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NAME
Net::IDN::Encode - Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications
(IDNA)
SYNOPSIS
use Net::IDN::Encode ':all';
my $a = domain_to_ascii("müller.example.org");
my $e = email_to_ascii("POSTMASTER@例。テスト");
my $u = domain_to_unicode('EXAMPLE.XN--11B5BS3A9AJ6G');
DESCRIPTION
This module provides an easy-to-use interface for encoding and decoding
Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs).
IDNs use characters drawn from a large repertoire (Unicode), but IDNA
allows the non-ASCII characters to be represented using only the ASCII
characters already allowed in so-called host names today
(letter-digit-hyphen, "/[A-Z0-9-]/i").
Use this module if you just want to convert domain names (or email
addresses), using whatever IDNA standard is the best choice at the
moment.
You should be familiar with Unicode support in perl, as this module
expects correctly encoded input. See perlunitut, perluniintro and
perlunicode for details.
UNICODE VERSION
To convert labels correctly between Unicode and ASCII, each character in
the label must be present in the Unicode version supported by your perl.
Consequently, this module will refuse to convert labels with new Unicode
characters on older perl versions (see below).
FUNCTIONS
By default, this module does not export any subroutines. You may use the
":all" tag to import everything. You can also use regular expressions
such as "/^to_/" or "/^email_/" to select some of the functions, see
Exporter for details.
The following functions are available:
to_ascii( $label, %param )
Converts a single label $label to ASCII. Will throw an exception on
invalid input. If $label is already a valid ASCII domain label
(including most NON-LDH labels such as those used for SRV records
and fake A-labels), this function will never fail but return $label
as-is if conversion would fail.
This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):
AllowUnassigned
(boolean) If set to a true value, code points that are
unassigned in the Unicode version supported by your perl are
allowed. This is an extension over UTS #46.
While this increases the number of labels that can be converted
successfully (especially on older perls) and may thus maximizes
the compatibility with domain names created under future
versions of Unicode, it also introduces the risk of incorrect
conversions. Characters added in later versions of Unicode might
have properties that affect the conversion; if these properties
are not known on your version of perl, you might therefore end
up with an incorrect conversion.
The default is false.
UseSTD3ASCIIRules
(boolean) If set to a true value, checks the label for
compliance with STD 3 (RFC 1123) syntax for host name parts. The
exact checks done depend on the IDNA standard used. Usually, you
will want to set this to true.
Please note that UseSTD3ASCIIRules only affects the conversion
between ASCII labels (A-labels) and Unicode labels (U-labels).
Labels that are in ASCII may still be passed-through as-is.
For historical reasons, the default is false (unlike
"domain_to_ascii").
TransitionalProcessing
(boolean) If set to true, the conversion will be compatible with
IDNA2003. This only affects four characters: 'ß' (U+00DF), 'ς'
(U+03C2), ZWJ (U+200D) and ZWNJ (U+200C). Usually, you will want
to set this to false.
The default is false.
This function does not handle strings that consist of multiple
labels (such as domain names). Use "domain_to_ascii" instead.
to_unicode( $label, %param )
Converts a single label $label to Unicode. Will throw an exception
on invalid input. If $label is an ASCII label (including most
NON-LDH labels such as those used for SRV records), this function
will not fail but return $label as-is if conversion would fail.
This function takes the same optional parameters as "to_ascii", with
the same defaults.
If $label is already in ASCII, this function will never fail but
return $label as is as a last resort (i.e. pass-through).
This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):
AllowUnassigned
UseSTD3ASCIIRules
See "to_unicode" above. Please note that there is no need for
"TransitionalProcessing" for "to_unicode".
This function does not handle strings that consist of multiple
labels (such as domain names). Use "domain_to_unicode" instead.
domain_to_ascii( $label, %param )
Converts all labels of the hostname $domain (with labels separated
by dots) to ASCII (using "to_ascii"). Will throw an exception on
invalid input.
This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):
AllowUnassigned
TransitionalProcessing
See "to_unicode" above.
UseSTD3ASCIIRules
(boolean) If set to a true value, checks the label for
compliance with STD 3 (RFC 1123) syntax for host name parts.
The default is true (unlike "to_ascii").
This function will convert all dots to ASCII, i.e. to U+002E (full
stop). The following characters are recognized as dots: U+002E (full
stop), U+3002 (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop),
U+FF61 (halfwidth ideographic full stop).
domain_to_unicode( $domain, %param )
Converts all labels of the hostname $domain (with labels separated
by dots) to Unicode. Will throw an exception on invalid input.
This function takes the same optional parameters as
"domain_to_ascii", with the same defaults.
This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):
AllowUnassigned
UseSTD3ASCIIRules
See "domain_to_unicode" above. Please note that there is no
"TransitionalProcessing" for "domain_to_unicode".
This function will preserve the original version of dots. The
following characters are recognized as dots: U+002E (full stop),
U+3002 (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop), U+FF61
(halfwidth ideographic full stop).
email_to_ascii( $email, %param )
Converts the domain part (right hand side, separated by an at sign)
of an RFC 2821/2822 email address to ASCII, using "domain_to_ascii".
May throw an exception on invalid input.
It takes the same parameters as "domain_to_ascii".
This function currently does not handle internationalization of the
local-part (left hand side). Future versions of this module might
implement an ASCII conversion for the local-part, should one be
standardized.
This function will convert the at sign to ASCII, i.e. to U+0040
(commercial at), as well as label separators. The following
characters are recognized as at signs: U+0040 (commercial at),
U+FE6B (small commercial at) and U+FF20 (fullwidth commercial at).
email_to_unicode( $email, %param )
Converts the domain part (right hand side, separated by an at sign)
of an RFC 2821/2822 email address to Unicode, using
"domain_to_unicode". May throw an exception on invalid input.
It takes the same parameters as "domain_to_unicode".
This function currently does not handle internationalization of the
local-part (left hand side). Future versions of this module might
implement a conversion from ASCII for the local-part, should one be
standardized.
This function will preserve the original version of at signs (and
label separators). The following characters are recognized as at
signs: U+0040 (commercial at), U+FE6B (small commercial at) and
U+FF20 (fullwidth commercial at).
AUTHOR
Claus Färber <CFAERBER AT cpan.org>
LICENSE
Copyright 2007-2014 Claus Färber.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
SEE ALSO
Net::IDN::Punycode, Net::IDN::UTS46, Net::IDN::IDNA2003,
Net::IDN::IDNA2008, UTS #46 (<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr46/>),
RFC 5890 (<http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5890>).
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