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SYSTEMD.SOCKET(5) systemd.socket SYSTEMD.SOCKET(5)
NAME
systemd.socket - Socket unit configuration
SYNOPSIS
socket.socket
DESCRIPTION
A unit configuration file whose name ends in ".socket" encodes information about an IPC or
network socket or a file system FIFO controlled and supervised by systemd, for
socket-based activation.
This man page lists the configuration options specific to this unit type. See
systemd.unit(5) for the common options of all unit configuration files. The common
configuration items are configured in the generic [Unit] and [Install] sections. The
socket specific configuration options are configured in the [Socket] section.
Additional options are listed in systemd.exec(5), which define the execution environment
the ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=, ExecStopPre= and ExecStopPost= commands are executed
in, and in systemd.kill(5), which define the way the processes are terminated, and in
systemd.resource-control(5), which configure resource control settings for the processes
of the socket.
For each socket unit, a matching service unit must exist, describing the service to start
on incoming traffic on the socket (see systemd.service(5) for more information about
.service units). The name of the .service unit is by default the same as the name of the
.socket unit, but can be altered with the Service= option described below. Depending on
the setting of the Accept= option described below, this .service unit must either be named
like the .socket unit, but with the suffix replaced, unless overridden with Service=; or
it must be a template unit named the same way. Example: a socket file foo.socket needs a
matching service foo.service if Accept=no is set. If Accept=yes is set, a service template
foo@.service must exist from which services are instantiated for each incoming connection.
No implicit WantedBy= or RequiredBy= dependency from the socket to the service is added.
This means that the service may be started without the socket, in which case it must be
able to open sockets by itself. To prevent this, an explicit Requires= dependency may be
added.
Socket units may be used to implement on-demand starting of services, as well as
parallelized starting of services. See the blog stories linked at the end for an
introduction.
Note that the daemon software configured for socket activation with socket units needs to
be able to accept sockets from systemd, either via systemd's native socket passing
interface (see sd_listen_fds(3) for details about the precise protocol used and the order
in which the file descriptors are passed) or via traditional inetd(8)-style socket passing
(i.e. sockets passed in via standard input and output, using StandardInput=socket in the
service file).
All network sockets allocated through .socket units are allocated in the host's network
namespace (see network_namespaces(7)). This does not mean however that the service
activated by a configured socket unit has to be part of the host's network namespace as
well. It is supported and even good practice to run services in their own network
namespace (for example through PrivateNetwork=, see systemd.exec(5)), receiving only the
sockets configured through socket-activation from the host's namespace. In such a set-up
communication within the host's network namespace is only permitted through the activation
sockets passed in while all sockets allocated from the service code itself will be
associated with the service's own namespace, and thus possibly subject to a restrictive
configuration.
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENCIES
Implicit Dependencies
The following dependencies are implicitly added:
o Socket units automatically gain a Before= dependency on the service units they
activate.
o Socket units referring to file system paths (such as AF_UNIX sockets or FIFOs)
implicitly gain Requires= and After= dependencies on all mount units necessary to
access those paths.
o Socket units using the BindToDevice= setting automatically gain a BindsTo= and After=
dependency on the device unit encapsulating the specified network interface.
Additional implicit dependencies may be added as result of execution and resource control
parameters as documented in systemd.exec(5) and systemd.resource-control(5).
Default Dependencies
The following dependencies are added unless DefaultDependencies=no is set:
o Socket units automatically gain a Before= dependency on sockets.target.
o Socket units automatically gain a pair of After= and Requires= dependency on
sysinit.target, and a pair of Before= and Conflicts= dependencies on shutdown.target.
These dependencies ensure that the socket unit is started before normal services at
boot, and is stopped on shutdown. Only sockets involved with early boot or late system
shutdown should disable DefaultDependencies= option.
OPTIONS
Socket files must include a [Socket] section, which carries information about the socket
or FIFO it supervises. A number of options that may be used in this section are shared
with other unit types. These options are documented in systemd.exec(5) and
systemd.kill(5). The options specific to the [Socket] section of socket units are the
following:
ListenStream=, ListenDatagram=, ListenSequentialPacket=
Specifies an address to listen on for a stream (SOCK_STREAM), datagram (SOCK_DGRAM),
or sequential packet (SOCK_SEQPACKET) socket, respectively. The address can be written
in various formats:
If the address starts with a slash ("/"), it is read as file system socket in the
AF_UNIX socket family.
If the address starts with an at symbol ("@"), it is read as abstract namespace socket
in the AF_UNIX family. The "@" is replaced with a NUL character before binding. For
details, see unix(7).
If the address string is a single number, it is read as port number to listen on via
IPv6. Depending on the value of BindIPv6Only= (see below) this might result in the
service being available via both IPv6 and IPv4 (default) or just via IPv6.
If the address string is a string in the format "v.w.x.y:z", it is interpreted as IPv4
address v.w.x.y and port z.
If the address string is a string in the format "[x]:y", it is interpreted as IPv6
address x and port y. An optional interface scope (interface name or number) may be
specified after a "%" symbol: "[x]:y%dev". Interface scopes are only useful with
link-local addresses, because the kernel ignores them in other cases. Note that if an
address is specified as IPv6, it might still make the service available via IPv4 too,
depending on the BindIPv6Only= setting (see below).
If the address string is a string in the format "vsock:x:y", it is read as CID x on a
port y address in the AF_VSOCK family. The CID is a unique 32-bit integer identifier
in AF_VSOCK analogous to an IP address. Specifying the CID is optional, and may be set
to the empty string.
Note that SOCK_SEQPACKET (i.e. ListenSequentialPacket=) is only available for AF_UNIX
sockets. SOCK_STREAM (i.e. ListenStream=) when used for IP sockets refers to TCP
sockets, SOCK_DGRAM (i.e. ListenDatagram=) to UDP.
These options may be specified more than once, in which case incoming traffic on any
of the sockets will trigger service activation, and all listed sockets will be passed
to the service, regardless of whether there is incoming traffic on them or not. If the
empty string is assigned to any of these options, the list of addresses to listen on
is reset, all prior uses of any of these options will have no effect.
It is also possible to have more than one socket unit for the same service when using
Service=, and the service will receive all the sockets configured in all the socket
units. Sockets configured in one unit are passed in the order of configuration, but no
ordering between socket units is specified.
If an IP address is used here, it is often desirable to listen on it before the
interface it is configured on is up and running, and even regardless of whether it
will be up and running at any point. To deal with this, it is recommended to set the
FreeBind= option described below.
ListenFIFO=
Specifies a file system FIFO (see fifo(7) for details) to listen on. This expects an
absolute file system path as argument. Behavior otherwise is very similar to the
ListenDatagram= directive above.
ListenSpecial=
Specifies a special file in the file system to listen on. This expects an absolute
file system path as argument. Behavior otherwise is very similar to the ListenFIFO=
directive above. Use this to open character device nodes as well as special files in
/proc/ and /sys/.
ListenNetlink=
Specifies a Netlink family to create a socket for to listen on. This expects a short
string referring to the AF_NETLINK family name (such as audit or kobject-uevent) as
argument, optionally suffixed by a whitespace followed by a multicast group integer.
Behavior otherwise is very similar to the ListenDatagram= directive above.
ListenMessageQueue=
Specifies a POSIX message queue name to listen on (see mq_overview(7) for details).
This expects a valid message queue name (i.e. beginning with "/"). Behavior otherwise
is very similar to the ListenFIFO= directive above. On Linux message queue descriptors
are actually file descriptors and can be inherited between processes.
ListenUSBFunction=
Specifies a USB FunctionFS[1] endpoints location to listen on, for implementation of
USB gadget functions. This expects an absolute file system path of a FunctionFS mount
point as the argument. Behavior otherwise is very similar to the ListenFIFO= directive
above. Use this to open the FunctionFS endpoint ep0. When using this option, the
activated service has to have the USBFunctionDescriptors= and USBFunctionStrings=
options set.
SocketProtocol=
Takes one of udplite or sctp. The socket will use the UDP-Lite (IPPROTO_UDPLITE) or
SCTP (IPPROTO_SCTP) protocol, respectively.
BindIPv6Only=
Takes one of default, both or ipv6-only. Controls the IPV6_V6ONLY socket option (see
ipv6(7) for details). If both, IPv6 sockets bound will be accessible via both IPv4 and
IPv6. If ipv6-only, they will be accessible via IPv6 only. If default (which is the
default, surprise!), the system wide default setting is used, as controlled by
/proc/sys/net/ipv6/bindv6only, which in turn defaults to the equivalent of both.
Backlog=
Takes an unsigned integer argument. Specifies the number of connections to queue that
have not been accepted yet. This setting matters only for stream and sequential packet
sockets. See listen(2) for details. Defaults to SOMAXCONN (128).
BindToDevice=
Specifies a network interface name to bind this socket to. If set, traffic will only
be accepted from the specified network interfaces. This controls the SO_BINDTODEVICE
socket option (see socket(7) for details). If this option is used, an implicit
dependency from this socket unit on the network interface device unit is created (see
systemd.device(5)). Note that setting this parameter might result in additional
dependencies to be added to the unit (see above).
SocketUser=, SocketGroup=
Takes a UNIX user/group name. When specified, all AF_UNIX sockets and FIFO nodes in
the file system are owned by the specified user and group. If unset (the default), the
nodes are owned by the root user/group (if run in system context) or the invoking
user/group (if run in user context). If only a user is specified but no group, then
the group is derived from the user's default group.
SocketMode=
If listening on a file system socket or FIFO, this option specifies the file system
access mode used when creating the file node. Takes an access mode in octal notation.
Defaults to 0666.
DirectoryMode=
If listening on a file system socket or FIFO, the parent directories are automatically
created if needed. This option specifies the file system access mode used when
creating these directories. Takes an access mode in octal notation. Defaults to 0755.
Accept=
Takes a boolean argument. If yes, a service instance is spawned for each incoming
connection and only the connection socket is passed to it. If no, all listening
sockets themselves are passed to the started service unit, and only one service unit
is spawned for all connections (also see above). This value is ignored for datagram
sockets and FIFOs where a single service unit unconditionally handles all incoming
traffic. Defaults to no. For performance reasons, it is recommended to write new
daemons only in a way that is suitable for Accept=no. A daemon listening on an AF_UNIX
socket may, but does not need to, call close(2) on the received socket before exiting.
However, it must not unlink the socket from a file system. It should not invoke
shutdown(2) on sockets it got with Accept=no, but it may do so for sockets it got with
Accept=yes set. Setting Accept=yes is mostly useful to allow daemons designed for
usage with inetd(8) to work unmodified with systemd socket activation.
For IPv4 and IPv6 connections, the REMOTE_ADDR environment variable will contain the
remote IP address, and REMOTE_PORT will contain the remote port. This is the same as
the format used by CGI. For SOCK_RAW, the port is the IP protocol.
Writable=
Takes a boolean argument. May only be used in conjunction with ListenSpecial=. If
true, the specified special file is opened in read-write mode, if false, in read-only
mode. Defaults to false.
FlushPending=
Takes a boolean argument. May only be used when Accept=no. If yes, the socket's
buffers are cleared after the triggered service exited. This causes any pending data
to be flushed and any pending incoming connections to be rejected. If no, the socket's
buffers won't be cleared, permitting the service to handle any pending connections
after restart, which is the usually expected behaviour. Defaults to no.
MaxConnections=
The maximum number of connections to simultaneously run services instances for, when
Accept=yes is set. If more concurrent connections are coming in, they will be refused
until at least one existing connection is terminated. This setting has no effect on
sockets configured with Accept=no or datagram sockets. Defaults to 64.
MaxConnectionsPerSource=
The maximum number of connections for a service per source IP address. This is very
similar to the MaxConnections= directive above. Disabled by default.
KeepAlive=
Takes a boolean argument. If true, the TCP/IP stack will send a keep alive message
after 2h (depending on the configuration of /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time) for
all TCP streams accepted on this socket. This controls the SO_KEEPALIVE socket option
(see socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.) Defaults to false.
KeepAliveTimeSec=
Takes time (in seconds) as argument. The connection needs to remain idle before TCP
starts sending keepalive probes. This controls the TCP_KEEPIDLE socket option (see
socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.) Defaults value is 7200 seconds
(2 hours).
KeepAliveIntervalSec=
Takes time (in seconds) as argument between individual keepalive probes, if the socket
option SO_KEEPALIVE has been set on this socket. This controls the TCP_KEEPINTVL
socket option (see socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.) Defaults
value is 75 seconds.
KeepAliveProbes=
Takes an integer as argument. It is the number of unacknowledged probes to send before
considering the connection dead and notifying the application layer. This controls the
TCP_KEEPCNT socket option (see socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.)
Defaults value is 9.
NoDelay=
Takes a boolean argument. TCP Nagle's algorithm works by combining a number of small
outgoing messages, and sending them all at once. This controls the TCP_NODELAY socket
option (see tcp(7)). Defaults to false.
Priority=
Takes an integer argument controlling the priority for all traffic sent from this
socket. This controls the SO_PRIORITY socket option (see socket(7) for details.).
DeferAcceptSec=
Takes time (in seconds) as argument. If set, the listening process will be awakened
only when data arrives on the socket, and not immediately when connection is
established. When this option is set, the TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT socket option will be used
(see tcp(7)), and the kernel will ignore initial ACK packets without any data. The
argument specifies the approximate amount of time the kernel should wait for incoming
data before falling back to the normal behavior of honoring empty ACK packets. This
option is beneficial for protocols where the client sends the data first (e.g. HTTP,
in contrast to SMTP), because the server process will not be woken up unnecessarily
before it can take any action.
If the client also uses the TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT option, the latency of the initial
connection may be reduced, because the kernel will send data in the final packet
establishing the connection (the third packet in the "three-way handshake").
Disabled by default.
ReceiveBuffer=, SendBuffer=
Takes an integer argument controlling the receive or send buffer sizes of this socket,
respectively. This controls the SO_RCVBUF and SO_SNDBUF socket options (see socket(7)
for details.). The usual suffixes K, M, G are supported and are understood to the base
of 1024.
IPTOS=
Takes an integer argument controlling the IP Type-Of-Service field for packets
generated from this socket. This controls the IP_TOS socket option (see ip(7) for
details.). Either a numeric string or one of low-delay, throughput, reliability or
low-cost may be specified.
IPTTL=
Takes an integer argument controlling the IPv4 Time-To-Live/IPv6 Hop-Count field for
packets generated from this socket. This sets the IP_TTL/IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS socket
options (see ip(7) and ipv6(7) for details.)
Mark=
Takes an integer value. Controls the firewall mark of packets generated by this
socket. This can be used in the firewall logic to filter packets from this socket.
This sets the SO_MARK socket option. See iptables(8) for details.
ReusePort=
Takes a boolean value. If true, allows multiple bind(2)s to this TCP or UDP port. This
controls the SO_REUSEPORT socket option. See socket(7) for details.
SmackLabel=, SmackLabelIPIn=, SmackLabelIPOut=
Takes a string value. Controls the extended attributes "security.SMACK64",
"security.SMACK64IPIN" and "security.SMACK64IPOUT", respectively, i.e. the security
label of the FIFO, or the security label for the incoming or outgoing connections of
the socket, respectively. See Smack.txt[3] for details.
SELinuxContextFromNet=
Takes a boolean argument. When true, systemd will attempt to figure out the SELinux
label used for the instantiated service from the information handed by the peer over
the network. Note that only the security level is used from the information provided
by the peer. Other parts of the resulting SELinux context originate from either the
target binary that is effectively triggered by socket unit or from the value of the
SELinuxContext= option. This configuration option applies only when activated service
is passed in single socket file descriptor, i.e. service instances that have standard
input connected to a socket or services triggered by exactly one socket unit. Also
note that this option is useful only when MLS/MCS SELinux policy is deployed. Defaults
to "false".
PipeSize=
Takes a size in bytes. Controls the pipe buffer size of FIFOs configured in this
socket unit. See fcntl(2) for details. The usual suffixes K, M, G are supported and
are understood to the base of 1024.
MessageQueueMaxMessages=, MessageQueueMessageSize=
These two settings take integer values and control the mq_maxmsg field or the
mq_msgsize field, respectively, when creating the message queue. Note that either none
or both of these variables need to be set. See mq_setattr(3) for details.
FreeBind=
Takes a boolean value. Controls whether the socket can be bound to non-local IP
addresses. This is useful to configure sockets listening on specific IP addresses
before those IP addresses are successfully configured on a network interface. This
sets the IP_FREEBIND/IPV6_FREEBIND socket option. For robustness reasons it is
recommended to use this option whenever you bind a socket to a specific IP address.
Defaults to false.
Transparent=
Takes a boolean value. Controls the IP_TRANSPARENT/IPV6_TRANSPARENT socket option.
Defaults to false.
Broadcast=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the SO_BROADCAST socket option, which allows
broadcast datagrams to be sent from this socket. Defaults to false.
PassCredentials=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the SO_PASSCRED socket option, which allows
AF_UNIX sockets to receive the credentials of the sending process in an ancillary
message. Defaults to false.
PassSecurity=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the SO_PASSSEC socket option, which allows
AF_UNIX sockets to receive the security context of the sending process in an ancillary
message. Defaults to false.
PassPacketInfo=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the IP_PKTINFO, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, NETLINK_PKTINFO
or PACKET_AUXDATA socket options, which enable reception of additional per-packet
metadata as ancillary message, on AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX and AF_PACKET sockets.
Defaults to false.
Timestamping=
Takes one of "off", "us" (alias: "usec", "<micro>s") or "ns" (alias: "nsec"). This
controls the SO_TIMESTAMP or SO_TIMESTAMPNS socket options, and enables whether
ingress network traffic shall carry timestamping metadata. Defaults to off.
TCPCongestion=
Takes a string value. Controls the TCP congestion algorithm used by this socket.
Should be one of "westwood", "veno", "cubic", "lp" or any other available algorithm
supported by the IP stack. This setting applies only to stream sockets.
ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=
Takes one or more command lines, which are executed before or after the listening
sockets/FIFOs are created and bound, respectively. The first token of the command line
must be an absolute filename, then followed by arguments for the process. Multiple
command lines may be specified following the same scheme as used for ExecStartPre= of
service unit files.
ExecStopPre=, ExecStopPost=
Additional commands that are executed before or after the listening sockets/FIFOs are
closed and removed, respectively. Multiple command lines may be specified following
the same scheme as used for ExecStartPre= of service unit files.
TimeoutSec=
Configures the time to wait for the commands specified in ExecStartPre=,
ExecStartPost=, ExecStopPre= and ExecStopPost= to finish. If a command does not exit
within the configured time, the socket will be considered failed and be shut down
again. All commands still running will be terminated forcibly via SIGTERM, and after
another delay of this time with SIGKILL. (See KillMode= in systemd.kill(5).) Takes a
unit-less value in seconds, or a time span value such as "5min 20s". Pass "0" to
disable the timeout logic. Defaults to DefaultTimeoutStartSec= from the manager
configuration file (see systemd-system.conf(5)).
Service=
Specifies the service unit name to activate on incoming traffic. This setting is only
allowed for sockets with Accept=no. It defaults to the service that bears the same
name as the socket (with the suffix replaced). In most cases, it should not be
necessary to use this option. Note that setting this parameter might result in
additional dependencies to be added to the unit (see above).
RemoveOnStop=
Takes a boolean argument. If enabled, any file nodes created by this socket unit are
removed when it is stopped. This applies to AF_UNIX sockets in the file system, POSIX
message queues, FIFOs, as well as any symlinks to them configured with Symlinks=.
Normally, it should not be necessary to use this option, and is not recommended as
services might continue to run after the socket unit has been terminated and it should
still be possible to communicate with them via their file system node. Defaults to
off.
Symlinks=
Takes a list of file system paths. The specified paths will be created as symlinks to
the AF_UNIX socket path or FIFO path of this socket unit. If this setting is used,
only one AF_UNIX socket in the file system or one FIFO may be configured for the
socket unit. Use this option to manage one or more symlinked alias names for a socket,
binding their lifecycle together. Note that if creation of a symlink fails this is not
considered fatal for the socket unit, and the socket unit may still start. If an empty
string is assigned, the list of paths is reset. Defaults to an empty list.
FileDescriptorName=
Assigns a name to all file descriptors this socket unit encapsulates. This is useful
to help activated services identify specific file descriptors, if multiple fds are
passed. Services may use the sd_listen_fds_with_names(3) call to acquire the names
configured for the received file descriptors. Names may contain any ASCII character,
but must exclude control characters and ":", and must be at most 255 characters in
length. If this setting is not used, the file descriptor name defaults to the name of
the socket unit, including its .socket suffix.
TriggerLimitIntervalSec=, TriggerLimitBurst=
Configures a limit on how often this socket unit my be activated within a specific
time interval. The TriggerLimitIntervalSec= may be used to configure the length of the
time interval in the usual time units "us", "ms", "s", "min", "h", ... and defaults to
2s (See systemd.time(7) for details on the various time units understood). The
TriggerLimitBurst= setting takes a positive integer value and specifies the number of
permitted activations per time interval, and defaults to 200 for Accept=yes sockets
(thus by default permitting 200 activations per 2s), and 20 otherwise (20 activations
per 2s). Set either to 0 to disable any form of trigger rate limiting. If the limit is
hit, the socket unit is placed into a failure mode, and will not be connectible
anymore until restarted. Note that this limit is enforced before the service
activation is enqueued.
Check systemd.exec(5) and systemd.kill(5) for more settings.
SEE ALSO
systemd(1), systemctl(1), systemd-system.conf(5), systemd.unit(5), systemd.exec(5),
systemd.kill(5), systemd.resource-control(5), systemd.service(5), systemd.directives(7),
sd_listen_fds(3), sd_listen_fds_with_names(3)
For more extensive descriptions see the "systemd for Developers" series: Socket
Activation[4], Socket Activation, part II[5], Converting inetd Services[6], Socket
Activated Internet Services and OS Containers[7].
NOTES
1. USB FunctionFS
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/usb/functionfs.txt
2. TCP Keepalive HOWTO
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/html_single/TCP-Keepalive-HOWTO/
3. Smack.txt
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Smack.txt
4. Socket Activation
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activation.html
5. Socket Activation, part II
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activation2.html
6. Converting inetd Services
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/inetd.html
7. Socket Activated Internet Services and OS Containers
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activated-containers.html
systemd 249 SYSTEMD.SOCKET(5)
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