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SYSTEMD.SOCKET(5) systemd.socket SYSTEMD.SOCKET(5)

NAME
systemd.socket - Socket unit configuration

SYNOPSIS
socket.socket

DESCRIPTION
A unit configuration file whose name ends in ".socket" encodes information about an IPC or
network socket or a file system FIFO controlled and supervised by systemd, for socket-based
activation.

This man page lists the configuration options specific to this unit type. See systemd.unit(5)
for the common options of all unit configuration files. The common configuration items are
configured in the generic [Unit] and [Install] sections. The socket specific configuration
options are configured in the [Socket] section.

Additional options are listed in systemd.exec(5), which define the execution environment the
ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=, ExecStopPre= and ExecStopPost= commands are executed in, and
in systemd.kill(5), which define the way the processes are terminated, and in
systemd.resource-control(5), which configure resource control settings for the processes of
the socket.

For each socket unit, a matching service unit must exist, describing the service to start on
incoming traffic on the socket (see systemd.service(5) for more information about .service
units). The name of the .service unit is by default the same as the name of the .socket unit,
but can be altered with the Service= option described below. Depending on the setting of the
Accept= option described below, this .service unit must either be named like the .socket
unit, but with the suffix replaced, unless overridden with Service=; or it must be a template
unit named the same way. Example: a socket file foo.socket needs a matching service
foo.service if Accept=no is set. If Accept=yes is set, a service template foo@.service must
exist from which services are instantiated for each incoming connection.

No implicit WantedBy= or RequiredBy= dependency from the socket to the service is added. This
means that the service may be started without the socket, in which case it must be able to
open sockets by itself. To prevent this, an explicit Requires= dependency may be added.

Socket units may be used to implement on-demand starting of services, as well as parallelized
starting of services. See the blog stories linked at the end for an introduction.

Note that the daemon software configured for socket activation with socket units needs to be
able to accept sockets from systemd, either via systemd's native socket passing interface
(see sd_listen_fds(3) for details about the precise protocol used and the order in which the
file descriptors are passed) or via traditional inetd(8)-style socket passing (i.e. sockets
passed in via standard input and output, using StandardInput=socket in the service file).

All network sockets allocated through .socket units are allocated in the host's network
namespace (see network_namespaces(7)). This does not mean however that the service activated
by a configured socket unit has to be part of the host's network namespace as well. It is
supported and even good practice to run services in their own network namespace (for example
through PrivateNetwork=, see systemd.exec(5)), receiving only the sockets configured through
socket-activation from the host's namespace. In such a set-up communication within the host's
network namespace is only permitted through the activation sockets passed in while all
sockets allocated from the service code itself will be associated with the service's own
namespace, and thus possibly subject to a restrictive configuration.

AUTOMATIC DEPENDENCIES
Implicit Dependencies
The following dependencies are implicitly added:

• Socket units automatically gain a Before= dependency on the service units they activate.

• Socket units referring to file system paths (such as AF_UNIX sockets or FIFOs) implicitly
gain Requires= and After= dependencies on all mount units necessary to access those
paths.

• Socket units using the BindToDevice= setting automatically gain a BindsTo= and After=
dependency on the device unit encapsulating the specified network interface.

Additional implicit dependencies may be added as result of execution and resource control
parameters as documented in systemd.exec(5) and systemd.resource-control(5).

Default Dependencies
The following dependencies are added unless DefaultDependencies=no is set:

• Socket units automatically gain a Before= dependency on sockets.target.

• Socket units automatically gain a pair of After= and Requires= dependency on
sysinit.target, and a pair of Before= and Conflicts= dependencies on shutdown.target.
These dependencies ensure that the socket unit is started before normal services at boot,
and is stopped on shutdown. Only sockets involved with early boot or late system shutdown
should disable DefaultDependencies= option.

OPTIONS
Socket files must include a [Socket] section, which carries information about the socket or
FIFO it supervises. A number of options that may be used in this section are shared with
other unit types. These options are documented in systemd.exec(5) and systemd.kill(5). The
options specific to the [Socket] section of socket units are the following:

ListenStream=, ListenDatagram=, ListenSequentialPacket=
Specifies an address to listen on for a stream (SOCK_STREAM), datagram (SOCK_DGRAM), or
sequential packet (SOCK_SEQPACKET) socket, respectively. The address can be written in
various formats:

If the address starts with a slash ("/"), it is read as file system socket in the AF_UNIX
socket family.

If the address starts with an at symbol ("@"), it is read as abstract namespace socket in
the AF_UNIX family. The "@" is replaced with a NUL character before binding. For details,
see unix(7).

If the address string is a single number, it is read as port number to listen on via
IPv6. Depending on the value of BindIPv6Only= (see below) this might result in the
service being available via both IPv6 and IPv4 (default) or just via IPv6.

If the address string is a string in the format "v.w.x.y:z", it is interpreted as IPv4
address v.w.x.y and port z.

If the address string is a string in the format "[x]:y", it is interpreted as IPv6
address x and port y. An optional interface scope (interface name or number) may be
specified after a "%" symbol: "[x]:y%dev". Interface scopes are only useful with
link-local addresses, because the kernel ignores them in other cases. Note that if an
address is specified as IPv6, it might still make the service available via IPv4 too,
depending on the BindIPv6Only= setting (see below).

If the address string is a string in the format "vsock:x:y", it is read as CID x on a
port y address in the AF_VSOCK family. The CID is a unique 32-bit integer identifier in
AF_VSOCK analogous to an IP address. Specifying the CID is optional, and may be set to
the empty string.

Note that SOCK_SEQPACKET (i.e. ListenSequentialPacket=) is only available for AF_UNIX
sockets. SOCK_STREAM (i.e. ListenStream=) when used for IP sockets refers to TCP
sockets, SOCK_DGRAM (i.e. ListenDatagram=) to UDP.

These options may be specified more than once, in which case incoming traffic on any of
the sockets will trigger service activation, and all listed sockets will be passed to the
service, regardless of whether there is incoming traffic on them or not. If the empty
string is assigned to any of these options, the list of addresses to listen on is reset,
all prior uses of any of these options will have no effect.

It is also possible to have more than one socket unit for the same service when using
Service=, and the service will receive all the sockets configured in all the socket
units. Sockets configured in one unit are passed in the order of configuration, but no
ordering between socket units is specified.

If an IP address is used here, it is often desirable to listen on it before the interface
it is configured on is up and running, and even regardless of whether it will be up and
running at any point. To deal with this, it is recommended to set the FreeBind= option
described below.

ListenFIFO=
Specifies a file system FIFO (see fifo(7) for details) to listen on. This expects an
absolute file system path as argument. Behavior otherwise is very similar to the
ListenDatagram= directive above.

ListenSpecial=
Specifies a special file in the file system to listen on. This expects an absolute file
system path as argument. Behavior otherwise is very similar to the ListenFIFO= directive
above. Use this to open character device nodes as well as special files in /proc/ and
/sys/.

ListenNetlink=
Specifies a Netlink family to create a socket for to listen on. This expects a short
string referring to the AF_NETLINK family name (such as audit or kobject-uevent) as
argument, optionally suffixed by a whitespace followed by a multicast group integer.
Behavior otherwise is very similar to the ListenDatagram= directive above.

ListenMessageQueue=
Specifies a POSIX message queue name to listen on (see mq_overview(7) for details). This
expects a valid message queue name (i.e. beginning with "/"). Behavior otherwise is very
similar to the ListenFIFO= directive above. On Linux message queue descriptors are
actually file descriptors and can be inherited between processes.

ListenUSBFunction=
Specifies a USB FunctionFS[1] endpoints location to listen on, for implementation of USB
gadget functions. This expects an absolute file system path of a FunctionFS mount point
as the argument. Behavior otherwise is very similar to the ListenFIFO= directive above.
Use this to open the FunctionFS endpoint ep0. When using this option, the activated
service has to have the USBFunctionDescriptors= and USBFunctionStrings= options set.

SocketProtocol=
Takes one of udplite or sctp. The socket will use the UDP-Lite (IPPROTO_UDPLITE) or SCTP
(IPPROTO_SCTP) protocol, respectively.

BindIPv6Only=
Takes one of default, both or ipv6-only. Controls the IPV6_V6ONLY socket option (see
ipv6(7) for details). If both, IPv6 sockets bound will be accessible via both IPv4 and
IPv6. If ipv6-only, they will be accessible via IPv6 only. If default (which is the
default, surprise!), the system wide default setting is used, as controlled by
/proc/sys/net/ipv6/bindv6only, which in turn defaults to the equivalent of both.

Backlog=
Takes an unsigned integer argument. Specifies the number of connections to queue that
have not been accepted yet. This setting matters only for stream and sequential packet
sockets. See listen(2) for details. Defaults to SOMAXCONN (128).

BindToDevice=
Specifies a network interface name to bind this socket to. If set, traffic will only be
accepted from the specified network interfaces. This controls the SO_BINDTODEVICE socket
option (see socket(7) for details). If this option is used, an implicit dependency from
this socket unit on the network interface device unit is created (see systemd.device(5)).
Note that setting this parameter might result in additional dependencies to be added to
the unit (see above).

SocketUser=, SocketGroup=
Takes a UNIX user/group name. When specified, all AF_UNIX sockets and FIFO nodes in the
file system are owned by the specified user and group. If unset (the default), the nodes
are owned by the root user/group (if run in system context) or the invoking user/group
(if run in user context). If only a user is specified but no group, then the group is
derived from the user's default group.

SocketMode=
If listening on a file system socket or FIFO, this option specifies the file system
access mode used when creating the file node. Takes an access mode in octal notation.
Defaults to 0666.

DirectoryMode=
If listening on a file system socket or FIFO, the parent directories are automatically
created if needed. This option specifies the file system access mode used when creating
these directories. Takes an access mode in octal notation. Defaults to 0755.

Accept=
Takes a boolean argument. If yes, a service instance is spawned for each incoming
connection and only the connection socket is passed to it. If no, all listening sockets
themselves are passed to the started service unit, and only one service unit is spawned
for all connections (also see above). This value is ignored for datagram sockets and
FIFOs where a single service unit unconditionally handles all incoming traffic. Defaults
to no. For performance reasons, it is recommended to write new daemons only in a way that
is suitable for Accept=no. A daemon listening on an AF_UNIX socket may, but does not need
to, call close(2) on the received socket before exiting. However, it must not unlink the
socket from a file system. It should not invoke shutdown(2) on sockets it got with
Accept=no, but it may do so for sockets it got with Accept=yes set. Setting Accept=yes is
mostly useful to allow daemons designed for usage with inetd(8) to work unmodified with
systemd socket activation.

For IPv4 and IPv6 connections, the REMOTE_ADDR environment variable will contain the
remote IP address, and REMOTE_PORT will contain the remote port. This is the same as the
format used by CGI. For SOCK_RAW, the port is the IP protocol.

Writable=
Takes a boolean argument. May only be used in conjunction with ListenSpecial=. If true,
the specified special file is opened in read-write mode, if false, in read-only mode.
Defaults to false.

FlushPending=
Takes a boolean argument. May only be used when Accept=no. If yes, the socket's buffers
are cleared after the triggered service exited. This causes any pending data to be
flushed and any pending incoming connections to be rejected. If no, the socket's buffers
won't be cleared, permitting the service to handle any pending connections after restart,
which is the usually expected behaviour. Defaults to no.

MaxConnections=
The maximum number of connections to simultaneously run services instances for, when
Accept=yes is set. If more concurrent connections are coming in, they will be refused
until at least one existing connection is terminated. This setting has no effect on
sockets configured with Accept=no or datagram sockets. Defaults to 64.

MaxConnectionsPerSource=
The maximum number of connections for a service per source IP address. This is very
similar to the MaxConnections= directive above. Disabled by default.

KeepAlive=
Takes a boolean argument. If true, the TCP/IP stack will send a keep alive message after
2h (depending on the configuration of /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time) for all TCP
streams accepted on this socket. This controls the SO_KEEPALIVE socket option (see
socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.) Defaults to false.

KeepAliveTimeSec=
Takes time (in seconds) as argument. The connection needs to remain idle before TCP
starts sending keepalive probes. This controls the TCP_KEEPIDLE socket option (see
socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.) Defaults value is 7200 seconds (2
hours).

KeepAliveIntervalSec=
Takes time (in seconds) as argument between individual keepalive probes, if the socket
option SO_KEEPALIVE has been set on this socket. This controls the TCP_KEEPINTVL socket
option (see socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.) Defaults value is 75
seconds.

KeepAliveProbes=
Takes an integer as argument. It is the number of unacknowledged probes to send before
considering the connection dead and notifying the application layer. This controls the
TCP_KEEPCNT socket option (see socket(7) and the TCP Keepalive HOWTO[2] for details.)
Defaults value is 9.

NoDelay=
Takes a boolean argument. TCP Nagle's algorithm works by combining a number of small
outgoing messages, and sending them all at once. This controls the TCP_NODELAY socket
option (see tcp(7)). Defaults to false.

Priority=
Takes an integer argument controlling the priority for all traffic sent from this socket.
This controls the SO_PRIORITY socket option (see socket(7) for details.).

DeferAcceptSec=
Takes time (in seconds) as argument. If set, the listening process will be awakened only
when data arrives on the socket, and not immediately when connection is established. When
this option is set, the TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT socket option will be used (see tcp(7)), and the
kernel will ignore initial ACK packets without any data. The argument specifies the
approximate amount of time the kernel should wait for incoming data before falling back
to the normal behavior of honoring empty ACK packets. This option is beneficial for
protocols where the client sends the data first (e.g. HTTP, in contrast to SMTP), because
the server process will not be woken up unnecessarily before it can take any action.

If the client also uses the TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT option, the latency of the initial
connection may be reduced, because the kernel will send data in the final packet
establishing the connection (the third packet in the "three-way handshake").

Disabled by default.

ReceiveBuffer=, SendBuffer=
Takes an integer argument controlling the receive or send buffer sizes of this socket,
respectively. This controls the SO_RCVBUF and SO_SNDBUF socket options (see socket(7) for
details.). The usual suffixes K, M, G are supported and are understood to the base of
1024.

IPTOS=
Takes an integer argument controlling the IP Type-Of-Service field for packets generated
from this socket. This controls the IP_TOS socket option (see ip(7) for details.). Either
a numeric string or one of low-delay, throughput, reliability or low-cost may be
specified.

IPTTL=
Takes an integer argument controlling the IPv4 Time-To-Live/IPv6 Hop-Count field for
packets generated from this socket. This sets the IP_TTL/IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS socket options
(see ip(7) and ipv6(7) for details.)

Mark=
Takes an integer value. Controls the firewall mark of packets generated by this socket.
This can be used in the firewall logic to filter packets from this socket. This sets the
SO_MARK socket option. See iptables(8) for details.

ReusePort=
Takes a boolean value. If true, allows multiple bind(2)s to this TCP or UDP port. This
controls the SO_REUSEPORT socket option. See socket(7) for details.

SmackLabel=, SmackLabelIPIn=, SmackLabelIPOut=
Takes a string value. Controls the extended attributes "security.SMACK64",
"security.SMACK64IPIN" and "security.SMACK64IPOUT", respectively, i.e. the security label
of the FIFO, or the security label for the incoming or outgoing connections of the
socket, respectively. See Smack.txt[3] for details.

SELinuxContextFromNet=
Takes a boolean argument. When true, systemd will attempt to figure out the SELinux label
used for the instantiated service from the information handed by the peer over the
network. Note that only the security level is used from the information provided by the
peer. Other parts of the resulting SELinux context originate from either the target
binary that is effectively triggered by socket unit or from the value of the
SELinuxContext= option. This configuration option applies only when activated service is
passed in single socket file descriptor, i.e. service instances that have standard input
connected to a socket or services triggered by exactly one socket unit. Also note that
this option is useful only when MLS/MCS SELinux policy is deployed. Defaults to "false".

PipeSize=
Takes a size in bytes. Controls the pipe buffer size of FIFOs configured in this socket
unit. See fcntl(2) for details. The usual suffixes K, M, G are supported and are
understood to the base of 1024.

MessageQueueMaxMessages=, MessageQueueMessageSize=
These two settings take integer values and control the mq_maxmsg field or the mq_msgsize
field, respectively, when creating the message queue. Note that either none or both of
these variables need to be set. See mq_setattr(3) for details.

FreeBind=
Takes a boolean value. Controls whether the socket can be bound to non-local IP
addresses. This is useful to configure sockets listening on specific IP addresses before
those IP addresses are successfully configured on a network interface. This sets the
IP_FREEBIND/IPV6_FREEBIND socket option. For robustness reasons it is recommended to use
this option whenever you bind a socket to a specific IP address. Defaults to false.

Transparent=
Takes a boolean value. Controls the IP_TRANSPARENT/IPV6_TRANSPARENT socket option.
Defaults to false.

Broadcast=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the SO_BROADCAST socket option, which allows
broadcast datagrams to be sent from this socket. Defaults to false.

PassCredentials=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the SO_PASSCRED socket option, which allows AF_UNIX
sockets to receive the credentials of the sending process in an ancillary message.
Defaults to false.

PassSecurity=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the SO_PASSSEC socket option, which allows AF_UNIX
sockets to receive the security context of the sending process in an ancillary message.
Defaults to false.

PassPacketInfo=
Takes a boolean value. This controls the IP_PKTINFO, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, NETLINK_PKTINFO or
PACKET_AUXDATA socket options, which enable reception of additional per-packet metadata
as ancillary message, on AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX and AF_PACKET sockets. Defaults to
false.

Timestamping=
Takes one of "off", "us" (alias: "usec", "µs") or "ns" (alias: "nsec"). This controls the
SO_TIMESTAMP or SO_TIMESTAMPNS socket options, and enables whether ingress network
traffic shall carry timestamping metadata. Defaults to off.

TCPCongestion=
Takes a string value. Controls the TCP congestion algorithm used by this socket. Should
be one of "westwood", "veno", "cubic", "lp" or any other available algorithm supported by
the IP stack. This setting applies only to stream sockets.

ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=
Takes one or more command lines, which are executed before or after the listening
sockets/FIFOs are created and bound, respectively. The first token of the command line
must be an absolute filename, then followed by arguments for the process. Multiple
command lines may be specified following the same scheme as used for ExecStartPre= of
service unit files.

ExecStopPre=, ExecStopPost=
Additional commands that are executed before or after the listening sockets/FIFOs are
closed and removed, respectively. Multiple command lines may be specified following the
same scheme as used for ExecStartPre= of service unit files.

TimeoutSec=
Configures the time to wait for the commands specified in ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=,
ExecStopPre= and ExecStopPost= to finish. If a command does not exit within the
configured time, the socket will be considered failed and be shut down again. All
commands still running will be terminated forcibly via SIGTERM, and after another delay
of this time with SIGKILL. (See KillMode= in systemd.kill(5).) Takes a unit-less value in
seconds, or a time span value such as "5min 20s". Pass "0" to disable the timeout logic.
Defaults to DefaultTimeoutStartSec= from the manager configuration file (see systemd-
system.conf(5)).

Service=
Specifies the service unit name to activate on incoming traffic. This setting is only
allowed for sockets with Accept=no. It defaults to the service that bears the same name
as the socket (with the suffix replaced). In most cases, it should not be necessary to
use this option. Note that setting this parameter might result in additional dependencies
to be added to the unit (see above).

RemoveOnStop=
Takes a boolean argument. If enabled, any file nodes created by this socket unit are
removed when it is stopped. This applies to AF_UNIX sockets in the file system, POSIX
message queues, FIFOs, as well as any symlinks to them configured with Symlinks=.
Normally, it should not be necessary to use this option, and is not recommended as
services might continue to run after the socket unit has been terminated and it should
still be possible to communicate with them via their file system node. Defaults to off.

Symlinks=
Takes a list of file system paths. The specified paths will be created as symlinks to the
AF_UNIX socket path or FIFO path of this socket unit. If this setting is used, only one
AF_UNIX socket in the file system or one FIFO may be configured for the socket unit. Use
this option to manage one or more symlinked alias names for a socket, binding their
lifecycle together. Note that if creation of a symlink fails this is not considered fatal
for the socket unit, and the socket unit may still start. If an empty string is assigned,
the list of paths is reset. Defaults to an empty list.

FileDescriptorName=
Assigns a name to all file descriptors this socket unit encapsulates. This is useful to
help activated services identify specific file descriptors, if multiple fds are passed.
Services may use the sd_listen_fds_with_names(3) call to acquire the names configured for
the received file descriptors. Names may contain any ASCII character, but must exclude
control characters and ":", and must be at most 255 characters in length. If this setting
is not used, the file descriptor name defaults to the name of the socket unit, including
its .socket suffix.

TriggerLimitIntervalSec=, TriggerLimitBurst=
Configures a limit on how often this socket unit my be activated within a specific time
interval. The TriggerLimitIntervalSec= may be used to configure the length of the time
interval in the usual time units "us", "ms", "s", "min", "h", ... and defaults to 2s (See
systemd.time(7) for details on the various time units understood). The TriggerLimitBurst=
setting takes a positive integer value and specifies the number of permitted activations
per time interval, and defaults to 200 for Accept=yes sockets (thus by default permitting
200 activations per 2s), and 20 otherwise (20 activations per 2s). Set either to 0 to
disable any form of trigger rate limiting. If the limit is hit, the socket unit is placed
into a failure mode, and will not be connectible anymore until restarted. Note that this
limit is enforced before the service activation is enqueued.

Check systemd.exec(5) and systemd.kill(5) for more settings.

SEE ALSO
systemd(1), systemctl(1), systemd-system.conf(5), systemd.unit(5), systemd.exec(5),
systemd.kill(5), systemd.resource-control(5), systemd.service(5), systemd.directives(7),
sd_listen_fds(3), sd_listen_fds_with_names(3)

For more extensive descriptions see the "systemd for Developers" series: Socket
Activation[4], Socket Activation, part II[5], Converting inetd Services[6], Socket Activated
Internet Services and OS Containers[7].

NOTES
1. USB FunctionFS
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/usb/functionfs.txt

2. TCP Keepalive HOWTO
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/html_single/TCP-Keepalive-HOWTO/

3. Smack.txt
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Smack.txt

4. Socket Activation
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activation.html

5. Socket Activation, part II
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activation2.html

6. Converting inetd Services
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/inetd.html

7. Socket Activated Internet Services and OS Containers
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activated-containers.html

systemd 249 SYSTEMD.SOCKET(5)