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Help on built-in module posix: NAME posix MODULE REFERENCE https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/posix.html The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the location listed above. DESCRIPTION This module provides access to operating system functionality that is standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly disguised Unix interface). Refer to the library manual and corresponding Unix manual entries for more information on calls. CLASSES builtins.object DirEntry builtins.tuple(builtins.object) sched_param times_result uname_result waitid_result class DirEntry(builtins.object) | Methods defined here: | | __fspath__(self, /) | Returns the path for the entry. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | inode(self, /) | Return inode of the entry; cached per entry. | | is_dir(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) | Return True if the entry is a directory; cached per entry. | | is_file(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) | Return True if the entry is a file; cached per entry. | | is_symlink(self, /) | Return True if the entry is a symbolic link; cached per entry. | | stat(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) | Return stat_result object for the entry; cached per entry. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods defined here: | | __class_getitem__(...) from builtins.type | See PEP 585 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | name | the entry's base filename, relative to scandir() "path" argument | | path | the entry's full path name; equivalent to os.path.join(scandir_path, entry.name) class sched_param(builtins.tuple) | sched_param(sched_priority) | | Currently has only one field: sched_priority | | sched_priority | A scheduling parameter. | | Method resolution order: | sched_param | builtins.tuple | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | sched_priority | the scheduling priority | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __match_args__ = ('sched_priority',) | | n_fields = 1 | | n_sequence_fields = 1 | | n_unnamed_fields = 0 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __add__(self, value, /) | Return self+value. | | __contains__(self, key, /) | Return key in self. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __getitem__(self, key, /) | Return self[key]. | | __getnewargs__(self, /) | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self, /) | Return hash(self). | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __mul__(self, value, /) | Return self*value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __rmul__(self, value, /) | Return value*self. | | count(self, value, /) | Return number of occurrences of value. | | index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) | Return first index of value. | | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __class_getitem__(...) from builtins.type | See PEP 585 class times_result(builtins.tuple) | times_result(iterable=(), /) | | times_result: Result from os.times(). | | This object may be accessed either as a tuple of | (user, system, children_user, children_system, elapsed), | or via the attributes user, system, children_user, children_system, | and elapsed. | | See os.times for more information. | | Method resolution order: | times_result | builtins.tuple | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | children_system | system time of children | | children_user | user time of children | | elapsed | elapsed time since an arbitrary point in the past | | system | system time | | user | user time | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __match_args__ = ('user', 'system', 'children_user', 'children_system'... | | n_fields = 5 | | n_sequence_fields = 5 | | n_unnamed_fields = 0 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __add__(self, value, /) | Return self+value. | | __contains__(self, key, /) | Return key in self. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __getitem__(self, key, /) | Return self[key]. | | __getnewargs__(self, /) | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self, /) | Return hash(self). | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __mul__(self, value, /) | Return self*value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __rmul__(self, value, /) | Return value*self. | | count(self, value, /) | Return number of occurrences of value. | | index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) | Return first index of value. | | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __class_getitem__(...) from builtins.type | See PEP 585 class uname_result(builtins.tuple) | uname_result(iterable=(), /) | | uname_result: Result from os.uname(). | | This object may be accessed either as a tuple of | (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine), | or via the attributes sysname, nodename, release, version, and machine. | | See os.uname for more information. | | Method resolution order: | uname_result | builtins.tuple | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | machine | hardware identifier | | nodename | name of machine on network (implementation-defined) | | release | operating system release | | sysname | operating system name | | version | operating system version | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __match_args__ = ('sysname', 'nodename', 'release', 'version', 'machin... | | n_fields = 5 | | n_sequence_fields = 5 | | n_unnamed_fields = 0 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __add__(self, value, /) | Return self+value. | | __contains__(self, key, /) | Return key in self. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __getitem__(self, key, /) | Return self[key]. | | __getnewargs__(self, /) | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self, /) | Return hash(self). | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __mul__(self, value, /) | Return self*value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __rmul__(self, value, /) | Return value*self. | | count(self, value, /) | Return number of occurrences of value. | | index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) | Return first index of value. | | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __class_getitem__(...) from builtins.type | See PEP 585 class waitid_result(builtins.tuple) | waitid_result(iterable=(), /) | | waitid_result: Result from waitid. | | This object may be accessed either as a tuple of | (si_pid, si_uid, si_signo, si_status, si_code), | or via the attributes si_pid, si_uid, and so on. | | See os.waitid for more information. | | Method resolution order: | waitid_result | builtins.tuple | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | si_code | | si_pid | | si_signo | | si_status | | si_uid | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __match_args__ = ('si_pid', 'si_uid', 'si_signo', 'si_status', 'si_cod... | | n_fields = 5 | | n_sequence_fields = 5 | | n_unnamed_fields = 0 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __add__(self, value, /) | Return self+value. | | __contains__(self, key, /) | Return key in self. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __getitem__(self, key, /) | Return self[key]. | | __getnewargs__(self, /) | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self, /) | Return hash(self). | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __mul__(self, value, /) | Return self*value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __rmul__(self, value, /) | Return value*self. | | count(self, value, /) | Return number of occurrences of value. | | index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) | Return first index of value. | | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple: | | __class_getitem__(...) from builtins.type | See PEP 585 FUNCTIONS WCOREDUMP(status, /) Return True if the process returning status was dumped to a core file. WEXITSTATUS(status) Return the process return code from status. WIFCONTINUED(status) Return True if a particular process was continued from a job control stop. Return True if the process returning status was continued from a job control stop. WIFEXITED(status) Return True if the process returning status exited via the exit() system call. WIFSIGNALED(status) Return True if the process returning status was terminated by a signal. WIFSTOPPED(status) Return True if the process returning status was stopped. WSTOPSIG(status) Return the signal that stopped the process that provided the status value. WTERMSIG(status) Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the status value. abort() Abort the interpreter immediately. This function 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system. This function never returns. access(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, effective_ids=False, follow_symlinks=True) Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path. path Path to be tested; can be string, bytes, or a path-like object. mode Operating-system mode bitfield. Can be F_OK to test existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK. dir_fd If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. effective_ids If True, access will use the effective uid/gid instead of the real uid/gid. follow_symlinks If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, access will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. dir_fd, effective_ids, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the specified access to the path. chdir(path) Change the current working directory to the specified path. path may always be specified as a string. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception. chmod(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True) Change the access permissions of a file. path Path to be modified. May always be specified as a str, bytes, or a path-like object. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception. mode Operating-system mode bitfield. dir_fd If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. follow_symlinks If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, chmod will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as an open file descriptor. dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. chown(path, uid, gid, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True) Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.\ path Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object, or open-file-descriptor int. dir_fd If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. follow_symlinks If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. path may always be specified as a string. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, chown will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as an open file descriptor. dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. chroot(path) Change root directory to path. close(fd) Close a file descriptor. closerange(fd_low, fd_high, /) Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors. confstr(name, /) Return a string-valued system configuration variable. copy_file_range(src, dst, count, offset_src=None, offset_dst=None) Copy count bytes from one file descriptor to another. src Source file descriptor. dst Destination file descriptor. count Number of bytes to copy. offset_src Starting offset in src. offset_dst Starting offset in dst. If offset_src is None, then src is read from the current position; respectively for offset_dst. cpu_count() Return the number of CPUs in the system; return None if indeterminable. This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can use. The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with ``len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))`` ctermid() Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process. device_encoding(fd) Return a string describing the encoding of a terminal's file descriptor. The file descriptor must be attached to a terminal. If the device is not a terminal, return None. dup(fd, /) Return a duplicate of a file descriptor. dup2(fd, fd2, inheritable=True) Duplicate file descriptor. eventfd(initval, flags=524288) Creates and returns an event notification file descriptor. eventfd_read(fd) Read eventfd value eventfd_write(fd, value) Write eventfd value. execv(path, argv, /) Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process. path Path of executable file. argv Tuple or list of strings. execve(path, argv, env) Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process. path Path of executable file. argv Tuple or list of strings. env Dictionary of strings mapping to strings. fchdir(fd) Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fd must be opened on a directory, not a file. Equivalent to os.chdir(fd). fchmod(fd, mode) Change the access permissions of the file given by file descriptor fd. Equivalent to os.chmod(fd, mode). fchown(fd, uid, gid) Change the owner and group id of the file specified by file descriptor. Equivalent to os.chown(fd, uid, gid). fdatasync(fd) Force write of fd to disk without forcing update of metadata. fork() Fork a child process. Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process. forkpty() Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty. Returns a tuple of (pid, master_fd). Like fork(), return pid of 0 to the child process, and pid of child to the parent process. To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal. fpathconf(fd, name, /) Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd. If there is no limit, return -1. fspath(path) Return the file system path representation of the object. If the object is str or bytes, then allow it to pass through as-is. If the object defines __fspath__(), then return the result of that method. All other types raise a TypeError. fstat(fd) Perform a stat system call on the given file descriptor. Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor. Equivalent to os.stat(fd). fstatvfs(fd, /) Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd. Equivalent to statvfs(fd). fsync(fd) Force write of fd to disk. ftruncate(fd, length, /) Truncate a file, specified by file descriptor, to a specific length. get_blocking(fd, /) Get the blocking mode of the file descriptor. Return False if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, True if the flag is cleared. get_inheritable(fd, /) Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor. get_terminal_size(...) Return the size of the terminal window as (columns, lines). The optional argument fd (default standard output) specifies which file descriptor should be queried. If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError is thrown. This function will only be defined if an implementation is available for this system. shutil.get_terminal_size is the high-level function which should normally be used, os.get_terminal_size is the low-level implementation. getcwd() Return a unicode string representing the current working directory. getcwdb() Return a bytes string representing the current working directory. getegid() Return the current process's effective group id. geteuid() Return the current process's effective user id. getgid() Return the current process's group id. getgrouplist(user, group, /) Returns a list of groups to which a user belongs. user username to lookup group base group id of the user getgroups() Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process. getloadavg() Return average recent system load information. Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes as a tuple of three floats. Raises OSError if the load average was unobtainable. getlogin() Return the actual login name. getpgid(pid) Call the system call getpgid(), and return the result. getpgrp() Return the current process group id. getpid() Return the current process id. getppid() Return the parent's process id. If the parent process has already exited, Windows machines will still return its id; others systems will return the id of the 'init' process (1). getpriority(which, who) Return program scheduling priority. getrandom(size, flags=0) Obtain a series of random bytes. getresgid() Return a tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids. getresuid() Return a tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids. getsid(pid, /) Call the system call getsid(pid) and return the result. getuid() Return the current process's user id. getxattr(path, attribute, *, follow_symlinks=True) Return the value of extended attribute attribute on path. path may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor. If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, getxattr will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. initgroups(username, gid, /) Initialize the group access list. Call the system initgroups() to initialize the group access list with all of the groups of which the specified username is a member, plus the specified group id. isatty(fd, /) Return True if the fd is connected to a terminal. Return True if the file descriptor is an open file descriptor connected to the slave end of a terminal. kill(pid, signal, /) Kill a process with a signal. killpg(pgid, signal, /) Kill a process group with a signal. lchown(path, uid, gid) Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid. This function will not follow symbolic links. Equivalent to os.chown(path, uid, gid, follow_symlinks=False). link(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True) Create a hard link to a file. If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst) should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory. If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of src is a symbolic link, link will create a link to the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. src_dir_fd, dst_dir_fd, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. listdir(path=None) Return a list containing the names of the files in the directory. path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path is bytes, the filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances the filenames returned will be str. If path is None, uses the path='.'. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;\ the file descriptor must refer to a directory. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError. The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory. listxattr(path=None, *, follow_symlinks=True) Return a list of extended attributes on path. path may be either None, a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor. if path is None, listxattr will examine the current directory. If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, listxattr will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. lockf(fd, command, length, /) Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file descriptor. fd An open file descriptor. command One of F_LOCK, F_TLOCK, F_ULOCK or F_TEST. length The number of bytes to lock, starting at the current position. lseek(fd, position, how, /) Set the position of a file descriptor. Return the new position. Return the new cursor position in number of bytes relative to the beginning of the file. lstat(path, *, dir_fd=None) Perform a stat system call on the given path, without following symbolic links. Like stat(), but do not follow symbolic links. Equivalent to stat(path, follow_symlinks=False). major(device, /) Extracts a device major number from a raw device number. makedev(major, minor, /) Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers. memfd_create(name, flags=1) minor(device, /) Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number. mkdir(path, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None) Create a directory. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. The mode argument is ignored on Windows. Where it is used, the current umask value is first masked out. mkfifo(path, mode=438, *, dir_fd=None) Create a "fifo" (a POSIX named pipe). If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. mknod(path, mode=384, device=0, *, dir_fd=None) Create a node in the file system. Create a node in the file system (file, device special file or named pipe) at path. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. If S_IFCHR or S_IFBLK is set on mode, device defines the newly created device special file (probably using os.makedev()). Otherwise device is ignored. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. nice(increment, /) Add increment to the priority of process and return the new priority. open(path, flags, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None) Open a file for low level IO. Returns a file descriptor (integer). If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. openpty() Open a pseudo-terminal. Return a tuple of (master_fd, slave_fd) containing open file descriptors for both the master and slave ends. pathconf(path, name) Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path. If there is no limit, return -1. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception. pidfd_open(pid, flags=0) Return a file descriptor referring to the process *pid*. The descriptor can be used to perform process management without races and signals. pipe() Create a pipe. Returns a tuple of two file descriptors: (read_fd, write_fd) pipe2(flags, /) Create a pipe with flags set atomically. Returns a tuple of two file descriptors: (read_fd, write_fd) flags can be constructed by ORing together one or more of these values: O_NONBLOCK, O_CLOEXEC. posix_fadvise(fd, offset, length, advice, /) Announce an intention to access data in a specific pattern. Announce an intention to access data in a specific pattern, thus allowing the kernel to make optimizations. The advice applies to the region of the file specified by fd starting at offset and continuing for length bytes. advice is one of POSIX_FADV_NORMAL, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL, POSIX_FADV_RANDOM, POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE, POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED, or POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED. posix_fallocate(fd, offset, length, /) Ensure a file has allocated at least a particular number of bytes on disk. Ensure that the file specified by fd encompasses a range of bytes starting at offset bytes from the beginning and continuing for length bytes. posix_spawn(...) Execute the program specified by path in a new process. path Path of executable file. argv Tuple or list of strings. env Dictionary of strings mapping to strings. file_actions A sequence of file action tuples. setpgroup The pgroup to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP flag. resetids If the value is `true` the POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS will be activated. setsid If the value is `true` the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID or POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID_NP will be activated. setsigmask The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK flag. setsigdef The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF flag. scheduler A tuple with the scheduler policy (optional) and parameters. posix_spawnp(...) Execute the program specified by path in a new process. path Path of executable file. argv Tuple or list of strings. env Dictionary of strings mapping to strings. file_actions A sequence of file action tuples. setpgroup The pgroup to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP flag. resetids If the value is `True` the POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS will be activated. setsid If the value is `True` the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID or POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID_NP will be activated. setsigmask The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK flag. setsigdef The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF flag. scheduler A tuple with the scheduler policy (optional) and parameters. pread(fd, length, offset, /) Read a number of bytes from a file descriptor starting at a particular offset. Read length bytes from file descriptor fd, starting at offset bytes from the beginning of the file. The file offset remains unchanged. preadv(fd, buffers, offset, flags=0, /) Reads from a file descriptor into a number of mutable bytes-like objects. Combines the functionality of readv() and pread(). As readv(), it will transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data. Its fourth argument, specifies the file offset at which the input operation is to be performed. It will return the total number of bytes read (which can be less than the total capacity of all the objects). The flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags: - RWF_HIPRI - RWF_NOWAIT Using non-zero flags requires Linux 4.6 or newer. putenv(name, value, /) Change or add an environment variable. pwrite(fd, buffer, offset, /) Write bytes to a file descriptor starting at a particular offset. Write buffer to fd, starting at offset bytes from the beginning of the file. Returns the number of bytes writte. Does not change the current file offset. pwritev(fd, buffers, offset, flags=0, /) Writes the contents of bytes-like objects to a file descriptor at a given offset. Combines the functionality of writev() and pwrite(). All buffers must be a sequence of bytes-like objects. Buffers are processed in array order. Entire contents of first buffer is written before proceeding to second, and so on. The operating system may set a limit (sysconf() value SC_IOV_MAX) on the number of buffers that can be used. This function writes the contents of each object to the file descriptor and returns the total number of bytes written. The flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags: - RWF_DSYNC - RWF_SYNC - RWF_APPEND Using non-zero flags requires Linux 4.7 or newer. read(fd, length, /) Read from a file descriptor. Returns a bytes object. readlink(path, *, dir_fd=None) Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. readv(fd, buffers, /) Read from a file descriptor fd into an iterable of buffers. The buffers should be mutable buffers accepting bytes. readv will transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data. readv returns the total number of bytes read, which may be less than the total capacity of all the buffers. register_at_fork(...) Register callables to be called when forking a new process. before A callable to be called in the parent before the fork() syscall. after_in_child A callable to be called in the child after fork(). after_in_parent A callable to be called in the parent after fork(). 'before' callbacks are called in reverse order. 'after_in_child' and 'after_in_parent' callbacks are called in order. remove(path, *, dir_fd=None) Remove a file (same as unlink()). If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. removexattr(path, attribute, *, follow_symlinks=True) Remove extended attribute attribute on path. path may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor. If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, removexattr will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. rename(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None) Rename a file or directory. If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst) should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory. src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. replace(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None) Rename a file or directory, overwriting the destination. If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst) should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory. src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. rmdir(path, *, dir_fd=None) Remove a directory. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. scandir(path=None) Return an iterator of DirEntry objects for given path. path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path is bytes, the names of yielded DirEntry objects will also be bytes; in all other circumstances they will be str. If path is None, uses the path='.'. sched_get_priority_max(policy) Get the maximum scheduling priority for policy. sched_get_priority_min(policy) Get the minimum scheduling priority for policy. sched_getaffinity(pid, /) Return the affinity of the process identified by pid (or the current process if zero). The affinity is returned as a set of CPU identifiers. sched_getparam(pid, /) Returns scheduling parameters for the process identified by pid. If pid is 0, returns parameters for the calling process. Return value is an instance of sched_param. sched_getscheduler(pid, /) Get the scheduling policy for the process identified by pid. Passing 0 for pid returns the scheduling policy for the calling process. sched_rr_get_interval(pid, /) Return the round-robin quantum for the process identified by pid, in seconds. Value returned is a float. sched_setaffinity(pid, mask, /) Set the CPU affinity of the process identified by pid to mask. mask should be an iterable of integers identifying CPUs. sched_setparam(pid, param, /) Set scheduling parameters for the process identified by pid. If pid is 0, sets parameters for the calling process. param should be an instance of sched_param. sched_setscheduler(pid, policy, param, /) Set the scheduling policy for the process identified by pid. If pid is 0, the calling process is changed. param is an instance of sched_param. sched_yield() Voluntarily relinquish the CPU. sendfile(out_fd, in_fd, offset, count) Copy count bytes from file descriptor in_fd to file descriptor out_fd. set_blocking(fd, blocking, /) Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor. Set the O_NONBLOCK flag if blocking is False, clear the O_NONBLOCK flag otherwise. set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, /) Set the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor. setegid(egid, /) Set the current process's effective group id. seteuid(euid, /) Set the current process's effective user id. setgid(gid, /) Set the current process's group id. setgroups(groups, /) Set the groups of the current process to list. setpgid(pid, pgrp, /) Call the system call setpgid(pid, pgrp). setpgrp() Make the current process the leader of its process group. setpriority(which, who, priority) Set program scheduling priority. setregid(rgid, egid, /) Set the current process's real and effective group ids. setresgid(rgid, egid, sgid, /) Set the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids. setresuid(ruid, euid, suid, /) Set the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids. setreuid(ruid, euid, /) Set the current process's real and effective user ids. setsid() Call the system call setsid(). setuid(uid, /) Set the current process's user id. setxattr(path, attribute, value, flags=0, *, follow_symlinks=True) Set extended attribute attribute on path to value. path may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor. If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, setxattr will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. splice(src, dst, count, offset_src=None, offset_dst=None, flags=0) Transfer count bytes from one pipe to a descriptor or vice versa. src Source file descriptor. dst Destination file descriptor. count Number of bytes to copy. offset_src Starting offset in src. offset_dst Starting offset in dst. flags Flags to modify the semantics of the call. If offset_src is None, then src is read from the current position; respectively for offset_dst. The offset associated to the file descriptor that refers to a pipe must be None. stat(path, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True) Perform a stat system call on the given path. path Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object or open-file-descriptor int. dir_fd If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be a relative string; path will then be relative to that directory. follow_symlinks If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. It's an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as an open file descriptor. statvfs(path) Perform a statvfs system call on the given path. path may always be specified as a string. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception. strerror(code, /) Translate an error code to a message string. symlink(src, dst, target_is_directory=False, *, dir_fd=None) Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst. target_is_directory is required on Windows if the target is to be interpreted as a directory. (On Windows, symlink requires Windows 6.0 or greater, and raises a NotImplementedError otherwise.) target_is_directory is ignored on non-Windows platforms. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. sync() Force write of everything to disk. sysconf(name, /) Return an integer-valued system configuration variable. system(command) Execute the command in a subshell. tcgetpgrp(fd, /) Return the process group associated with the terminal specified by fd. tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid, /) Set the process group associated with the terminal specified by fd. times() Return a collection containing process timing information. The object returned behaves like a named tuple with these fields: (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time) All fields are floating point numbers. truncate(path, length) Truncate a file, specified by path, to a specific length. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception. ttyname(fd, /) Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'. fd Integer file descriptor handle. umask(mask, /) Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask. uname() Return an object identifying the current operating system. The object behaves like a named tuple with the following fields: (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine) unlink(path, *, dir_fd=None) Remove a file (same as remove()). If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. unsetenv(name, /) Delete an environment variable. urandom(size, /) Return a bytes object containing random bytes suitable for cryptographic use. utime(...) Set the access and modified time of path. path may always be specified as a string. On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor. If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception. If times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime); atime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch. If ns is specified, it must be a tuple (atime_ns, mtime_ns); atime_ns and mtime_ns should be expressed as integer nanoseconds since the epoch. If times is None and ns is unspecified, utime uses the current time. Specifying tuples for both times and ns is an error. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the link points to. It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as an open file descriptor. dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be available on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError. wait() Wait for completion of a child process. Returns a tuple of information about the child process: (pid, status) wait3(options) Wait for completion of a child process. Returns a tuple of information about the child process: (pid, status, rusage) wait4(pid, options) Wait for completion of a specific child process. Returns a tuple of information about the child process: (pid, status, rusage) waitid(idtype, id, options, /) Returns the result of waiting for a process or processes. idtype Must be one of be P_PID, P_PGID or P_ALL. id The id to wait on. options Constructed from the ORing of one or more of WEXITED, WSTOPPED or WCONTINUED and additionally may be ORed with WNOHANG or WNOWAIT. Returns either waitid_result or None if WNOHANG is specified and there are no children in a waitable state. waitpid(pid, options, /) Wait for completion of a given child process. Returns a tuple of information regarding the child process: (pid, status) The options argument is ignored on Windows. waitstatus_to_exitcode(status) Convert a wait status to an exit code. On Unix: * If WIFEXITED(status) is true, return WEXITSTATUS(status). * If WIFSIGNALED(status) is true, return -WTERMSIG(status). * Otherwise, raise a ValueError. On Windows, return status shifted right by 8 bits. On Unix, if the process is being traced or if waitpid() was called with WUNTRACED option, the caller must first check if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true. This function must not be called if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true. write(fd, data, /) Write a bytes object to a file descriptor. writev(fd, buffers, /) Iterate over buffers, and write the contents of each to a file descriptor. Returns the total number of bytes written. buffers must be a sequence of bytes-like objects. DATA CLD_CONTINUED = 6 CLD_DUMPED = 3 CLD_EXITED = 1 CLD_KILLED = 2 CLD_STOPPED = 5 CLD_TRAPPED = 4 EFD_CLOEXEC = 524288 EFD_NONBLOCK = 2048 EFD_SEMAPHORE = 1 EX_CANTCREAT = 73 EX_CONFIG = 78 EX_DATAERR = 65 EX_IOERR = 74 EX_NOHOST = 68 EX_NOINPUT = 66 EX_NOPERM = 77 EX_NOUSER = 67 EX_OK = 0 EX_OSERR = 71 EX_OSFILE = 72 EX_PROTOCOL = 76 EX_SOFTWARE = 70 EX_TEMPFAIL = 75 EX_UNAVAILABLE = 69 EX_USAGE = 64 F_LOCK = 1 F_OK = 0 F_TEST = 3 F_TLOCK = 2 F_ULOCK = 0 GRND_NONBLOCK = 1 GRND_RANDOM = 2 MFD_ALLOW_SEALING = 2 MFD_CLOEXEC = 1 MFD_HUGETLB = 4 MFD_HUGE_16GB = 2281701376 MFD_HUGE_16MB = 1610612736 MFD_HUGE_1GB = 2013265920 MFD_HUGE_1MB = 1342177280 MFD_HUGE_256MB = 1879048192 MFD_HUGE_2GB = 2080374784 MFD_HUGE_2MB = 1409286144 MFD_HUGE_32MB = 1677721600 MFD_HUGE_512KB = 1275068416 MFD_HUGE_512MB = 1946157056 MFD_HUGE_64KB = 1073741824 MFD_HUGE_8MB = 1543503872 MFD_HUGE_MASK = 63 MFD_HUGE_SHIFT = 26 NGROUPS_MAX = 65536 O_ACCMODE = 3 O_APPEND = 1024 O_ASYNC = 8192 O_CLOEXEC = 524288 O_CREAT = 64 O_DIRECT = 16384 O_DIRECTORY = 65536 O_DSYNC = 4096 O_EXCL = 128 O_FSYNC = 1052672 O_LARGEFILE = 0 O_NDELAY = 2048 O_NOATIME = 262144 O_NOCTTY = 256 O_NOFOLLOW = 131072 O_NONBLOCK = 2048 O_PATH = 2097152 O_RDONLY = 0 O_RDWR = 2 O_RSYNC = 1052672 O_SYNC = 1052672 O_TMPFILE = 4259840 O_TRUNC = 512 O_WRONLY = 1 POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED = 4 POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE = 5 POSIX_FADV_NORMAL = 0 POSIX_FADV_RANDOM = 1 POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL = 2 POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED = 3 POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE = 1 POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2 = 2 POSIX_SPAWN_OPEN = 0 PRIO_PGRP = 1 PRIO_PROCESS = 0 PRIO_USER = 2 P_ALL = 0 P_PGID = 2 P_PID = 1 P_PIDFD = 3 RTLD_DEEPBIND = 8 RTLD_GLOBAL = 256 RTLD_LAZY = 1 RTLD_LOCAL = 0 RTLD_NODELETE = 4096 RTLD_NOLOAD = 4 RTLD_NOW = 2 RWF_APPEND = 16 RWF_DSYNC = 2 RWF_HIPRI = 1 RWF_NOWAIT = 8 RWF_SYNC = 4 R_OK = 4 SCHED_BATCH = 3 SCHED_FIFO = 1 SCHED_IDLE = 5 SCHED_OTHER = 0 SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK = 1073741824 SCHED_RR = 2 SEEK_DATA = 3 SEEK_HOLE = 4 SPLICE_F_MORE = 4 SPLICE_F_MOVE = 1 SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK = 2 ST_APPEND = 256 ST_MANDLOCK = 64 ST_NOATIME = 1024 ST_NODEV = 4 ST_NODIRATIME = 2048 ST_NOEXEC = 8 ST_NOSUID = 2 ST_RDONLY = 1 ST_RELATIME = 4096 ST_SYNCHRONOUS = 16 ST_WRITE = 128 TMP_MAX = 238328 WCONTINUED = 8 WEXITED = 4 WNOHANG = 1 WNOWAIT = 16777216 WSTOPPED = 2 WUNTRACED = 2 W_OK = 2 XATTR_CREATE = 1 XATTR_REPLACE = 2 XATTR_SIZE_MAX = 65536 X_OK = 1 confstr_names = {'CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION': 2, 'CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION'... environ = {b'LC_CTYPE': b'C.UTF-8', b'PATH': b'/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin... pathconf_names = {'PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN': 18, 'PC_ASYNC_IO': 10, 'PC_CHOW... sysconf_names = {'SC_2_CHAR_TERM': 95, 'SC_2_C_BIND': 47, 'SC_2_C_DEV'... FILE (built-in)
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