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ALIASES(5)                             File Formats Manual                             ALIASES(5)

NAME
       aliases - Postfix local alias database format

SYNOPSIS
       newaliases

DESCRIPTION
       The  aliases(5)  table provides a system-wide mechanism to redirect mail for local recipi-
       ents. The redirections are processed by the Postfix local(8) delivery agent.

       Normally, the aliases(5) table is specified as a text file that serves  as  input  to  the
       postalias(1)  command.  The  result, an indexed file in dbm or db format, is used for fast
       lookup by the mail system. Execute the command newaliases in order to rebuild the  indexed
       file after changing the Postfix alias database.

       When  the table is provided via other means such as NIS, LDAP or SQL, the same lookups are
       done as for ordinary indexed files.

       Alternatively, the table can be provided as a regular-expression map  where  patterns  are
       given  as  regular expressions. In this case, the lookups are done in a slightly different
       way as described below under "REGULAR EXPRESSION TABLES".

       Users can control delivery of their own mail by setting up .forward files  in  their  home
       directory.   Lines  in per-user .forward files have the same syntax as the right-hand side
       of aliases(5) entries.

       The format of the alias database input file is as follows:

       o      An alias definition has the form

                   name: value1, value2, ...

       o      Empty lines and whitespace-only  lines  are  ignored,  as  are  lines  whose  first
              non-whitespace character is a `#'.

       o      A  logical line starts with non-whitespace text. A line that starts with whitespace
              continues a logical line.

       The name is a local address (no domain part).  Use double quotes when  the  name  contains
       any  special characters such as whitespace, `#', `:', or `@'. The name is folded to lower-
       case, in order to make database lookups case insensitive.

       In addition, when an alias exists for owner-name, this will override the  envelope  sender
       address,  so that delivery diagnostics are directed to owner-name, instead of the origina-
       tor of the message (for details, see  owner_request_special,  expand_owner_alias  and  re-
       set_owner_alias).  This is typically used to direct delivery errors to the maintainer of a
       mailing list, who is in a better position to deal with mailing list delivery problems than
       the originator of the undelivered mail.

       The value contains one or more of the following:

       address
              Mail is forwarded to address, which is compatible with the RFC 822 standard.

       /file/name
              Mail  is appended to /file/name. See local(8) for details of delivery to file.  De-
              livery is not limited to regular files.  For example, to dispose of unwanted  mail,
              deflect it to /dev/null.

       |command
              Mail  is  piped  into  command.  Commands  that contain special characters, such as
              whitespace, should be enclosed between double quotes. See local(8) for  details  of
              delivery to command.

              When  the  command  fails, a limited amount of command output is mailed back to the
              sender.  The file /usr/include/sysexits.h defines the expected exit  status  codes.
              For  example,  use  "|exit 67" to simulate a "user unknown" error, and "|exit 0" to
              implement an expensive black hole.

       :include:/file/name
              Mail is sent to the destinations listed in the  named  file.   Lines  in  :include:
              files have the same syntax as the right-hand side of alias entries.

              A  destination  can  be any destination that is described in this manual page. How-
              ever, delivery to "|command" and /file/name is disallowed by  default.  To  enable,
              edit the allow_mail_to_commands and allow_mail_to_files configuration parameters.

ADDRESS EXTENSION
       When alias database search fails, and the recipient localpart contains the optional recip-
       ient delimiter (e.g., user+foo), the search is repeated for the unextended address  (e.g.,
       user).

       The  propagate_unmatched_extensions parameter controls whether an unmatched address exten-
       sion (+foo) is propagated to the result of table lookup.

CASE FOLDING
       The local(8) delivery agent always folds the search string to  lowercase  before  database
       lookup.

REGULAR EXPRESSION TABLES
       This section describes how the table lookups change when the table is given in the form of
       regular expressions. For a description of regular expression lookup table syntax, see reg-
       exp_table(5) or pcre_table(5). NOTE: these formats do not use ":" at the end of a pattern.

       Each  regular  expression  is  applied  to the entire search string. Thus, a search string
       user+foo is not broken up into user and foo.

       Regular expressions are applied in the order as specified in the table,  until  a  regular
       expression is found that matches the search string.

       Lookup  results  are the same as with indexed file lookups.  For security reasons there is
       no support for $1, $2 etc. substring interpolation.

SECURITY
       The local(8) delivery agent disallows  regular  expression  substitution  of  $1  etc.  in
       alias_maps, because that would open a security hole.

       The  local(8)  delivery  agent will silently ignore requests to use the proxymap(8) server
       within alias_maps. Instead it will open the table directly.  Before Postfix  version  2.2,
       the local(8) delivery agent will terminate with a fatal error.

CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS
       The  following main.cf parameters are especially relevant.  The text below provides only a
       parameter summary. See postconf(5) for more details including examples.

       alias_database (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The alias databases for local(8) delivery that are  updated  with  "newaliases"  or
              with "sendmail -bi".

       alias_maps (see 'postconf -d' output)
              The alias databases that are used for local(8) delivery.

       allow_mail_to_commands (alias, forward)
              Restrict local(8) mail delivery to external commands.

       allow_mail_to_files (alias, forward)
              Restrict local(8) mail delivery to external files.

       expand_owner_alias (no)
              When  delivering  to  an  alias "aliasname" that has an "owner-aliasname" companion
              alias, set the envelope sender address to the expansion  of  the  "owner-aliasname"
              alias.

       propagate_unmatched_extensions (canonical, virtual)
              What  address  lookup  tables  copy an address extension from the lookup key to the
              lookup result.

       owner_request_special (yes)
              Enable special treatment for owner-listname entries in  the  aliases(5)  file,  and
              don't split owner-listname and listname-request address localparts when the recipi-
              ent_delimiter is set to "-".

       recipient_delimiter (empty)
              The set of characters that can separate a user name from  its  extension  (example:
              user+foo), or a .forward file name from its extension (example: .forward+foo).

       Available in Postfix version 2.3 and later:

       frozen_delivered_to (yes)
              Update  the  local(8)  delivery  agent's  idea  of  the  Delivered-To: address (see
              prepend_delivered_header) only once, at the start of a delivery attempt; do not up-
              date the Delivered-To: address while expanding aliases or .forward files.

STANDARDS
       RFC 822 (ARPA Internet Text Messages)

SEE ALSO
       local(8), local delivery agent
       newaliases(1), create/update alias database
       postalias(1), create/update alias database
       postconf(5), configuration parameters

README FILES
       Use "postconf readme_directory" or "postconf html_directory" to locate this information.
       DATABASE_README, Postfix lookup table overview

LICENSE
       The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.

AUTHOR(S)
       Wietse Venema
       IBM T.J. Watson Research
       P.O. Box 704
       Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA

       Wietse Venema
       Google, Inc.
       111 8th Avenue
       New York, NY 10011, USA

                                                                                       ALIASES(5)

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