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            "text": "# posix (pydoc)\n\n**Summary:** posix\n\n## Section Outline\n\n- **NAME** (2 lines)\n- **MODULE REFERENCE** (8 lines)\n- **DESCRIPTION** (5 lines)\n- **CLASSES** (8 lines) — 5 subsections\n  - class DirEntry (38 lines)\n  - class sched_param (107 lines)\n  - class times_result (123 lines)\n  - class uname_result (122 lines)\n  - class waitid_result (117 lines)\n- **FUNCTIONS** (27 lines) — 153 subsections\n  - abort (5 lines)\n  - access (27 lines)\n  - chdir (6 lines)\n  - chmod (22 lines)\n  - chown (26 lines)\n  - chroot (2 lines)\n  - close (2 lines)\n  - closerange (2 lines)\n  - confstr (2 lines)\n  - copy_file_range (16 lines)\n  - cpu_count (6 lines)\n  - ctermid (2 lines)\n  - device_encoding (5 lines)\n  - dup (2 lines)\n  - dup2 (2 lines)\n  - eventfd (2 lines)\n  - eventfd_read (2 lines)\n  - eventfd_write (2 lines)\n  - execv (7 lines)\n  - execve (9 lines)\n  - fchdir (5 lines)\n  - fchmod (4 lines)\n  - fchown (4 lines)\n  - fdatasync (2 lines)\n  - fork (4 lines)\n  - forkpty (7 lines)\n  - fpathconf (4 lines)\n  - fspath (6 lines)\n  - fstat (5 lines)\n  - fstatvfs (4 lines)\n  - fsync (2 lines)\n  - ftruncate (2 lines)\n  - get_blocking (4 lines)\n  - get_inheritable (2 lines)\n  - get_terminal_size (14 lines)\n  - getcwd (2 lines)\n  - getcwdb (2 lines)\n  - getegid (2 lines)\n  - geteuid (2 lines)\n  - getgid (2 lines)\n  - getgrouplist (7 lines)\n  - getgroups (2 lines)\n  - getloadavg (6 lines)\n  - getlogin (2 lines)\n  - getpgid (2 lines)\n  - getpgrp (2 lines)\n  - getpid (2 lines)\n  - getppid (5 lines)\n  - getpriority (2 lines)\n  - getrandom (2 lines)\n  - getresgid (2 lines)\n  - getresuid (2 lines)\n  - getsid (2 lines)\n  - getuid (2 lines)\n  - getxattr (7 lines)\n  - initgroups (6 lines)\n  - isatty (5 lines)\n  - kill (2 lines)\n  - killpg (2 lines)\n  - lchown (5 lines)\n  - link (12 lines)\n  - listdir (13 lines)\n  - listxattr (8 lines)\n  - lockf (9 lines)\n  - lseek (5 lines)\n  - lstat (5 lines)\n  - major (2 lines)\n  - makedev (2 lines)\n  - memfd_create (1 lines)\n  - minor (2 lines)\n  - mkdir (10 lines)\n  - mkfifo (7 lines)\n  - mknod (14 lines)\n  - nice (2 lines)\n  - open (7 lines)\n  - openpty (5 lines)\n  - pathconf (6 lines)\n  - pidfd_open (5 lines)\n  - pipe (5 lines)\n  - pipe2 (8 lines)\n  - posix_fadvise (10 lines)\n  - posix_fallocate (5 lines)\n  - posix_spawn (23 lines)\n  - posix_spawnp (23 lines)\n  - pread (5 lines)\n  - preadv (16 lines)\n  - putenv (2 lines)\n  - pwrite (6 lines)\n  - pwritev (17 lines)\n  - read (2 lines)\n  - readlink (8 lines)\n  - readv (10 lines)\n  - register_at_fork (12 lines)\n  - remove (7 lines)\n  - removexattr (7 lines)\n  - rename (8 lines)\n  - replace (8 lines)\n  - rmdir (7 lines)\n  - scandir (8 lines)\n  - sched_get_priority_max (2 lines)\n  - sched_get_priority_min (2 lines)\n  - sched_getaffinity (4 lines)\n  - sched_getparam (5 lines)\n  - sched_getscheduler (4 lines)\n  - sched_rr_get_interval (4 lines)\n  - sched_setaffinity (4 lines)\n  - sched_setparam (5 lines)\n  - sched_setscheduler (5 lines)\n  - sched_yield (2 lines)\n  - sendfile (2 lines)\n  - set_blocking (5 lines)\n  - set_inheritable (2 lines)\n  - setegid (2 lines)\n  - seteuid (2 lines)\n  - setgid (2 lines)\n  - setgroups (2 lines)\n  - setpgid (2 lines)\n  - setpgrp (2 lines)\n  - setpriority (2 lines)\n  - setregid (2 lines)\n  - setresgid (2 lines)\n  - setresuid (2 lines)\n  - setreuid (2 lines)\n  - setsid (2 lines)\n  - setuid (2 lines)\n  - setxattr (7 lines)\n  - splice (19 lines)\n  - stat (21 lines)\n  - statvfs (6 lines)\n  - strerror (2 lines)\n  - symlink (12 lines)\n  - sync (2 lines)\n  - sysconf (2 lines)\n  - system (2 lines)\n  - tcgetpgrp (2 lines)\n  - tcsetpgrp (2 lines)\n  - times (6 lines)\n  - truncate (5 lines)\n  - ttyname (5 lines)\n  - umask (2 lines)\n  - uname (5 lines)\n  - unlink (7 lines)\n  - unsetenv (2 lines)\n  - urandom (2 lines)\n  - utime (24 lines)\n  - wait (5 lines)\n  - wait3 (5 lines)\n  - wait4 (5 lines)\n  - waitid (13 lines)\n  - waitpid (7 lines)\n  - waitstatus_to_exitcode (14 lines)\n  - write (2 lines)\n  - writev (5 lines)\n- **DATA** (142 lines)\n- **FILE** (3 lines)\n\n## Full Content\n\n### NAME\n\nposix\n\n### MODULE REFERENCE\n\nhttps://docs.python.org/3.10/library/posix.html\n\nThe following documentation is automatically generated from the Python\nsource files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that\nare considered implementation detail and may vary between Python\nimplementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the\nlocation listed above.\n\n### DESCRIPTION\n\nThis module provides access to operating system functionality that is\nstandardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly\ndisguised Unix interface).  Refer to the library manual and\ncorresponding Unix manual entries for more information on calls.\n\n### CLASSES\n\nbuiltins.object\nDirEntry\nbuiltins.tuple(builtins.object)\nschedparam\ntimesresult\nunameresult\nwaitidresult\n\n#### class DirEntry\n\n|  Methods defined here:\n|\n|  fspath(self, /)\n|      Returns the path for the entry.\n|\n|  repr(self, /)\n|      Return repr(self).\n|\n|  inode(self, /)\n|      Return inode of the entry; cached per entry.\n|\n|  isdir(self, /, *, followsymlinks=True)\n|      Return True if the entry is a directory; cached per entry.\n|\n|  isfile(self, /, *, followsymlinks=True)\n|      Return True if the entry is a file; cached per entry.\n|\n|  issymlink(self, /)\n|      Return True if the entry is a symbolic link; cached per entry.\n|\n|  stat(self, /, *, followsymlinks=True)\n|      Return statresult object for the entry; cached per entry.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Class methods defined here:\n|\n|  classgetitem(...) from builtins.type\n|      See PEP 585\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data descriptors defined here:\n|\n|  name\n|      the entry's base filename, relative to scandir() \"path\" argument\n|\n|  path\n|      the entry's full path name; equivalent to os.path.join(scandirpath, entry.name)\n\n#### class sched_param\n\n|  schedparam(schedpriority)\n|\n|  Currently has only one field: schedpriority\n|\n|  schedpriority\n|    A scheduling parameter.\n|\n|  Method resolution order:\n|      schedparam\n|      builtins.tuple\n|      builtins.object\n|\n|  Methods defined here:\n|\n|  reduce(...)\n|      Helper for pickle.\n|\n|  repr(self, /)\n|      Return repr(self).\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Static methods defined here:\n|\n|  new(*args, kwargs) from builtins.type\n|      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data descriptors defined here:\n|\n|  schedpriority\n|      the scheduling priority\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data and other attributes defined here:\n|\n|  matchargs = ('schedpriority',)\n|\n|  nfields = 1\n|\n|  nsequencefields = 1\n|\n|  nunnamedfields = 0\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  add(self, value, /)\n|      Return self+value.\n|\n|  contains(self, key, /)\n|      Return key in self.\n|\n|  eq(self, value, /)\n|      Return self==value.\n|\n|  ge(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>=value.\n|\n|  getattribute(self, name, /)\n|      Return getattr(self, name).\n|\n|  getitem(self, key, /)\n|      Return self[key].\n|\n|  getnewargs(self, /)\n|\n|  gt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>value.\n|\n|  hash(self, /)\n|      Return hash(self).\n|\n|  iter(self, /)\n|      Implement iter(self).\n|\n|  le(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<=value.\n|\n|  len(self, /)\n|      Return len(self).\n|\n|  lt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<value.\n|\n|  mul(self, value, /)\n|      Return self*value.\n|\n|  ne(self, value, /)\n|      Return self!=value.\n|\n|  rmul(self, value, /)\n|      Return value*self.\n|\n|  count(self, value, /)\n|      Return number of occurrences of value.\n|\n|  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)\n|      Return first index of value.\n|\n|      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  classgetitem(...) from builtins.type\n|      See PEP 585\n\n#### class times_result\n\n|  timesresult(iterable=(), /)\n|\n|  timesresult: Result from os.times().\n|\n|  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of\n|    (user, system, childrenuser, childrensystem, elapsed),\n|  or via the attributes user, system, childrenuser, childrensystem,\n|  and elapsed.\n|\n|  See os.times for more information.\n|\n|  Method resolution order:\n|      timesresult\n|      builtins.tuple\n|      builtins.object\n|\n|  Methods defined here:\n|\n|  reduce(...)\n|      Helper for pickle.\n|\n|  repr(self, /)\n|      Return repr(self).\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Static methods defined here:\n|\n|  new(*args, kwargs) from builtins.type\n|      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data descriptors defined here:\n|\n|  childrensystem\n|      system time of children\n|\n|  childrenuser\n|      user time of children\n|\n|  elapsed\n|      elapsed time since an arbitrary point in the past\n|\n|  system\n|      system time\n|\n|  user\n|      user time\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data and other attributes defined here:\n|\n|  matchargs = ('user', 'system', 'childrenuser', 'childrensystem'...\n|\n|  nfields = 5\n|\n|  nsequencefields = 5\n|\n|  nunnamedfields = 0\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  add(self, value, /)\n|      Return self+value.\n|\n|  contains(self, key, /)\n|      Return key in self.\n|\n|  eq(self, value, /)\n|      Return self==value.\n|\n|  ge(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>=value.\n|\n|  getattribute(self, name, /)\n|      Return getattr(self, name).\n|\n|  getitem(self, key, /)\n|      Return self[key].\n|\n|  getnewargs(self, /)\n|\n|  gt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>value.\n|\n|  hash(self, /)\n|      Return hash(self).\n|\n|  iter(self, /)\n|      Implement iter(self).\n|\n|  le(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<=value.\n|\n|  len(self, /)\n|      Return len(self).\n|\n|  lt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<value.\n|\n|  mul(self, value, /)\n|      Return self*value.\n|\n|  ne(self, value, /)\n|      Return self!=value.\n|\n|  rmul(self, value, /)\n|      Return value*self.\n|\n|  count(self, value, /)\n|      Return number of occurrences of value.\n|\n|  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)\n|      Return first index of value.\n|\n|      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  classgetitem(...) from builtins.type\n|      See PEP 585\n\n#### class uname_result\n\n|  unameresult(iterable=(), /)\n|\n|  unameresult: Result from os.uname().\n|\n|  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of\n|    (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine),\n|  or via the attributes sysname, nodename, release, version, and machine.\n|\n|  See os.uname for more information.\n|\n|  Method resolution order:\n|      unameresult\n|      builtins.tuple\n|      builtins.object\n|\n|  Methods defined here:\n|\n|  reduce(...)\n|      Helper for pickle.\n|\n|  repr(self, /)\n|      Return repr(self).\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Static methods defined here:\n|\n|  new(*args, kwargs) from builtins.type\n|      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data descriptors defined here:\n|\n|  machine\n|      hardware identifier\n|\n|  nodename\n|      name of machine on network (implementation-defined)\n|\n|  release\n|      operating system release\n|\n|  sysname\n|      operating system name\n|\n|  version\n|      operating system version\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data and other attributes defined here:\n|\n|  matchargs = ('sysname', 'nodename', 'release', 'version', 'machin...\n|\n|  nfields = 5\n|\n|  nsequencefields = 5\n|\n|  nunnamedfields = 0\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  add(self, value, /)\n|      Return self+value.\n|\n|  contains(self, key, /)\n|      Return key in self.\n|\n|  eq(self, value, /)\n|      Return self==value.\n|\n|  ge(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>=value.\n|\n|  getattribute(self, name, /)\n|      Return getattr(self, name).\n|\n|  getitem(self, key, /)\n|      Return self[key].\n|\n|  getnewargs(self, /)\n|\n|  gt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>value.\n|\n|  hash(self, /)\n|      Return hash(self).\n|\n|  iter(self, /)\n|      Implement iter(self).\n|\n|  le(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<=value.\n|\n|  len(self, /)\n|      Return len(self).\n|\n|  lt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<value.\n|\n|  mul(self, value, /)\n|      Return self*value.\n|\n|  ne(self, value, /)\n|      Return self!=value.\n|\n|  rmul(self, value, /)\n|      Return value*self.\n|\n|  count(self, value, /)\n|      Return number of occurrences of value.\n|\n|  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)\n|      Return first index of value.\n|\n|      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  classgetitem(...) from builtins.type\n|      See PEP 585\n\n#### class waitid_result\n\n|  waitidresult(iterable=(), /)\n|\n|  waitidresult: Result from waitid.\n|\n|  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of\n|    (sipid, siuid, sisigno, sistatus, sicode),\n|  or via the attributes sipid, siuid, and so on.\n|\n|  See os.waitid for more information.\n|\n|  Method resolution order:\n|      waitidresult\n|      builtins.tuple\n|      builtins.object\n|\n|  Methods defined here:\n|\n|  reduce(...)\n|      Helper for pickle.\n|\n|  repr(self, /)\n|      Return repr(self).\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Static methods defined here:\n|\n|  new(*args, kwargs) from builtins.type\n|      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data descriptors defined here:\n|\n|  sicode\n|\n|  sipid\n|\n|  sisigno\n|\n|  sistatus\n|\n|  siuid\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Data and other attributes defined here:\n|\n|  matchargs = ('sipid', 'siuid', 'sisigno', 'sistatus', 'sicod...\n|\n|  nfields = 5\n|\n|  nsequencefields = 5\n|\n|  nunnamedfields = 0\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  add(self, value, /)\n|      Return self+value.\n|\n|  contains(self, key, /)\n|      Return key in self.\n|\n|  eq(self, value, /)\n|      Return self==value.\n|\n|  ge(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>=value.\n|\n|  getattribute(self, name, /)\n|      Return getattr(self, name).\n|\n|  getitem(self, key, /)\n|      Return self[key].\n|\n|  getnewargs(self, /)\n|\n|  gt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self>value.\n|\n|  hash(self, /)\n|      Return hash(self).\n|\n|  iter(self, /)\n|      Implement iter(self).\n|\n|  le(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<=value.\n|\n|  len(self, /)\n|      Return len(self).\n|\n|  lt(self, value, /)\n|      Return self<value.\n|\n|  mul(self, value, /)\n|      Return self*value.\n|\n|  ne(self, value, /)\n|      Return self!=value.\n|\n|  rmul(self, value, /)\n|      Return value*self.\n|\n|  count(self, value, /)\n|      Return number of occurrences of value.\n|\n|  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)\n|      Return first index of value.\n|\n|      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n|\n|  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n|  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:\n|\n|  classgetitem(...) from builtins.type\n|      See PEP 585\n\n### FUNCTIONS\n\nWCOREDUMP(status, /)\nReturn True if the process returning status was dumped to a core file.\n\nWEXITSTATUS(status)\nReturn the process return code from status.\n\nWIFCONTINUED(status)\nReturn True if a particular process was continued from a job control stop.\n\nReturn True if the process returning status was continued from a\njob control stop.\n\nWIFEXITED(status)\nReturn True if the process returning status exited via the exit() system call.\n\nWIFSIGNALED(status)\nReturn True if the process returning status was terminated by a signal.\n\nWIFSTOPPED(status)\nReturn True if the process returning status was stopped.\n\nWSTOPSIG(status)\nReturn the signal that stopped the process that provided the status value.\n\nWTERMSIG(status)\nReturn the signal that terminated the process that provided the status value.\n\n#### abort\n\nAbort the interpreter immediately.\n\nThis function 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible\non the hosting operating system.  This function never returns.\n\n#### access\n\nUse the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.\n\npath\nPath to be tested; can be string, bytes, or a path-like object.\nmode\nOperating-system mode bitfield.  Can be FOK to test existence,\nor the inclusive-OR of ROK, WOK, and XOK.\ndirfd\nIf not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that\ndirectory.\neffectiveids\nIf True, access will use the effective uid/gid instead of\nthe real uid/gid.\nfollowsymlinks\nIf False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,\naccess will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\ndirfd, effectiveids, and followsymlinks may not be implemented\non your platform.  If they are unavailable, using them will raise a\nNotImplementedError.\n\nNote that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this\nroutine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user\nhas the specified access to the path.\n\n#### chdir\n\nChange the current working directory to the specified path.\n\npath may always be specified as a string.\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.\n\n#### chmod\n\nChange the access permissions of a file.\n\npath\nPath to be modified.  May always be specified as a str, bytes, or a path-like object.\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.\nmode\nOperating-system mode bitfield.\ndirfd\nIf not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that\ndirectory.\nfollowsymlinks\nIf False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,\nchmod will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\nIt is an error to use dirfd or followsymlinks when specifying path as\nan open file descriptor.\ndirfd and followsymlinks may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### chown\n\nChange the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.\\\n\npath\nPath to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object, or open-file-descriptor int.\ndirfd\nIf not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that\ndirectory.\nfollowsymlinks\nIf False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,\nstat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\npath may always be specified as a string.\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\nIf followsymlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic\nlink, chown will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the\nlink points to.\nIt is an error to use dirfd or followsymlinks when specifying path as\nan open file descriptor.\ndirfd and followsymlinks may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### chroot\n\nChange root directory to path.\n\n#### close\n\nClose a file descriptor.\n\n#### closerange\n\nCloses all file descriptors in [fdlow, fdhigh), ignoring errors.\n\n#### confstr\n\nReturn a string-valued system configuration variable.\n\n#### copy_file_range\n\nCopy count bytes from one file descriptor to another.\n\nsrc\nSource file descriptor.\ndst\nDestination file descriptor.\ncount\nNumber of bytes to copy.\noffsetsrc\nStarting offset in src.\noffsetdst\nStarting offset in dst.\n\nIf offsetsrc is None, then src is read from the current position;\nrespectively for offsetdst.\n\n#### cpu_count\n\nReturn the number of CPUs in the system; return None if indeterminable.\n\nThis number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can\nuse.  The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with\n``len(os.schedgetaffinity(0))``\n\n#### ctermid\n\nReturn the name of the controlling terminal for this process.\n\n#### device_encoding\n\nReturn a string describing the encoding of a terminal's file descriptor.\n\nThe file descriptor must be attached to a terminal.\nIf the device is not a terminal, return None.\n\n#### dup\n\nReturn a duplicate of a file descriptor.\n\n#### dup2\n\nDuplicate file descriptor.\n\n#### eventfd\n\nCreates and returns an event notification file descriptor.\n\n#### eventfd_read\n\nRead eventfd value\n\n#### eventfd_write\n\nWrite eventfd value.\n\n#### execv\n\nExecute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.\n\npath\nPath of executable file.\nargv\nTuple or list of strings.\n\n#### execve\n\nExecute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.\n\npath\nPath of executable file.\nargv\nTuple or list of strings.\nenv\nDictionary of strings mapping to strings.\n\n#### fchdir\n\nChange to the directory of the given file descriptor.\n\nfd must be opened on a directory, not a file.\nEquivalent to os.chdir(fd).\n\n#### fchmod\n\nChange the access permissions of the file given by file descriptor fd.\n\nEquivalent to os.chmod(fd, mode).\n\n#### fchown\n\nChange the owner and group id of the file specified by file descriptor.\n\nEquivalent to os.chown(fd, uid, gid).\n\n#### fdatasync\n\nForce write of fd to disk without forcing update of metadata.\n\n#### fork\n\nFork a child process.\n\nReturn 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.\n\n#### forkpty\n\nFork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.\n\nReturns a tuple of (pid, masterfd).\nLike fork(), return pid of 0 to the child process,\nand pid of child to the parent process.\nTo both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.\n\n#### fpathconf\n\nReturn the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.\n\nIf there is no limit, return -1.\n\n#### fspath\n\nReturn the file system path representation of the object.\n\nIf the object is str or bytes, then allow it to pass through as-is. If the\nobject defines fspath(), then return the result of that method. All other\ntypes raise a TypeError.\n\n#### fstat\n\nPerform a stat system call on the given file descriptor.\n\nLike stat(), but for an open file descriptor.\nEquivalent to os.stat(fd).\n\n#### fstatvfs\n\nPerform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.\n\nEquivalent to statvfs(fd).\n\n#### fsync\n\nForce write of fd to disk.\n\n#### ftruncate\n\nTruncate a file, specified by file descriptor, to a specific length.\n\n#### get_blocking\n\nGet the blocking mode of the file descriptor.\n\nReturn False if the ONONBLOCK flag is set, True if the flag is cleared.\n\n#### get_inheritable\n\nGet the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.\n\n#### get_terminal_size\n\nReturn the size of the terminal window as (columns, lines).\n\nThe optional argument fd (default standard output) specifies\nwhich file descriptor should be queried.\n\nIf the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError\nis thrown.\n\nThis function will only be defined if an implementation is\navailable for this system.\n\nshutil.getterminalsize is the high-level function which should\nnormally be used, os.getterminalsize is the low-level implementation.\n\n#### getcwd\n\nReturn a unicode string representing the current working directory.\n\n#### getcwdb\n\nReturn a bytes string representing the current working directory.\n\n#### getegid\n\nReturn the current process's effective group id.\n\n#### geteuid\n\nReturn the current process's effective user id.\n\n#### getgid\n\nReturn the current process's group id.\n\n#### getgrouplist\n\nReturns a list of groups to which a user belongs.\n\nuser\nusername to lookup\ngroup\nbase group id of the user\n\n#### getgroups\n\nReturn list of supplemental group IDs for the process.\n\n#### getloadavg\n\nReturn average recent system load information.\n\nReturn the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over\nthe last 1, 5, and 15 minutes as a tuple of three floats.\nRaises OSError if the load average was unobtainable.\n\n#### getlogin\n\nReturn the actual login name.\n\n#### getpgid\n\nCall the system call getpgid(), and return the result.\n\n#### getpgrp\n\nReturn the current process group id.\n\n#### getpid\n\nReturn the current process id.\n\n#### getppid\n\nReturn the parent's process id.\n\nIf the parent process has already exited, Windows machines will still\nreturn its id; others systems will return the id of the 'init' process (1).\n\n#### getpriority\n\nReturn program scheduling priority.\n\n#### getrandom\n\nObtain a series of random bytes.\n\n#### getresgid\n\nReturn a tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids.\n\n#### getresuid\n\nReturn a tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids.\n\n#### getsid\n\nCall the system call getsid(pid) and return the result.\n\n#### getuid\n\nReturn the current process's user id.\n\n#### getxattr\n\nReturn the value of extended attribute attribute on path.\n\npath may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor.\nIf followsymlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic\nlink, getxattr will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\n#### initgroups\n\nInitialize the group access list.\n\nCall the system initgroups() to initialize the group access list with all of\nthe groups of which the specified username is a member, plus the specified\ngroup id.\n\n#### isatty\n\nReturn True if the fd is connected to a terminal.\n\nReturn True if the file descriptor is an open file descriptor\nconnected to the slave end of a terminal.\n\n#### kill\n\nKill a process with a signal.\n\n#### killpg\n\nKill a process group with a signal.\n\n#### lchown\n\nChange the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.\n\nThis function will not follow symbolic links.\nEquivalent to os.chown(path, uid, gid, followsymlinks=False).\n\n#### link\n\nCreate a hard link to a file.\n\nIf either srcdirfd or dstdirfd is not None, it should be a file\ndescriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)\nshould be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.\nIf followsymlinks is False, and the last element of src is a symbolic\nlink, link will create a link to the symbolic link itself instead of the\nfile the link points to.\nsrcdirfd, dstdirfd, and followsymlinks may not be implemented on your\nplatform.  If they are unavailable, using them will raise a\nNotImplementedError.\n\n#### listdir\n\nReturn a list containing the names of the files in the directory.\n\npath can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object.  If path is bytes,\nthe filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances\nthe filenames returned will be str.\nIf path is None, uses the path='.'.\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;\\\nthe file descriptor must refer to a directory.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError.\n\nThe list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special\nentries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.\n\n#### listxattr\n\nReturn a list of extended attributes on path.\n\npath may be either None, a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor.\nif path is None, listxattr will examine the current directory.\nIf followsymlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic\nlink, listxattr will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\n#### lockf\n\nApply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file descriptor.\n\nfd\nAn open file descriptor.\ncommand\nOne of FLOCK, FTLOCK, FULOCK or FTEST.\nlength\nThe number of bytes to lock, starting at the current position.\n\n#### lseek\n\nSet the position of a file descriptor.  Return the new position.\n\nReturn the new cursor position in number of bytes\nrelative to the beginning of the file.\n\n#### lstat\n\nPerform a stat system call on the given path, without following symbolic links.\n\nLike stat(), but do not follow symbolic links.\nEquivalent to stat(path, followsymlinks=False).\n\n#### major\n\nExtracts a device major number from a raw device number.\n\n#### makedev\n\nComposes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.\n\n#### memfd_create\n\n#### minor\n\nExtracts a device minor number from a raw device number.\n\n#### mkdir\n\nCreate a directory.\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\nThe mode argument is ignored on Windows. Where it is used, the current umask\nvalue is first masked out.\n\n#### mkfifo\n\nCreate a \"fifo\" (a POSIX named pipe).\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### mknod\n\nCreate a node in the file system.\n\nCreate a node in the file system (file, device special file or named pipe)\nat path.  mode specifies both the permissions to use and the\ntype of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of\nSIFREG, SIFCHR, SIFBLK, and SIFIFO.  If SIFCHR or SIFBLK is set on mode,\ndevice defines the newly created device special file (probably using\nos.makedev()).  Otherwise device is ignored.\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### nice\n\nAdd increment to the priority of process and return the new priority.\n\n#### open\n\nOpen a file for low level IO.  Returns a file descriptor (integer).\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### openpty\n\nOpen a pseudo-terminal.\n\nReturn a tuple of (masterfd, slavefd) containing open file descriptors\nfor both the master and slave ends.\n\n#### pathconf\n\nReturn the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.\n\nIf there is no limit, return -1.\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.\n\n#### pidfd_open\n\nReturn a file descriptor referring to the process *pid*.\n\nThe descriptor can be used to perform process management without races and\nsignals.\n\n#### pipe\n\nCreate a pipe.\n\nReturns a tuple of two file descriptors:\n(readfd, writefd)\n\n#### pipe2\n\nCreate a pipe with flags set atomically.\n\nReturns a tuple of two file descriptors:\n(readfd, writefd)\n\nflags can be constructed by ORing together one or more of these values:\nONONBLOCK, OCLOEXEC.\n\n#### posix_fadvise\n\nAnnounce an intention to access data in a specific pattern.\n\nAnnounce an intention to access data in a specific pattern, thus allowing\nthe kernel to make optimizations.\nThe advice applies to the region of the file specified by fd starting at\noffset and continuing for length bytes.\nadvice is one of POSIXFADVNORMAL, POSIXFADVSEQUENTIAL,\nPOSIXFADVRANDOM, POSIXFADVNOREUSE, POSIXFADVWILLNEED, or\nPOSIXFADVDONTNEED.\n\n#### posix_fallocate\n\nEnsure a file has allocated at least a particular number of bytes on disk.\n\nEnsure that the file specified by fd encompasses a range of bytes\nstarting at offset bytes from the beginning and continuing for length bytes.\n\n#### posix_spawn\n\nExecute the program specified by path in a new process.\n\npath\nPath of executable file.\nargv\nTuple or list of strings.\nenv\nDictionary of strings mapping to strings.\nfileactions\nA sequence of file action tuples.\nsetpgroup\nThe pgroup to use with the POSIXSPAWNSETPGROUP flag.\nresetids\nIf the value is `true` the POSIXSPAWNRESETIDS will be activated.\nsetsid\nIf the value is `true` the POSIXSPAWNSETSID or POSIXSPAWNSETSIDNP will be activated.\nsetsigmask\nThe sigmask to use with the POSIXSPAWNSETSIGMASK flag.\nsetsigdef\nThe sigmask to use with the POSIXSPAWNSETSIGDEF flag.\nscheduler\nA tuple with the scheduler policy (optional) and parameters.\n\n#### posix_spawnp\n\nExecute the program specified by path in a new process.\n\npath\nPath of executable file.\nargv\nTuple or list of strings.\nenv\nDictionary of strings mapping to strings.\nfileactions\nA sequence of file action tuples.\nsetpgroup\nThe pgroup to use with the POSIXSPAWNSETPGROUP flag.\nresetids\nIf the value is `True` the POSIXSPAWNRESETIDS will be activated.\nsetsid\nIf the value is `True` the POSIXSPAWNSETSID or POSIXSPAWNSETSIDNP will be activated.\nsetsigmask\nThe sigmask to use with the POSIXSPAWNSETSIGMASK flag.\nsetsigdef\nThe sigmask to use with the POSIXSPAWNSETSIGDEF flag.\nscheduler\nA tuple with the scheduler policy (optional) and parameters.\n\n#### pread\n\nRead a number of bytes from a file descriptor starting at a particular offset.\n\nRead length bytes from file descriptor fd, starting at offset bytes from\nthe beginning of the file.  The file offset remains unchanged.\n\n#### preadv\n\nReads from a file descriptor into a number of mutable bytes-like objects.\n\nCombines the functionality of readv() and pread(). As readv(), it will\ntransfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next\nbuffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data. Its fourth argument,\nspecifies the file offset at which the input operation is to be performed. It\nwill return the total number of bytes read (which can be less than the total\ncapacity of all the objects).\n\nThe flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags:\n\n- RWFHIPRI\n- RWFNOWAIT\n\nUsing non-zero flags requires Linux 4.6 or newer.\n\n#### putenv\n\nChange or add an environment variable.\n\n#### pwrite\n\nWrite bytes to a file descriptor starting at a particular offset.\n\nWrite buffer to fd, starting at offset bytes from the beginning of\nthe file.  Returns the number of bytes writte.  Does not change the\ncurrent file offset.\n\n#### pwritev\n\nWrites the contents of bytes-like objects to a file descriptor at a given offset.\n\nCombines the functionality of writev() and pwrite(). All buffers must be a sequence\nof bytes-like objects. Buffers are processed in array order. Entire contents of first\nbuffer is written before proceeding to second, and so on. The operating system may\nset a limit (sysconf() value SCIOVMAX) on the number of buffers that can be used.\nThis function writes the contents of each object to the file descriptor and returns\nthe total number of bytes written.\n\nThe flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags:\n\n- RWFDSYNC\n- RWFSYNC\n- RWFAPPEND\n\nUsing non-zero flags requires Linux 4.7 or newer.\n\n#### read\n\nRead from a file descriptor.  Returns a bytes object.\n\n#### readlink\n\nReturn a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\n\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.  If it is unavailable,\nusing it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### readv\n\nRead from a file descriptor fd into an iterable of buffers.\n\nThe buffers should be mutable buffers accepting bytes.\nreadv will transfer data into each buffer until it is full\nand then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold\nthe rest of the data.\n\nreadv returns the total number of bytes read,\nwhich may be less than the total capacity of all the buffers.\n\n#### register_at_fork\n\nRegister callables to be called when forking a new process.\n\nbefore\nA callable to be called in the parent before the fork() syscall.\nafterinchild\nA callable to be called in the child after fork().\nafterinparent\nA callable to be called in the parent after fork().\n\n'before' callbacks are called in reverse order.\n'afterinchild' and 'afterinparent' callbacks are called in order.\n\n#### remove\n\nRemove a file (same as unlink()).\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### removexattr\n\nRemove extended attribute attribute on path.\n\npath may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor.\nIf followsymlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic\nlink, removexattr will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\n#### rename\n\nRename a file or directory.\n\nIf either srcdirfd or dstdirfd is not None, it should be a file\ndescriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)\nshould be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.\nsrcdirfd and dstdirfd, may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### replace\n\nRename a file or directory, overwriting the destination.\n\nIf either srcdirfd or dstdirfd is not None, it should be a file\ndescriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)\nshould be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.\nsrcdirfd and dstdirfd, may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### rmdir\n\nRemove a directory.\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### scandir\n\nReturn an iterator of DirEntry objects for given path.\n\npath can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object.  If path\nis bytes, the names of yielded DirEntry objects will also be bytes; in\nall other circumstances they will be str.\n\nIf path is None, uses the path='.'.\n\n#### sched_get_priority_max\n\nGet the maximum scheduling priority for policy.\n\n#### sched_get_priority_min\n\nGet the minimum scheduling priority for policy.\n\n#### sched_getaffinity\n\nReturn the affinity of the process identified by pid (or the current process if zero).\n\nThe affinity is returned as a set of CPU identifiers.\n\n#### sched_getparam\n\nReturns scheduling parameters for the process identified by pid.\n\nIf pid is 0, returns parameters for the calling process.\nReturn value is an instance of schedparam.\n\n#### sched_getscheduler\n\nGet the scheduling policy for the process identified by pid.\n\nPassing 0 for pid returns the scheduling policy for the calling process.\n\n#### sched_rr_get_interval\n\nReturn the round-robin quantum for the process identified by pid, in seconds.\n\nValue returned is a float.\n\n#### sched_setaffinity\n\nSet the CPU affinity of the process identified by pid to mask.\n\nmask should be an iterable of integers identifying CPUs.\n\n#### sched_setparam\n\nSet scheduling parameters for the process identified by pid.\n\nIf pid is 0, sets parameters for the calling process.\nparam should be an instance of schedparam.\n\n#### sched_setscheduler\n\nSet the scheduling policy for the process identified by pid.\n\nIf pid is 0, the calling process is changed.\nparam is an instance of schedparam.\n\n#### sched_yield\n\nVoluntarily relinquish the CPU.\n\n#### sendfile\n\nCopy count bytes from file descriptor infd to file descriptor outfd.\n\n#### set_blocking\n\nSet the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor.\n\nSet the ONONBLOCK flag if blocking is False,\nclear the ONONBLOCK flag otherwise.\n\n#### set_inheritable\n\nSet the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.\n\n#### setegid\n\nSet the current process's effective group id.\n\n#### seteuid\n\nSet the current process's effective user id.\n\n#### setgid\n\nSet the current process's group id.\n\n#### setgroups\n\nSet the groups of the current process to list.\n\n#### setpgid\n\nCall the system call setpgid(pid, pgrp).\n\n#### setpgrp\n\nMake the current process the leader of its process group.\n\n#### setpriority\n\nSet program scheduling priority.\n\n#### setregid\n\nSet the current process's real and effective group ids.\n\n#### setresgid\n\nSet the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids.\n\n#### setresuid\n\nSet the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids.\n\n#### setreuid\n\nSet the current process's real and effective user ids.\n\n#### setsid\n\nCall the system call setsid().\n\n#### setuid\n\nSet the current process's user id.\n\n#### setxattr\n\nSet extended attribute attribute on path to value.\n\npath may be either a string, a path-like object,  or an open file descriptor.\nIf followsymlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic\nlink, setxattr will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\n#### splice\n\nTransfer count bytes from one pipe to a descriptor or vice versa.\n\nsrc\nSource file descriptor.\ndst\nDestination file descriptor.\ncount\nNumber of bytes to copy.\noffsetsrc\nStarting offset in src.\noffsetdst\nStarting offset in dst.\nflags\nFlags to modify the semantics of the call.\n\nIf offsetsrc is None, then src is read from the current position;\nrespectively for offsetdst. The offset associated to the file\ndescriptor that refers to a pipe must be None.\n\n#### stat\n\nPerform a stat system call on the given path.\n\npath\nPath to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object or\nopen-file-descriptor int.\ndirfd\nIf not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be a relative string; path will then be relative to\nthat directory.\nfollowsymlinks\nIf False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,\nstat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file\nthe link points to.\n\ndirfd and followsymlinks may not be implemented\non your platform.  If they are unavailable, using them will raise a\nNotImplementedError.\n\nIt's an error to use dirfd or followsymlinks when specifying path as\nan open file descriptor.\n\n#### statvfs\n\nPerform a statvfs system call on the given path.\n\npath may always be specified as a string.\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.\n\n#### strerror\n\nTranslate an error code to a message string.\n\n#### symlink\n\nCreate a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.\n\ntargetisdirectory is required on Windows if the target is to be\ninterpreted as a directory.  (On Windows, symlink requires\nWindows 6.0 or greater, and raises a NotImplementedError otherwise.)\ntargetisdirectory is ignored on non-Windows platforms.\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### sync\n\nForce write of everything to disk.\n\n#### sysconf\n\nReturn an integer-valued system configuration variable.\n\n#### system\n\nExecute the command in a subshell.\n\n#### tcgetpgrp\n\nReturn the process group associated with the terminal specified by fd.\n\n#### tcsetpgrp\n\nSet the process group associated with the terminal specified by fd.\n\n#### times\n\nReturn a collection containing process timing information.\n\nThe object returned behaves like a named tuple with these fields:\n(utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsedtime)\nAll fields are floating point numbers.\n\n#### truncate\n\nTruncate a file, specified by path, to a specific length.\n\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.\n\n#### ttyname\n\nReturn the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.\n\nfd\nInteger file descriptor handle.\n\n#### umask\n\nSet the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.\n\n#### uname\n\nReturn an object identifying the current operating system.\n\nThe object behaves like a named tuple with the following fields:\n(sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)\n\n#### unlink\n\nRemove a file (same as remove()).\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\ndirfd may not be implemented on your platform.\nIf it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### unsetenv\n\nDelete an environment variable.\n\n#### urandom\n\nReturn a bytes object containing random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.\n\n#### utime\n\nSet the access and modified time of path.\n\npath may always be specified as a string.\nOn some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.\nIf this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.\n\nIf times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime);\natime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch.\nIf ns is specified, it must be a tuple (atimens, mtimens);\natimens and mtimens should be expressed as integer nanoseconds\nsince the epoch.\nIf times is None and ns is unspecified, utime uses the current time.\nSpecifying tuples for both times and ns is an error.\n\nIf dirfd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,\nand path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.\nIf followsymlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic\nlink, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the\nlink points to.\nIt is an error to use dirfd or followsymlinks when specifying path\nas an open file descriptor.\ndirfd and followsymlinks may not be available on your platform.\nIf they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.\n\n#### wait\n\nWait for completion of a child process.\n\nReturns a tuple of information about the child process:\n(pid, status)\n\n#### wait3\n\nWait for completion of a child process.\n\nReturns a tuple of information about the child process:\n(pid, status, rusage)\n\n#### wait4\n\nWait for completion of a specific child process.\n\nReturns a tuple of information about the child process:\n(pid, status, rusage)\n\n#### waitid\n\nReturns the result of waiting for a process or processes.\n\nidtype\nMust be one of be PPID, PPGID or PALL.\nid\nThe id to wait on.\noptions\nConstructed from the ORing of one or more of WEXITED, WSTOPPED\nor WCONTINUED and additionally may be ORed with WNOHANG or WNOWAIT.\n\nReturns either waitidresult or None if WNOHANG is specified and there are\nno children in a waitable state.\n\n#### waitpid\n\nWait for completion of a given child process.\n\nReturns a tuple of information regarding the child process:\n(pid, status)\n\nThe options argument is ignored on Windows.\n\n#### waitstatus_to_exitcode\n\nConvert a wait status to an exit code.\n\nOn Unix:\n\n* If WIFEXITED(status) is true, return WEXITSTATUS(status).\n* If WIFSIGNALED(status) is true, return -WTERMSIG(status).\n* Otherwise, raise a ValueError.\n\nOn Windows, return status shifted right by 8 bits.\n\nOn Unix, if the process is being traced or if waitpid() was called with\nWUNTRACED option, the caller must first check if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.\nThis function must not be called if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.\n\n#### write\n\nWrite a bytes object to a file descriptor.\n\n#### writev\n\nIterate over buffers, and write the contents of each to a file descriptor.\n\nReturns the total number of bytes written.\nbuffers must be a sequence of bytes-like objects.\n\n### DATA\n\nCLDCONTINUED = 6\nCLDDUMPED = 3\nCLDEXITED = 1\nCLDKILLED = 2\nCLDSTOPPED = 5\nCLDTRAPPED = 4\nEFDCLOEXEC = 524288\nEFDNONBLOCK = 2048\nEFDSEMAPHORE = 1\nEXCANTCREAT = 73\nEXCONFIG = 78\nEXDATAERR = 65\nEXIOERR = 74\nEXNOHOST = 68\nEXNOINPUT = 66\nEXNOPERM = 77\nEXNOUSER = 67\nEXOK = 0\nEXOSERR = 71\nEXOSFILE = 72\nEXPROTOCOL = 76\nEXSOFTWARE = 70\nEXTEMPFAIL = 75\nEXUNAVAILABLE = 69\nEXUSAGE = 64\nFLOCK = 1\nFOK = 0\nFTEST = 3\nFTLOCK = 2\nFULOCK = 0\nGRNDNONBLOCK = 1\nGRNDRANDOM = 2\nMFDALLOWSEALING = 2\nMFDCLOEXEC = 1\nMFDHUGETLB = 4\nMFDHUGE16GB = 2281701376\nMFDHUGE16MB = 1610612736\nMFDHUGE1GB = 2013265920\nMFDHUGE1MB = 1342177280\nMFDHUGE256MB = 1879048192\nMFDHUGE2GB = 2080374784\nMFDHUGE2MB = 1409286144\nMFDHUGE32MB = 1677721600\nMFDHUGE512KB = 1275068416\nMFDHUGE512MB = 1946157056\nMFDHUGE64KB = 1073741824\nMFDHUGE8MB = 1543503872\nMFDHUGEMASK = 63\nMFDHUGESHIFT = 26\nNGROUPSMAX = 65536\nOACCMODE = 3\nOAPPEND = 1024\nOASYNC = 8192\nOCLOEXEC = 524288\nOCREAT = 64\nODIRECT = 16384\nODIRECTORY = 65536\nODSYNC = 4096\nOEXCL = 128\nOFSYNC = 1052672\nOLARGEFILE = 0\nONDELAY = 2048\nONOATIME = 262144\nONOCTTY = 256\nONOFOLLOW = 131072\nONONBLOCK = 2048\nOPATH = 2097152\nORDONLY = 0\nORDWR = 2\nORSYNC = 1052672\nOSYNC = 1052672\nOTMPFILE = 4259840\nOTRUNC = 512\nOWRONLY = 1\nPOSIXFADVDONTNEED = 4\nPOSIXFADVNOREUSE = 5\nPOSIXFADVNORMAL = 0\nPOSIXFADVRANDOM = 1\nPOSIXFADVSEQUENTIAL = 2\nPOSIXFADVWILLNEED = 3\nPOSIXSPAWNCLOSE = 1\nPOSIXSPAWNDUP2 = 2\nPOSIXSPAWNOPEN = 0\nPRIOPGRP = 1\nPRIOPROCESS = 0\nPRIOUSER = 2\nPALL = 0\nPPGID = 2\nPPID = 1\nPPIDFD = 3\nRTLDDEEPBIND = 8\nRTLDGLOBAL = 256\nRTLDLAZY = 1\nRTLDLOCAL = 0\nRTLDNODELETE = 4096\nRTLDNOLOAD = 4\nRTLDNOW = 2\nRWFAPPEND = 16\nRWFDSYNC = 2\nRWFHIPRI = 1\nRWFNOWAIT = 8\nRWFSYNC = 4\nROK = 4\nSCHEDBATCH = 3\nSCHEDFIFO = 1\nSCHEDIDLE = 5\nSCHEDOTHER = 0\nSCHEDRESETONFORK = 1073741824\nSCHEDRR = 2\nSEEKDATA = 3\nSEEKHOLE = 4\nSPLICEFMORE = 4\nSPLICEFMOVE = 1\nSPLICEFNONBLOCK = 2\nSTAPPEND = 256\nSTMANDLOCK = 64\nSTNOATIME = 1024\nSTNODEV = 4\nSTNODIRATIME = 2048\nSTNOEXEC = 8\nSTNOSUID = 2\nSTRDONLY = 1\nSTRELATIME = 4096\nSTSYNCHRONOUS = 16\nSTWRITE = 128\nTMPMAX = 238328\nWCONTINUED = 8\nWEXITED = 4\nWNOHANG = 1\nWNOWAIT = 16777216\nWSTOPPED = 2\nWUNTRACED = 2\nWOK = 2\nXATTRCREATE = 1\nXATTRREPLACE = 2\nXATTRSIZEMAX = 65536\nXOK = 1\nconfstrnames = {'CSGNULIBCVERSION': 2, 'CSGNULIBPTHREADVERSION'...\nenviron = {b'LCCTYPE': b'C.UTF-8', b'PATH': b'/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin...\npathconfnames = {'PCALLOCSIZEMIN': 18, 'PCASYNCIO': 10, 'PCCHOW...\nsysconfnames = {'SC2CHARTERM': 95, 'SC2CBIND': 47, 'SC2CDEV'...\n\n### FILE\n\n(built-in)\n\n"
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        "command": "posix",
        "section": "",
        "mode": "pydoc",
        "summary": "posix",
        "synopsis": null,
        "tldr_summary": null,
        "tldr_examples": [],
        "tldr_source": null,
        "flags": [],
        "examples": [],
        "see_also": [],
        "section_outline": [
            {
                "name": "NAME",
                "lines": 2,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "MODULE REFERENCE",
                "lines": 8,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "DESCRIPTION",
                "lines": 5,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "CLASSES",
                "lines": 8,
                "subsections": [
                    {
                        "name": "class DirEntry",
                        "lines": 38
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "class sched_param",
                        "lines": 107
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "class times_result",
                        "lines": 123
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "class uname_result",
                        "lines": 122
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "class waitid_result",
                        "lines": 117
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "FUNCTIONS",
                "lines": 27,
                "subsections": [
                    {
                        "name": "abort",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "access",
                        "lines": 27
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "chdir",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "chmod",
                        "lines": 22
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "chown",
                        "lines": 26
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "chroot",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "close",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "closerange",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "confstr",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "copy_file_range",
                        "lines": 16
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "cpu_count",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "ctermid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "device_encoding",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "dup",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "dup2",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "eventfd",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "eventfd_read",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "eventfd_write",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "execv",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "execve",
                        "lines": 9
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fchdir",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fchmod",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fchown",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fdatasync",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fork",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "forkpty",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fpathconf",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fspath",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fstat",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fstatvfs",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "fsync",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "ftruncate",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "get_blocking",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "get_inheritable",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "get_terminal_size",
                        "lines": 14
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getcwd",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getcwdb",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getegid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "geteuid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getgid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getgrouplist",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getgroups",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getloadavg",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getlogin",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getpgid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getpgrp",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getpid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getppid",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getpriority",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getrandom",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getresgid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getresuid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getsid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getuid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "getxattr",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "initgroups",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "isatty",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "kill",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "killpg",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "lchown",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "link",
                        "lines": 12
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "listdir",
                        "lines": 13
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "listxattr",
                        "lines": 8
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "lockf",
                        "lines": 9
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "lseek",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "lstat",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "major",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "makedev",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "memfd_create",
                        "lines": 1
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "minor",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "mkdir",
                        "lines": 10
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "mkfifo",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "mknod",
                        "lines": 14
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "nice",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "open",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "openpty",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "pathconf",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "pidfd_open",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "pipe",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "pipe2",
                        "lines": 8
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "posix_fadvise",
                        "lines": 10
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "posix_fallocate",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "posix_spawn",
                        "lines": 23
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "posix_spawnp",
                        "lines": 23
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "pread",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "preadv",
                        "lines": 16
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "putenv",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "pwrite",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "pwritev",
                        "lines": 17
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "read",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "readlink",
                        "lines": 8
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "readv",
                        "lines": 10
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "register_at_fork",
                        "lines": 12
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "remove",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "removexattr",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "rename",
                        "lines": 8
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "replace",
                        "lines": 8
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "rmdir",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "scandir",
                        "lines": 8
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_get_priority_max",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_get_priority_min",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_getaffinity",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_getparam",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_getscheduler",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_rr_get_interval",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_setaffinity",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_setparam",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_setscheduler",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sched_yield",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sendfile",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "set_blocking",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "set_inheritable",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setegid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "seteuid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setgid",
                        "lines": 2
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                    {
                        "name": "setgroups",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setpgid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setpgrp",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setpriority",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setregid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setresgid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setresuid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setreuid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setsid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setuid",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "setxattr",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "splice",
                        "lines": 19
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "stat",
                        "lines": 21
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "statvfs",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "strerror",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "symlink",
                        "lines": 12
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sync",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "sysconf",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "system",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "tcgetpgrp",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "tcsetpgrp",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "times",
                        "lines": 6
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "truncate",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "ttyname",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "umask",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "uname",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "unlink",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "unsetenv",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "urandom",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "utime",
                        "lines": 24
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "wait",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "wait3",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "wait4",
                        "lines": 5
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "waitid",
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                    },
                    {
                        "name": "waitpid",
                        "lines": 7
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "waitstatus_to_exitcode",
                        "lines": 14
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "write",
                        "lines": 2
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "writev",
                        "lines": 5
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "DATA",
                "lines": 142,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "FILE",
                "lines": 3,
                "subsections": []
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        ]
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}