
           column-based format for understanding nesting regions. See GIT_TRACE2 for available trace
           output options and Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.

       GIT_TRACE_REDACT
           By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of cookies, the
           "Authorization:" header, and the "Proxy-Authorization:" header. Set this variable to 0 to
           prevent this redaction.

       GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS
           Setting this variable to 1 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs literally, rather than
           as glob patterns. For example, running GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c' will
           search for commits that touch the path *.c, not any paths that the glob *.c matches. You
           might want this if you are feeding literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to
           you by git ls-tree, --raw diff output, etc).

       GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS
           Setting this variable to 1 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as glob patterns (aka
           "glob" magic).

       GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS
           Setting this variable to 1 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as literal (aka
           "literal" magic).

       GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS
           Setting this variable to 1 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as case-insensitive.

       GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
           When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep track of the reason why the ref
           was updated (which is typically the name of the high-level command that updated the ref),
           in addition to the old and new values of the ref. A scripted Porcelain command can use
           set_reflog_action helper function in git-sh-setup to set its name to this variable when
           it is invoked as the top level command by the end user, to be recorded in the body of the
           reflog.

       GIT_REF_PARANOIA
           If set to 0, ignore broken or badly named refs when iterating over lists of refs.
           Normally Git will try to include any such refs, which may cause some operations to fail.
           This is usually preferable, as potentially destructive operations (e.g., git-prune(1))
           are better off aborting rather than ignoring broken refs (and thus considering the
           history they point to as not worth saving). The default value is 1 (i.e., be paranoid
           about detecting and aborting all operations). You should not normally need to set this to
           0, but it may be useful when trying to salvage data from a corrupted repository.

       GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL
           If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if protocol.allow is set to
           never, and each of the listed protocols has protocol.<name>.allow set to always
           (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any protocol not mentioned will
           be disallowed (i.e., this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
           protocol.allow in git-config(1) for more details.

       GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER
           Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are configured to the user
           state. This is useful to restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
           repository or for programs which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See
           git-config(1) for more details.

       GIT_PROTOCOL
           For internal use only. Used in handshaking the wire protocol. Contains a colon :
           separated list of keys with optional values key[=value]. Presence of unknown keys and
           values must be ignored.

           Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this variable to pass over some
           transports. It will be propagated automatically when accessing local repositories (i.e.,
           file:// or a filesystem path), as well as over the git:// protocol. For git-over-http, it
           should work automatically in most configurations, but see the discussion in git-http-
           backend(1). For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may need to be configured to allow clients
           to pass this variable (e.g., by using AcceptEnv GIT_PROTOCOL with OpenSSH).

           This configuration is optional. If the variable is not propagated, then clients will fall
           back to the original "v0" protocol (but may miss out on some performance improvements or
           features). This variable currently only affects clones and fetches; it is not yet used
           for pushes (but may be in the future).

       GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS
           If set to 0, Git will complete any requested operation without performing any optional
           sub-operations that require taking a lock. For example, this will prevent git status from
           refreshing the index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in the
           background which do not want to cause lock contention with other operations on the
           repository. Defaults to 1.

       GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN, GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT, GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR
           Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error handles to paths
           specified by the environment variables. This is particularly useful in multi-threaded
           applications where the canonical way to pass standard handles via CreateProcess() is not
           an option because it would require the handles to be marked inheritable (and consequently
           every spawned process would inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The
           primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication (e.g.
           \\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123).

           Two special values are supported: off will simply close the corresponding standard
           handle, and if GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR is 2>&1, standard error will be redirected to the same
           handle as standard output.

       GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS (deprecated)
           If set to yes, print an ellipsis following an (abbreviated) SHA-1 value. This affects
           indications of detached HEADs (git-checkout(1)) and the raw diff output (git-diff(1)).
           Printing an ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered adequate and support
           for it is likely to be removed in the foreseeable future (along with the variable).

DISCUSSION
       More detail on the following is available from the Git concepts chapter of the user-manual[3]
       and gitcore-tutorial(7).

       A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" subdirectory at the top
       level. The .git directory contains, among other things, a compressed object database
       representing the complete history of the project, an "index" file which links that history to
       the current contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such as tags
       and branch heads.

       The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which hold file data; trees,
       which point to blobs and other trees to build up directory hierarchies; and commits, which
       each reference a single tree and some number of parent commits.

       The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or "version", represents a
       step in the project’s history, and each parent represents an immediately preceding step.
       Commits with more than one parent represent merges of independent lines of development.

       All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally written as a string of 40
       hex digits. Such names are globally unique. The entire history leading up to a commit can be
       vouched for by signing just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
       purpose.

       When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for efficiency may later be
       compressed together into "pack files".

       Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref may contain the SHA-1
       name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs with names beginning ref/head/ contain the
       SHA-1 name of the most recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names
       of tags of interest are stored under ref/tags/. A special ref named HEAD contains the name of
       the currently checked-out branch.

       The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each path, a blob object and
       a set of attributes. The blob object represents the contents of the file as of the head of
       the current branch. The attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
       corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the working tree can be found
       by comparing these attributes. The index may be updated with new content, and new commits may
       be created from the content stored in the index.

       The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages") for a given pathname.
       These stages are used to hold the various unmerged version of a file when a merge is in
       progress.

FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
       See the references in the "description" section to get started using Git. The following is
       probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.

       The Git concepts chapter of the user-manual[3] and gitcore-tutorial(7) both provide
       introductions to the underlying Git architecture.

       See gitworkflows(7) for an overview of recommended workflows.

       See also the howto[4] documents for some useful examples.

       The internals are documented in the Git API documentation[5].

       Users migrating from CVS may also want to read gitcvs-migration(7).

AUTHORS
       Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio C Hamano. Numerous
       contributions have come from the Git mailing list <git AT vger.org[6]>.
       http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary gives you a more complete list of
       contributors.

       If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of git-shortlog(1) and git-blame(1) can
       show you the authors for specific parts of the project.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git AT vger.org[6]> where the development and
       maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be subscribed to the list to send a message
       there. See the list archive at https://lore.kernel.org/git for previous bug reports and other
       discussions.

       Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to the Git Security mailing
       list <git-security AT googlegroups.com[7]>.

SEE ALSO
       gittutorial(7), gittutorial-2(7), giteveryday(7), gitcvs-migration(7), gitglossary(7),
       gitcore-tutorial(7), gitcli(7), The Git User’’s Manual[1], gitworkflows(7)

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES
        1. Git User’s Manual
           file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/user-manual.html

        2. Trace2 documentation
           file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/technical/api-trace2.html

        3. Git concepts chapter of the user-manual
           file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/user-manual.html#git-concepts

        4. howto
           file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/howto-index.html

        5. Git API documentation
           file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/technical/api-index.html

        6. git AT vger.org
           mailto:git AT vger.org

        7. git-security AT googlegroups.com
           mailto:git-security AT googlegroups.com



Git 2.34.1                                   02/26/2026                                       GIT(1)