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OPENSSL(1SSL)                                OpenSSL                                OPENSSL(1SSL)

NAME
       openssl - OpenSSL command line program

SYNOPSIS
       openssl command [ options ... ] [ parameters ... ]

       openssl list standard-commands | digest-commands | cipher-commands | cipher-algorithms |
       digest-algorithms | mac-algorithms | public-key-algorithms

       openssl no-XXX [ options ]

DESCRIPTION
       OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and
       Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards
       required by them.

       The openssl program is a command line program for using the various cryptography functions
       of OpenSSL's crypto library from the shell.  It can be used for

        o  Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters
        o  Public key cryptographic operations
        o  Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs
        o  Calculation of Message Digests and Message Authentication Codes
        o  Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers
        o  SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests
        o  Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail
        o  Timestamp requests, generation and verification

COMMAND SUMMARY
       The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands (command in the "SYNOPSIS" above).
       Each command can have many options and argument parameters, shown above as options and
       parameters.

       Detailed documentation and use cases for most standard subcommands are available (e.g.,
       openssl-x509(1)).

       The list options -standard-commands, -digest-commands, and -cipher-commands output a list
       (one entry per line) of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands, or
       cipher commands, respectively, that are available.

       The list parameters -cipher-algorithms, -digest-algorithms, and -mac-algorithms list all
       cipher, message digest, and message authentication code names, one entry per line. Aliases
       are listed as:

        from => to

       The list parameter -public-key-algorithms lists all supported public key algorithms.

       The command no-XXX tests whether a command of the specified name is available.  If no
       command named XXX exists, it returns 0 (success) and prints no-XXX; otherwise it returns 1
       and prints XXX.  In both cases, the output goes to stdout and nothing is printed to
       stderr.  Additional command line arguments are always ignored.  Since for each cipher
       there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test
       for the availability of ciphers in the openssl program.  (no-XXX is not able to detect
       pseudo-commands such as quit, list, or no-XXX itself.)

   Configuration Option
       Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their arguments and
       have a -config option to specify that file.  The default name of the file is openssl.cnf
       in the default certificate storage area, which can be determined from the
       openssl-version(1) command using the -d or -a option.  The environment variable
       OPENSSL_CONF can be used to specify a different file location or to disable loading a
       configuration (using the empty string).

       Among others, the configuration file can be used to load modules and to specify parameters
       for generating certificates and random numbers.  See config(5) for details.

   Standard Commands
       asn1parse
           Parse an ASN.1 sequence.

       ca  Certificate Authority (CA) Management.

       ciphers
           Cipher Suite Description Determination.

       cms CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) command.

       crl Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.

       crl2pkcs7
           CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.

       dgst
           Message Digest calculation. MAC calculations are superseded by openssl-mac(1).

       dhparam
           Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by
           openssl-genpkey(1) and openssl-pkeyparam(1).

       dsa DSA Data Management.

       dsaparam
           DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by openssl-genpkey(1) and
           openssl-pkeyparam(1).

       ec  EC (Elliptic curve) key processing.

       ecparam
           EC parameter manipulation and generation.

       enc Encryption, decryption, and encoding.

       engine
           Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation.

       errstr
           Error Number to Error String Conversion.

       fipsinstall
           FIPS configuration installation.

       gendsa
           Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by openssl-genpkey(1) and
           openssl-pkey(1).

       genpkey
           Generation of Private Key or Parameters.

       genrsa
           Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by openssl-genpkey(1).

       help
           Display information about a command's options.

       info
           Display diverse information built into the OpenSSL libraries.

       kdf Key Derivation Functions.

       list
           List algorithms and features.

       mac Message Authentication Code Calculation.

       nseq
           Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence.

       ocsp
           Online Certificate Status Protocol command.

       passwd
           Generation of hashed passwords.

       pkcs12
           PKCS#12 Data Management.

       pkcs7
           PKCS#7 Data Management.

       pkcs8
           PKCS#8 format private key conversion command.

       pkey
           Public and private key management.

       pkeyparam
           Public key algorithm parameter management.

       pkeyutl
           Public key algorithm cryptographic operation command.

       prime
           Compute prime numbers.

       rand
           Generate pseudo-random bytes.

       rehash
           Create symbolic links to certificate and CRL files named by the hash values.

       req PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.

       rsa RSA key management.

       rsautl
           RSA command for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by
           openssl-pkeyutl(1).

       s_client
           This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent connection
           to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and
           provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all
           functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library.

       s_server
           This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote clients
           speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only
           rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of
           the OpenSSL ssl library.  It provides both an own command line oriented protocol for
           testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware
           webserver.

       s_time
           SSL Connection Timer.

       sess_id
           SSL Session Data Management.

       smime
           S/MIME mail processing.

       speed
           Algorithm Speed Measurement.

       spkac
           SPKAC printing and generating command.

       srp Maintain SRP password file. This command is deprecated.

       storeutl
           Command to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc.

       ts  Time Stamping Authority command.

       verify
           X.509 Certificate Verification.  See also the openssl-verification-options(1) manual
           page.

       version
           OpenSSL Version Information.

       x509
           X.509 Certificate Data Management.

   Message Digest Commands
       blake2b512
           BLAKE2b-512 Digest

       blake2s256
           BLAKE2s-256 Digest

       md2 MD2 Digest

       md4 MD4 Digest

       md5 MD5 Digest

       mdc2
           MDC2 Digest

       rmd160
           RMD-160 Digest

       sha1
           SHA-1 Digest

       sha224
           SHA-2 224 Digest

       sha256
           SHA-2 256 Digest

       sha384
           SHA-2 384 Digest

       sha512
           SHA-2 512 Digest

       sha3-224
           SHA-3 224 Digest

       sha3-256
           SHA-3 256 Digest

       sha3-384
           SHA-3 384 Digest

       sha3-512
           SHA-3 512 Digest

       shake128
           SHA-3 SHAKE128 Digest

       shake256
           SHA-3 SHAKE256 Digest

       sm3 SM3 Digest

   Encryption, Decryption, and Encoding Commands
       The following aliases provide convenient access to the most used encodings and ciphers.

       Depending on how OpenSSL was configured and built, not all ciphers listed here may be
       present. See openssl-enc(1) for more information.

       aes128, aes-128-cbc, aes-128-cfb, aes-128-ctr, aes-128-ecb, aes-128-ofb
           AES-128 Cipher

       aes192, aes-192-cbc, aes-192-cfb, aes-192-ctr, aes-192-ecb, aes-192-ofb
           AES-192 Cipher

       aes256, aes-256-cbc, aes-256-cfb, aes-256-ctr, aes-256-ecb, aes-256-ofb
           AES-256 Cipher

       aria128, aria-128-cbc, aria-128-cfb, aria-128-ctr, aria-128-ecb, aria-128-ofb
           Aria-128 Cipher

       aria192, aria-192-cbc, aria-192-cfb, aria-192-ctr, aria-192-ecb, aria-192-ofb
           Aria-192 Cipher

       aria256, aria-256-cbc, aria-256-cfb, aria-256-ctr, aria-256-ecb, aria-256-ofb
           Aria-256 Cipher

       base64
           Base64 Encoding

       bf, bf-cbc, bf-cfb, bf-ecb, bf-ofb
           Blowfish Cipher

       camellia128, camellia-128-cbc, camellia-128-cfb, camellia-128-ctr, camellia-128-ecb,
       camellia-128-ofb
           Camellia-128 Cipher

       camellia192, camellia-192-cbc, camellia-192-cfb, camellia-192-ctr, camellia-192-ecb,
       camellia-192-ofb
           Camellia-192 Cipher

       camellia256, camellia-256-cbc, camellia-256-cfb, camellia-256-ctr, camellia-256-ecb,
       camellia-256-ofb
           Camellia-256 Cipher

       cast, cast-cbc
           CAST Cipher

       cast5-cbc, cast5-cfb, cast5-ecb, cast5-ofb
           CAST5 Cipher

       chacha20
           Chacha20 Cipher

       des, des-cbc, des-cfb, des-ecb, des-ede, des-ede-cbc, des-ede-cfb, des-ede-ofb, des-ofb
           DES Cipher

       des3, desx, des-ede3, des-ede3-cbc, des-ede3-cfb, des-ede3-ofb
           Triple-DES Cipher

       idea, idea-cbc, idea-cfb, idea-ecb, idea-ofb
           IDEA Cipher

       rc2, rc2-cbc, rc2-cfb, rc2-ecb, rc2-ofb
           RC2 Cipher

       rc4 RC4 Cipher

       rc5, rc5-cbc, rc5-cfb, rc5-ecb, rc5-ofb
           RC5 Cipher

       seed, seed-cbc, seed-cfb, seed-ecb, seed-ofb
           SEED Cipher

       sm4, sm4-cbc, sm4-cfb, sm4-ctr, sm4-ecb, sm4-ofb
           SM4 Cipher

OPTIONS
       Details of which options are available depend on the specific command.  This section
       describes some common options with common behavior.

   Common Options
       -help
           Provides a terse summary of all options.  If an option takes an argument, the "type"
           of argument is also given.

       --  This terminates the list of options. It is mostly useful if any filename parameters
           start with a minus sign:

            openssl verify [flags...] -- -cert1.pem...

   Format Options
       See openssl-format-options(1) for manual page.

   Pass Phrase Options
       See the openssl-passphrase-options(1) manual page.

   Random State Options
       Prior to OpenSSL 1.1.1, it was common for applications to store information about the
       state of the random-number generator in a file that was loaded at startup and rewritten
       upon exit. On modern operating systems, this is generally no longer necessary as OpenSSL
       will seed itself from a trusted entropy source provided by the operating system. These
       flags are still supported for special platforms or circumstances that might require them.

       It is generally an error to use the same seed file more than once and every use of -rand
       should be paired with -writerand.

       -rand files
           A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator.
           Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.  The separator
           is ";" for MS-Windows, "," for OpenVMS, and ":" for all others. Another way to specify
           multiple files is to repeat this flag with different filenames.

       -writerand file
           Writes the seed data to the specified file upon exit.  This file can be used in a
           subsequent command invocation.

   Certificate Verification Options
       See the openssl-verification-options(1) manual page.

   Name Format Options
       See the openssl-namedisplay-options(1) manual page.

   TLS Version Options
       Several commands use SSL, TLS, or DTLS. By default, the commands use TLS and clients will
       offer the lowest and highest protocol version they support, and servers will pick the
       highest version that the client offers that is also supported by the server.

       The options below can be used to limit which protocol versions are used, and whether TCP
       (SSL and TLS) or UDP (DTLS) is used.  Note that not all protocols and flags may be
       available, depending on how OpenSSL was built.

       -ssl3, -tls1, -tls1_1, -tls1_2, -tls1_3, -no_ssl3, -no_tls1, -no_tls1_1, -no_tls1_2,
       -no_tls1_3
           These options require or disable the use of the specified SSL or TLS protocols.  When
           a specific TLS version is required, only that version will be offered or accepted.
           Only one specific protocol can be given and it cannot be combined with any of the no_
           options.

       -dtls, -dtls1, -dtls1_2
           These options specify to use DTLS instead of DLTS.  With -dtls, clients will negotiate
           any supported DTLS protocol version.  Use the -dtls1 or -dtls1_2 options to support
           only DTLS1.0 or DTLS1.2, respectively.

   Engine Options
       -engine id
           Load the engine identified by id and use all the methods it implements (algorithms,
           key storage, etc.), unless specified otherwise in the command-specific documentation
           or it is configured to do so, as described in "Engine Configuration" in config(5).

           The engine will be used for key ids specified with -key and similar options when an
           option like -keyform engine is given.

           A special case is the "loader_attic" engine, which is meant just for internal OpenSSL
           testing purposes and supports loading keys, parameters, certificates, and CRLs from
           files.  When this engine is used, files with such credentials are read via this
           engine.  Using the "file:" schema is optional; a plain file (path) name will do.

       Options specifying keys, like -key and similar, can use the generic OpenSSL engine key
       loading URI scheme "org.openssl.engine:" to retrieve private keys and public keys.  The
       URI syntax is as follows, in simplified form:

           org.openssl.engine:{engineid}:{keyid}

       Where "{engineid}" is the identity/name of the engine, and "{keyid}" is a key identifier
       that's acceptable by that engine.  For example, when using an engine that interfaces
       against a PKCS#11 implementation, the generic key URI would be something like this (this
       happens to be an example for the PKCS#11 engine that's part of OpenSC):

           -key org.openssl.engine:pkcs11:label_some-private-key

       As a third possibility, for engines and providers that have implemented their own
       OSSL_STORE_LOADER(3), "org.openssl.engine:" should not be necessary.  For a PKCS#11
       implementation that has implemented such a loader, the PKCS#11 URI as defined in RFC 7512
       should be possible to use directly:

           -key pkcs11:object=some-private-key;pin-value=1234

   Provider Options
       -provider name
           Load and initialize the provider identified by name. The name can be also a path to
           the provider module. In that case the provider name will be the specified path and not
           just the provider module name.  Interpretation of relative paths is platform specific.
           The configured "MODULESDIR" path, OPENSSL_MODULES environment variable, or the path
           specified by -provider-path is prepended to relative paths.  See provider(7) for a
           more detailed description.

       -provider-path path
           Specifies the search path that is to be used for looking for providers.  Equivalently,
           the OPENSSL_MODULES environment variable may be set.

       -propquery propq
           Specifies the property query clause to be used when fetching algorithms from the
           loaded providers.  See property(7) for a more detailed description.

ENVIRONMENT
       The OpenSSL library can be take some configuration parameters from the environment.  Some
       of these variables are listed below.  For information about specific commands, see
       openssl-engine(1), openssl-rehash(1), and tsget(1).

       For information about the use of environment variables in configuration, see "ENVIRONMENT"
       in config(5).

       For information about querying or specifying CPU architecture flags, see
       OPENSSL_ia32cap(3), and OPENSSL_s390xcap(3).

       For information about all environment variables used by the OpenSSL libraries, see
       openssl-env(7).

       OPENSSL_TRACE=name[,...]
           Enable tracing output of OpenSSL library, by name.  This output will only make sense
           if you know OpenSSL internals well.  Also, it might not give you any output at all,
           depending on how OpenSSL was built.

           The value is a comma separated list of names, with the following available:

           TRACE
               The tracing functionality.

           TLS General SSL/TLS.

           TLS_CIPHER
               SSL/TLS cipher.

           CONF
               Show details about provider and engine configuration.

           ENGINE_TABLE
               The function that is used by RSA, DSA (etc) code to select registered ENGINEs,
               cache defaults and functional references (etc), will generate debugging summaries.

           ENGINE_REF_COUNT
               Reference counts in the ENGINE structure will be monitored with a line of
               generated for each change.

           PKCS5V2
               PKCS#5 v2 keygen.

           PKCS12_KEYGEN
               PKCS#12 key generation.

           PKCS12_DECRYPT
               PKCS#12 decryption.

           X509V3_POLICY
               Generates the complete policy tree at various point during X.509 v3 policy
               evaluation.

           BN_CTX
               BIGNUM context.

SEE ALSO
       openssl-asn1parse(1), openssl-ca(1), openssl-ciphers(1), openssl-cms(1), openssl-crl(1),
       openssl-crl2pkcs7(1), openssl-dgst(1), openssl-dhparam(1), openssl-dsa(1),
       openssl-dsaparam(1), openssl-ec(1), openssl-ecparam(1), openssl-enc(1), openssl-engine(1),
       openssl-errstr(1), openssl-gendsa(1), openssl-genpkey(1), openssl-genrsa(1),
       openssl-kdf(1), openssl-mac(1), openssl-nseq(1), openssl-ocsp(1), openssl-passwd(1),
       openssl-pkcs12(1), openssl-pkcs7(1), openssl-pkcs8(1), openssl-pkey(1),
       openssl-pkeyparam(1), openssl-pkeyutl(1), openssl-prime(1), openssl-rand(1),
       openssl-rehash(1), openssl-req(1), openssl-rsa(1), openssl-rsautl(1), openssl-s_client(1),
       openssl-s_server(1), openssl-s_time(1), openssl-sess_id(1), openssl-smime(1),
       openssl-speed(1), openssl-spkac(1), openssl-srp(1), openssl-storeutl(1), openssl-ts(1),
       openssl-verify(1), openssl-version(1), openssl-x509(1), config(5), crypto(7),
       openssl-env(7).  ssl(7), x509v3_config(5)

HISTORY
       The list -XXX-algorithms options were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0; For notes on the
       availability of other commands, see their individual manual pages.

       The -issuer_checks option is deprecated as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 and is silently ignored.

       The -xcertform and -xkeyform options are obsolete since OpenSSL 3.0 and have no effect.

       The interactive mode, which could be invoked by running "openssl" with no further
       arguments, was removed in OpenSSL 3.0, and running that program with no arguments is now
       equivalent to "openssl help".

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright 2000-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

       Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License").  You may not use this file except
       in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source
       distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

3.0.2                                       2024-08-20                              OPENSSL(1SSL)

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