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xfsrestore(8) System Manager's Manual xfsrestore(8)
NAME
xfsrestore - XFS filesystem incremental restore utility
SYNOPSIS
xfsrestore -h
xfsrestore [ options ] -f source [ -f source ... ] dest
xfsrestore [ options ] - dest
xfsrestore -I [ subopt=value ... ]
DESCRIPTION
xfsrestore restores filesystems from dumps produced by xfsdump(8). Two modes of operation
are available: simple and cumulative.
The default is simple mode. xfsrestore populates the specified destination directory,
dest, with the files contained in the dump media.
The -r option specifies the cumulative mode. Successive invocations of xfsrestore are
used to apply a chronologically ordered sequence of delta dumps to a base (level 0) dump.
The contents of the filesystem at the time each dump was produced is reproduced. This can
involve adding, deleting, renaming, linking, and unlinking files and directories.
A delta dump is defined as either an incremental dump (xfsdump -l option with level > 0)
or a resumed dump (xfsdump -R option). The deltas must be applied in the order they were
produced. Each delta applied must have been produced with the previously applied delta as
its base.
xfsrestore keeps state information in the xfsrestorehousekeepingdir, to inform subsequent
invocations when used in cumulative mode, or in the event a restore is interrupted. To
ensure that the state information can be processed, a compatible version of xfsrestore
must be used for each subsequent invocation. Additionally, each invocation must run on a
system of the same endianness and page size.
The options to xfsrestore are:
-a housekeeping
Each invocation of xfsrestore creates a directory called xfsrestorehousekeepingdir.
This directory is normally created directly under the dest directory. The -a option
allows the operator to specify an alternate directory, housekeeping, in which xfsre-
store creates the xfsrestorehousekeepingdir directory. When performing a cumulative
(-r option) restore or resuming (-R option) a restore, each successive invocation
must specify the same alternate directory.
-b blocksize
Specifies the blocksize, in bytes, to be used for the restore. For other drives such
as DAT or 8 mm , the same blocksize used for the xfsdump operation must be specified
to restore the tape. The default block size is 1Mb.
-c progname
Use the specified program to alert the operator when a media change is required. The
alert program is typically a script to send a mail or flash a window to draw the op-
erator's attention.
-e Prevents xfsrestore from overwriting existing files in the dest directory.
-f source [ -f source ... ]
Specifies a source of the dump to be restored. This can be the pathname of a device
(such as a tape drive), a regular file or a remote tape drive (see rmt(8)). This op-
tion must be omitted if the standard input option (a lone - preceding the dest speci-
fication) is specified.
-i Selects interactive operation. Once the on-media directory hierarchy has been read,
an interactive dialogue is begun. The operator uses a small set of commands to pe-
ruse the directory hierarchy, selecting files and subtrees for extraction. The
available commands are given below. Initially nothing is selected, except for those
subtrees specified with -s command line options.
ls [arg] List the entries in the current directory or the specified directory,
or the specified non-directory file entry. Both the entry's original
inode number and name are displayed. Entries that are directories are
appended with a `/'. Entries that have been selected for extraction
are prepended with a `*'.
cd [arg] Change the current working directory to the specified argument, or to
the filesystem root directory if no argument is specified.
pwd Print the pathname of the current directory, relative to the filesys-
tem root.
add [arg] The current directory or specified file or directory within the cur-
rent directory is selected for extraction. If a directory is speci-
fied, then it and all its descendents are selected. Entries that are
selected for extraction are prepended with a `*' when they are listed
by ls.
delete [arg] The current directory or specified file or directory within the cur-
rent directory is deselected for extraction. If a directory is speci-
fied, then it and all its descendents are deselected. The most expe-
dient way to extract most of the files from a directory is to select
the directory and then deselect those files that are not needed.
extract Ends the interactive dialogue, and causes all selected subtrees to be
restored.
quit xfsrestore ends the interactive dialogue and immediately exits, even
if there are files or subtrees selected for extraction.
help List a summary of the available commands.
-m Use the minimal tape protocol. This option cannot be used without specifying a
blocksize to be used (see -b option above).
-n file
Allows xfsrestore to restore only files newer than file. The modification time of
file (i.e., as displayed with the ls -l command) is compared to the inode modifica-
tion time of each file on the source media (i.e., as displayed with the ls -lc com-
mand). A file is restored from media only if its inode modification time is greater
than or equal to the modification time of file.
-o Restore file and directory owner/group even if not root. When run with an effective
user id of root, xfsrestore restores owner and group of each file and directory.
When run with any other effective user id it does not, unless this option is speci-
fied.
-p interval
Causes progress reports to be printed at intervals of interval seconds. The interval
value is approximate, xfsrestore will delay progress reports to avoid undue process-
ing overhead.
-q Source tape drive is a QIC tape. QIC tapes only use a 512 byte blocksize, for which
xfsrestore must make special allowances.
-r Selects the cumulative mode of operation. The -a and destination options must be the
same for each invocation.
-s subtree
Specifies a subtree to restore. Any number of -s options are allowed. The restore
is constrained to the union of all subtrees specified. Each subtree is specified as
a pathname relative to the restore dest. If a directory is specified, the directory
and all files beneath that directory are restored.
-t Displays the contents of the dump, but does not create or modify any files or direc-
tories. It may be desirable to set the verbosity level to silent when using this op-
tion.
-v verbosity
-v subsys=verbosity[,subsys=verbosity,...]
Specifies the level of detail used for messages displayed during the course of the
restore. The verbosity argument can be passed as either a string or an integer. If
passed as a string the following values may be used: silent, verbose, trace, debug,
or nitty. If passed as an integer, values from 0-5 may be used. The values 0-4 cor-
respond to the strings already listed. The value 5 can be used to produce even more
verbose debug output.
The first form of this option activates message logging across all restore subsys-
tems. The second form allows the message logging level to be controlled on a per-sub-
system basis. The two forms can be combined (see the example below). The argument
subsys can take one of the following values: general, proc, drive, media, inventory,
and tree.
For example, to restore the root filesystem with tracing activated for all subsys-
tems:
# xfsrestore -v trace -f /dev/tape /
To enable debug-level tracing for drive and media operations:
# xfsrestore -v drive=debug,media=debug -f /dev/tape /
To enable tracing for all subsystems, and debug level tracing for drive operations
only:
# xfsrestore -v trace,drive=debug -f /dev/tape /
-A Do not restore extended file attributes. When restoring a filesystem managed within
a DMF environment this option should not be used. DMF stores file migration status
within extended attributes associated with each file. If these attributes are not
preserved when the filesystem is restored, files that had been in migrated state will
not be recallable by DMF. Note that dumping of extended file attributes is also op-
tional.
-B Change the ownership and permissions of the destination directory to match those of
the root directory of the dump.
-D Restore DMAPI (Data Management Application Programming Interface) event settings. If
the restored filesystem will be managed within the same DMF environment as the origi-
nal dump it is essential that the -D option be used. Otherwise it is not usually de-
sirable to restore these settings.
-E Prevents xfsrestore from overwriting newer versions of files. The inode modification
time of the on-media file is compared to the inode modification time of corresponding
file in the dest directory. The file is restored only if the on-media version is
newer than the version in the dest directory. The inode modification time of a file
can be displayed with the ls -lc command.
-F Inhibit interactive operator prompts. This option inhibits xfsrestore from prompting
the operator for verification of the selected dump as the restore target and from
prompting for any media change.
-I Causes the xfsdump inventory to be displayed (no restore is performed). Each time
xfsdump is used, an online inventory in /var/lib/xfsdump/inventory is updated. This
is used to determine the base for incremental dumps. It is also useful for manually
identifying a dump session to be restored (see the -L and -S options). Suboptions to
filter the inventory display are described later.
-J Inhibits inventory update when on-media session inventory encountered during restore.
xfsrestore opportunistically updates the online inventory when it encounters an on-
media session inventory, but only if run with an effective user id of root and only
if this option is not given.
-K Force xfsrestore to use dump format 2 generation numbers. Normally the need for this
is determined automatically, but this option is required on the first xfsrestore in-
vocation in the rare case that a cumulative restore begins with a format 3 (or newer)
dump and will be followed by a format 2 dump.
-L session_label
Specifies the label of the dump session to be restored. The source media is searched
for this label. It is any arbitrary string up to 255 characters long. The label of
the desired dump session can be copied from the inventory display produced by the -I
option.
-O options_file
Insert the options contained in options_file into the beginning of the command line.
The options are specified just as they would appear if typed into the command line.
In addition, newline characters (\n) can be used as whitespace. The options are
placed before all options actually given on the command line, just after the command
name. Only one -O option can be used. Recursive use is ignored. The destination
directory cannot be specified in options_file.
-Q Force completion of an interrupted restore session. This option is required to work
around one specific pathological scenario. When restoring a dump session which was
interrupted due to an EOM condition and no online session inventory is available, xf-
srestore cannot know when the restore of that dump session is complete. The operator
is forced to interrupt the restore session. In that case, if the operator tries to
subsequently apply a resumed dump (using the -r option), xfsrestore refuses to do so.
The operator must tell xfsrestore to consider the base restore complete by using this
option when applying the resumed dump.
-R Resume a previously interrupted restore. xfsrestore can be interrupted at any time
by pressing the terminal interrupt character (see stty(1)). Use this option to re-
sume the restore. The -a and destination options must be the same.
-S session_id
Specifies the session UUID of the dump session to be restored. The source media is
searched for this UUID. The UUID of the desired dump session can be copied from the
inventory display produced by the -I option.
-T Inhibits interactive dialogue timeouts. xfsrestore prompts the operator for media
changes. This dialogue normally times out if no response is supplied. This option
prevents the timeout.
-X subtree
Specifies a subtree to exclude. This is the converse of the -s option. Any number
of -X options are allowed. Each subtree is specified as a pathname relative to the
restore dest. If a directory is specified, the directory and all files beneath that
directory are excluded.
-Y io_ring_length
Specify I/O buffer ring length. xfsrestore uses a ring of input buffers to achieve
maximum throughput when restoring from tape drives. The default ring length is 3.
However, this is not currently enabled on Linux yet, making this option benign.
- A lone - causes the standard input to be read as the source of the dump to be re-
stored. Standard input can be a pipe from another utility (such as xfsdump(8)) or a
redirected file. This option cannot be used with the -f option. The - must follow
all other options, and precede the dest specification.
The dumped filesystem is restored into the dest directory. There is no default; the dest
must be specified.
NOTES
Cumulative Restoration
A base (level 0) dump and an ordered set of delta dumps can be sequentially restored, each
on top of the previous, to reproduce the contents of the original filesystem at the time
the last delta was produced. The operator invokes xfsrestore once for each dump. The -r
option must be specified. The dest directory must be the same for all invocations. Each
invocation leaves a directory named xfsrestorehousekeeping in the dest directory (however,
see the -a option above). This directory contains the state information that must be com-
municated between invocations. The operator must remove this directory after the last
delta has been applied.
xfsrestore also generates a directory named orphanage in the dest directory. xfsrestore
removes this directory after completing a simple restore. However, if orphanage is not
empty, it is not removed. This can happen if files present on the dump media are not ref-
erenced by any of the restored directories. The orphanage has an entry for each such
file. The entry name is the file's original inode number, a ".", and the file's genera-
tion count modulo 4096 (only the lower 12 bits of the generation count are used).
xfsrestore does not remove the orphanage after cumulative restores. Like the xfsrestore-
housekeeping directory, the operator must remove it after applying all delta dumps.
Media Management
A dump consists of one or more media files contained on one or more media objects. A me-
dia file contains all or a portion of the filesystem dump. Large filesystems are broken
up into multiple media files to minimize the impact of media dropouts, and to accommodate
media object boundaries (end-of-media).
A media object is any storage medium: a tape cartridge, a remote tape device (see rmt(8)),
a regular file, or the standard input (currently other removable media drives are not sup-
ported). Tape cartridges can contain multiple media files, which are typically separated
by (in tape parlance) file marks. If a dump spans multiple media objects, the restore
must begin with the media object containing the first media file dumped. The operator is
prompted when the next media object is needed.
Media objects can contain more than one dump. The operator can select the desired dump by
specifying the dump label (-L option), or by specifying the dump UUID (-S option). If
neither is specified, xfsrestore scans the entire media object, prompting the operator as
each dump session is encountered.
The inventory display (-I option) is useful for identifying the media objects required.
It is also useful for identifying a dump session. The session UUID can be copied from the
inventory display to the -S option argument to unambiguously identify a dump session to be
restored.
Dumps placed in regular files or the standard output do not span multiple media objects,
nor do they contain multiple dumps.
Inventory
Each dump session updates an inventory database in /var/lib/xfsdump/inventory. This data-
base can be displayed by invoking xfsrestore with the -I option. The display uses tabbed
indentation to present the inventory hierarchically. The first level is filesystem. The
second level is session. The third level is media stream (currently only one stream is
supported). The fourth level lists the media files sequentially composing the stream.
The following suboptions are available to filter the display.
-I depth=n
(where n is 1, 2, or 3) limits the hierarchical depth of the display. When n is 1,
only the filesystem information from the inventory is displayed. When n is 2, only
filesystem and session information are displayed. When n is 3, only filesystem, ses-
sion and stream information are displayed.
-I level=n
(where n is the dump level) limits the display to dumps of that particular dump
level.
The display may be restricted to media files contained in a specific media object.
-I mobjid=value
(where value is a media ID) specifies the media object by its media ID.
-I mobjlabel=value
(where value is a media label) specifies the media object by its media label.
Similarly, the display can be restricted to a specific filesystem.
-I mnt=mount_point
(that is, [hostname:]pathname), identifies the filesystem by mountpoint. Specifying
the hostname is optional, but may be useful in a clustered environment where more
than one host can be responsible for dumping a filesystem.
-I fsid=filesystem_id
identifies the filesystem by filesystem ID.
-I dev=device_pathname
(that is, [hostname:]device_pathname) identifies the filesystem by device. As with
the mnt filter, specifying the hostname is optional.
More than one of these suboptions, separated by commas, may be specified at the same time
to limit the display of the inventory to those dumps of interest. However, at most four
suboptions can be specified at once: one to constrain the display hierarchy depth, one to
constrain the dump level, one to constrain the media object, and one to constrain the
filesystem.
For example, -I depth=1,mobjlabel="tape 1",mnt=host1:/test_mnt would display only the
filesystem information (depth=1) for those filesystems that were mounted on
host1:/test_mnt at the time of the dump, and only those filesystems dumped to the media
object labeled "tape 1".
Dump records may be removed (pruned) from the inventory using the xfsinvutil program.
An additional media file is placed at the end of each dump stream. This media file con-
tains the inventory information for the current dump session. If the online inventory
files in /var/lib/xfsdump/inventory are missing information for the current dump session,
then the inventory information in the media file is automatically added to the files in
/var/lib/xfsdump/inventory. If you wish to incorporate the inventory information from the
media file without restoring any data, you may do so using the -t option:
# xfsrestore -t -f /dev/tape
This is useful to rebuild the inventory database if it is ever lost or corrupted. The
only caveat is that xfsrestore needs to read through the entire dump in order to reach the
inventory media file. This could become time consuming for dump sessions with large media
files.
Media Errors
xfsdump is tolerant of media errors, but cannot do error correction. If a media error oc-
curs in the body of a media file, the filesystem file represented at that point is lost.
The bad portion of the media is skipped, and the restoration resumes at the next filesys-
tem file after the bad portion of the media.
If a media error occurs in the beginning of the media file, the entire media file is lost.
For this reason, large dumps are broken into a number of reasonably sized media files.
The restore resumes with the next media file.
Quotas
When xfsdump dumps a filesystem with user quotas, it creates a file in the root of the
dump called xfsdump_quotas. xfsrestore can restore this file like any other file included
in the dump. This file can be processed by the restore command of xfs_quota(8) to reacti-
vate the quotas. However, the xfsdump_quotas file contains information which may first
require modification; specifically the filesystem name and the user ids. If you are
restoring the quotas for the same users on the same filesystem from which the dump was
taken, then no modification will be necessary. However, if you are restoring the dump to
a different filesystem, you will need to:
- ensure the new filesystem is mounted with the quota option
- modify the xfsdump_quotas file to contain the new filesystem name
- ensure the uids in the xfsdump_quotas file are correct
Once the quota information has been verified, the restore command of xfs_quota (8) can be
used to apply the quota limits to the filesystem.
Group and project quotas are handled in a similar fashion and will be restored in files
called xfsdump_quotas_group and xfsdump_quotas_proj, respectively.
EXAMPLES
To restore the root filesystem from a locally mounted tape:
# xfsrestore -f /dev/tape /
To restore from a remote tape, specifying the dump session id:
# xfsrestore -L session_1 -f otherhost:/dev/tape /new
To restore the contents a of a dump to another subdirectory:
# xfsrestore -f /dev/tape /newdir
To copy the contents of a filesystem to another directory (see xfsdump(8)):
# xfsdump -J - / | xfsrestore -J - /new
FILES
/var/lib/xfsdump/inventory
dump inventory database
SEE ALSO
rmt(8), xfsdump(8), xfsinvutil(8), xfs_quota(8), attr_set(2).
DIAGNOSTICS
The exit code is 0 on normal completion, and non-zero if an error occurred or the restore
was terminated by the operator.
For all verbosity levels greater than 0 (silent) the final line of the output shows the
exit status of the restore. It is of the form:
xfsdump: Restore Status: code
Where code takes one of the following values: SUCCESS (normal completion), INTERRUPT (in-
terrupted), QUIT (media no longer usable), INCOMPLETE (restore incomplete), FAULT (soft-
ware error), and ERROR (resource error). Every attempt will be made to keep both the syn-
tax and the semantics of this log message unchanged in future versions of xfsrestore.
However, it may be necessary to refine or expand the set of exit codes, or their interpre-
tation at some point in the future.
BUGS
Pathnames of restored non-directory files (relative to the dest directory) must be 1023
characters (MAXPATHLEN) or less. Longer pathnames are discarded and a warning message
displayed.
There is no verify option to xfsrestore. This would allow the operator to compare a
filesystem dump to an existing filesystem, without actually doing a restore.
The interactive commands (-i option) do not understand regular expressions.
When the minimal rmt option is specified, xfsrestore applies it to all remote tape
sources. The same blocksize (specified by the -b option) is used for all these remote
drives.
xfsrestore uses the alert program only when a media change is required.
Cumulative mode (-r option) requires that the operator invoke xfsrestore for the base and
for each delta to be applied in sequence to the base. It would be better to allow the op-
erator to identify the last delta in the sequence of interest, and let xfsrestore work
backwards from that delta to identify and apply the preceding deltas and base dump, all in
one invocation.
xfsrestore(8)
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