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SENDMAIL(1)                          General Commands Manual                          SENDMAIL(1)

NAME
       sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface

SYNOPSIS
       sendmail [option ...] [recipient ...]

       mailq
       sendmail -bp

       newaliases
       sendmail -I

DESCRIPTION
       The  Postfix  sendmail(1)  command implements the Postfix to Sendmail compatibility inter-
       face.  For the sake of  compatibility  with  existing  applications,  some  Sendmail  com-
       mand-line options are recognized but silently ignored.

       By  default, Postfix sendmail(1) reads a message from standard input until EOF or until it
       reads a line with only a . character, and arranges for delivery.  Postfix sendmail(1)  re-
       lies on the postdrop(1) command to create a queue file in the maildrop directory.

       Specific command aliases are provided for other common modes of operation:

       mailq  List  the  mail  queue.  Each  entry shows the queue file ID, message size, arrival
              time, sender, and the recipients that still need to be delivered.   If  mail  could
              not  be delivered upon the last attempt, the reason for failure is shown. The queue
              ID string is followed by an optional status character:

              *      The message is in the active queue, i.e. the message is selected for  deliv-
                     ery.

              !      The  message  is in the hold queue, i.e. no further delivery attempt will be
                     made until the mail is taken off hold.

              #      The message is forced to expire. See the postsuper(1) options -e or -f.

              This mode of operation is implemented by executing the postqueue(1) command.

       newaliases
              Initialize the alias database.  If no input file is specified (with the -oA option,
              see  below),  the  program  processes the file(s) specified with the alias_database
              configuration parameter.  If no alias database type is specified, the program  uses
              the  type  specified  with the default_database_type configuration parameter.  This
              mode of operation is implemented by running the postalias(1) command.

              Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias database update  becomes  visible.
              Use the "postfix reload" command to eliminate this delay.

       These and other features can be selected by specifying the appropriate combination of com-
       mand-line options. Some features are controlled by parameters in the main.cf configuration
       file.

       The following options are recognized:

       -Am (ignored)

       -Ac (ignored)
              Postfix  sendmail  uses  the same configuration file regardless of whether or not a
              message is an initial submission.

       -B body_type
              The message body MIME type: 7BIT or 8BITMIME.

       -bd    Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is implemented by executing the  "post-
              fix start" command.

       -bh (ignored)

       -bH (ignored)
              Postfix has no persistent host status database.

       -bi    Initialize alias database. See the newaliases command above.

       -bl    Go  into  daemon  mode. To accept only local connections as with Sendmail's -bl op-
              tion, specify "inet_interfaces = loopback" in  the  Postfix  main.cf  configuration
              file.

       -bm    Read  mail  from standard input and arrange for delivery.  This is the default mode
              of operation.

       -bp    List the mail queue. See the mailq command above.

       -bs    Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands from standard input, and write re-
              sponses  to  standard  output.   In stand-alone SMTP server mode, mail relaying and
              other access controls are disabled by default. To enable them, run the  process  as
              the mail_owner user.

              This mode of operation is implemented by running the smtpd(8) daemon.

       -bv    Do  not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send an email report after verifying
              each recipient address.  This is useful for testing address rewriting  and  routing
              configurations.

              This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 and later.

       -C config_file

       -C config_dir
              The  path name of the Postfix main.cf file, or of its parent directory. This infor-
              mation is ignored with Postfix versions before 2.3.

              With Postfix version 3.2 and later, a non-default directory must be  authorized  in
              the  default  main.cf  file,  through the alternate_config_directories or multi_in-
              stance_directories parameters.

              With all Postfix versions, you can specify a directory pathname with the  MAIL_CON-
              FIG environment variable to override the location of configuration files.

       -F full_name
              Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME environment variable, and is used
              only with messages that have no From: message header.

       -f sender
              Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where  delivery  problems  are
              sent  to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, the Errors-To: message header overrides
              the error return address.

       -G     Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial user submission.  Either  do  not
              rewrite  addresses  at all, or update incomplete addresses with the domain informa-
              tion specified with remote_header_rewrite_domain.

              This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3.

       -h hop_count (ignored)
              Hop count limit. Use the hopcount_limit configuration parameter instead.

       -I     Initialize alias database. See the newaliases command above.

       -i     When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line with only a .  char-
              acter as the end of input.

       -L label (ignored)
              The logging label. Use the syslog_name configuration parameter instead.

       -m (ignored)
              Backwards compatibility.

       -N dsn (default: 'delay, failure')
              Delivery  status  notification  control. Specify either a comma-separated list with
              one or more of failure (send notification when delivery fails), delay (send notifi-
              cation when delivery is delayed), or success (send notification when the message is
              delivered); or specify never (don't send any notifications at all).

              This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.

       -n (ignored)
              Backwards compatibility.

       -oAalias_database
              Non-default alias database. Specify pathname or type:pathname. See postalias(1) for
              details.

       -O option=value (ignored)
              Set  the  named  option  to  value.  Use  the equivalent configuration parameter in
              main.cf instead.

       -o7 (ignored)

       -o8 (ignored)
              To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate MIME encapsulation and  specify
              the appropriate -B command-line option.

       -oi    When  reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line with only a . char-
              acter as the end of input.

       -om (ignored)
              The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. expansions.

       -o x value (ignored)
              Set option x to value. Use the equivalent configuration parameter  in  main.cf  in-
              stead.

       -r sender
              Set  the  envelope  sender address. This is the address where delivery problems are
              sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, the Errors-To: message header  overrides
              the error return address.

       -R return
              Delivery  status  notification  control.   Specify "hdrs" to return only the header
              when a message bounces, "full" to return a full copy (the default behavior).

              The -R option specifies an upper bound; Postfix will return only the header, when a
              full copy would exceed the bounce_size_limit setting.

              This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.10.

       -q     Attempt  to  deliver  all  queued  mail.  This  is  implemented  by  executing  the
              postqueue(1) command.

              Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently will result in poor  delivery  per-
              formance of all other mail.

       -qinterval (ignored)
              The  interval  between  queue runs. Use the queue_run_delay configuration parameter
              instead.

       -qIqueueid
              Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the specified queue ID.   This  option  is
              implemented  by  executing  the postqueue(1) command, and is available with Postfix
              version 2.4 and later.

       -qRsite
              Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is queued for the named site. This op-
              tion accepts only site names that are eligible for the "fast flush" service, and is
              implemented by executing the postqueue(1) command.  See flush(8) for more  informa-
              tion about the "fast flush" service.

       -qSsite
              This command is not implemented. Use the slower "sendmail -q" command instead.

       -t     Extract  recipients  from message headers. These are added to any recipients speci-
              fied on the command line.

              With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option  requires  that  no  recipient  ad-
              dresses are specified on the command line.

       -U (ignored)
              Initial user submission.

       -V envid
              Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers that support DSN.

              This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.

       -XV (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: -V)
              Variable  Envelope  Return  Path.  Given  an  envelope  sender  address of the form
              owner-listname@origin, each recipient user@domain receives mail with a personalized
              envelope sender address.

              By  default,  the  personalized  envelope sender address is owner-listname+user=do-
              main@origin. The  default  +  and  =  characters  are  configurable  with  the  de-
              fault_verp_delimiters configuration parameter.

       -XVxy (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: -Vxy)
              As  -XV,  but uses x and y as the VERP delimiter characters, instead of the charac-
              ters specified with the default_verp_delimiters configuration parameter.

       -v     Send an email report of the  first  delivery  attempt  (Postfix  versions  2.1  and
              later).  Mail  delivery  always happens in the background. When multiple -v options
              are given, enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.

       -X log_file (ignored)
              Log mailer traffic. Use the debug_peer_list and debug_peer_level configuration  pa-
              rameters instead.

SECURITY
       By  design,  this program is not set-user (or group) id.  It is prepared to handle message
       content from untrusted, possibly remote, users.

       However, like most Postfix programs, this program does not enforce a  security  policy  on
       its command-line arguments.  Instead, it relies on the UNIX system to enforce access poli-
       cies based on the effective user and group IDs of the process. Concretely, this means that
       running Postfix commands as root (from sudo or equivalent) on behalf of a non-root user is
       likely to create privilege escalation opportunities.

       If an application runs any Postfix programs on behalf of users that  do  not  have  normal
       shell  access to Postfix commands, then that application MUST restrict user-specified com-
       mand-line arguments to avoid privilege escalation.

       o      Filter all command-line arguments, for example arguments that contain a pathname or
              that  specify a database access method. These pathname checks must reject user-con-
              trolled symlinks or hardlinks to sensitive files, and must  not  be  vulnerable  to
              TOCTOU race attacks.

       o      Disable   command  options  processing  for  all  command  arguments  that  contain
              user-specified data. For example, the Postfix  sendmail(1)  command  line  MUST  be
              structured as follows:

                  /path/to/sendmail system-arguments -- user-arguments

              Here,  the "--" disables command option processing for all user-arguments that fol-
              low.

              Without the "--", a malicious user could enable  Postfix  sendmail(1)  command  op-
              tions, by specifying an email address that starts with "-".

DIAGNOSTICS
       Problems are logged to syslogd(8) or postlogd(8), and to the standard error stream.

ENVIRONMENT
       MAIL_CONFIG
              Directory with Postfix configuration files.

       MAIL_VERBOSE (value does not matter)
              Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.

       MAIL_DEBUG (value does not matter)
              Enable  debugging  with an external command, as specified with the debugger_command
              configuration parameter.

       NAME   The sender full name. This is used only with messages that have  no  From:  message
              header. See also the -F option above.

CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS
       The  following main.cf parameters are especially relevant to this program.  The text below
       provides only a parameter summary. See postconf(5) for more details including examples.

COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS
       Available with Postfix 2.9 and later:

       sendmail_fix_line_endings (always)
              Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts email message line endings  from
              <CR><LF> into UNIX format (<LF>).

TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS
       The DEBUG_README file gives examples of how to troubleshoot a Postfix system.

       debugger_command (empty)
              The  external  command to execute when a Postfix daemon program is invoked with the
              -D option.

       debug_peer_level (2)
              The increment in verbose logging level when a nexthop destination, remote client or
              server name or network address matches a pattern given with the debug_peer_list pa-
              rameter.

       debug_peer_list (empty)
              Optional list of nexthop destination, remote client or server name or  network  ad-
              dress patterns that, if matched, cause the verbose logging level to increase by the
              amount specified in $debug_peer_level.

ACCESS CONTROLS
       Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later:

       authorized_flush_users (static:anyone)
              List of users who are authorized to flush the queue.

       authorized_mailq_users (static:anyone)
              List of users who are authorized to view the queue.

       authorized_submit_users (static:anyone)
              List of users who are authorized to submit mail with the sendmail(1)  command  (and
              with the privileged postdrop(1) helper command).

RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS
       bounce_size_limit (50000)
              The  maximal amount of original message text that is sent in a non-delivery notifi-
              cation.

       fork_attempts (5)
              The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child process.

       fork_delay (1s)
              The delay between attempts to fork() a child process.

       hopcount_limit (50)
              The maximal number of Received:  message headers that is  allowed  in  the  primary
              message headers.

       queue_run_delay (300s)
              The  time  between  deferred queue scans by the queue manager; prior to Postfix 2.4
              the default value was 1000s.

FAST FLUSH CONTROLS
       The ETRN_README file describes configuration and operation details for the  Postfix  "fast
       flush" service.

       fast_flush_domains ($relay_domains)
              Optional  list  of destinations that are eligible for per-destination logfiles with
              mail that is queued to those destinations.

VERP CONTROLS
       The VERP_README file describes configuration and operation details of Postfix support  for
       variable envelope return path addresses.

       default_verp_delimiters (+=)
              The two default VERP delimiter characters.

       verp_delimiter_filter (-=+)
              The  characters  Postfix  accepts as VERP delimiter characters on the Postfix send-
              mail(1) command line and in SMTP commands.

MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS
       alias_database (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The alias databases for local(8) delivery that are  updated  with  "newaliases"  or
              with "sendmail -bi".

       command_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The location of all postfix administrative commands.

       config_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The default location of the Postfix main.cf and master.cf configuration files.

       daemon_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The directory with Postfix support programs and daemon programs.

       default_database_type (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The  default  database  type  for use in newaliases(1), postalias(1) and postmap(1)
              commands.

       delay_warning_time (0h)
              The time after which the sender receives a copy of the message headers of mail that
              is still queued.

       import_environment (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The  list  of  environment parameters that a privileged Postfix process will import
              from a non-Postfix parent process, or name=value environment overrides.

       mail_owner (postfix)
              The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue and most  Postfix  daemon  pro-
              cesses.

       queue_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory.

       remote_header_rewrite_domain (empty)
              Don't  rewrite  message  headers  from remote clients at all when this parameter is
              empty; otherwise, rewrite message headers and append the specified domain  name  to
              incomplete addresses.

       syslog_facility (mail)
              The syslog facility of Postfix logging.

       syslog_name (see 'postconf -d' output)
              A  prefix that is prepended to the process name in syslog records, so that, for ex-
              ample, "smtpd" becomes "prefix/smtpd".

       Postfix 3.2 and later:

       alternate_config_directories (empty)
              A list of non-default Postfix configuration directories that may be specified  with
              "-c  config_directory"  on  the  command line (in the case of sendmail(1), with the
              "-C" option), or via the MAIL_CONFIG environment parameter.

       multi_instance_directories (empty)
              An optional list of non-default Postfix configuration directories;  these  directo-
              ries belong to additional Postfix instances that share the Postfix executable files
              and documentation with the default Postfix instance, and that are started, stopped,
              etc., together with the default Postfix instance.

FILES
       /var/spool/postfix, mail queue
       /etc/postfix, configuration files

SEE ALSO
       pickup(8), mail pickup daemon
       qmgr(8), queue manager
       smtpd(8), SMTP server
       flush(8), fast flush service
       postsuper(1), queue maintenance
       postalias(1), create/update/query alias database
       postdrop(1), mail posting utility
       postfix(1), mail system control
       postqueue(1), mail queue control
       postlogd(8), Postfix logging
       syslogd(8), system logging

README_FILES
       Use "postconf readme_directory" or "postconf html_directory" to locate this information.
       DEBUG_README, Postfix debugging howto
       ETRN_README, Postfix ETRN howto
       VERP_README, Postfix VERP howto

LICENSE
       The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.

AUTHOR(S)
       Wietse Venema
       IBM T.J. Watson Research
       P.O. Box 704
       Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA

       Wietse Venema
       Google, Inc.
       111 8th Avenue
       New York, NY 10011, USA

                                                                                      SENDMAIL(1)

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