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Under GNU General Public License
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SEND(1mh) SEND(1mh)
NAME
send - send an nmh message
SYNOPSIS
send [-help] [-version] [-alias aliasfile] [-draft] [-draftfolder +folder] [-draftmessage
msg] [-nodraftfolder] [-filter filterfile] [-nofilter] [-format | -noformat] [-for-
ward | -noforward] [-mime | -nomime] [-msgid | -nomsgid] [-messageid localname | ran-
dom] [-push | -nopush] [-split seconds] [-verbose | -noverbose] [-watch | -nowatch]
[-mts smtp | sendmail/smtp | sendmail/pipe] [-sendmail program] [-server servername]
[-port port-name/number] [-sasl] [-nosasl] [-saslmech mechanism] [-authservice ser-
vice] [-snoop] [-user username] [-tls] [-initialtls] [-notls] [-certverify] [-no-
certverify] [-width columns] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
send will cause each of the specified files to be delivered to each of the destinations in
the "To:", "cc:", "Bcc:", "Dcc:", and "Fcc:" fields of the message. If send is re-dis-
tributing a message, as invoked from dist, then the corresponding "Resent-xxx" fields are
examined instead.
By default, send uses the program post to do the actual delivery of the messages, although
this can be changed by defining the postproc profile component. Most of the features at-
tributed to send are actually performed by post.
Before send gives the message to post for delivery, the message is processed by mhbuild to
perform any necessary MIME encoding of the outgoing message. This can be changed by the
buildmimeproc profile component. mhbuild is invoked with the -auto switch, so mhbuild di-
rectives are not processed by default. See mhbuild(1) for more information.
mhbuild will scan the message draft for a header named Attach. The draft is converted to
a MIME message if one or more matches are found. This conversion occurs before all other
processing. The whatnow(1) man page describes the user interface for managing MIME at-
tachments via this mechanism.
The first part of the MIME message is the draft body if that body contains any non-blank
characters. The body of each Attach header field is interpreted as a file name, and each
file named is included as a separate part in the MIME message.
Determination of the content MIME type inserted into the Content-Type header for each part
depends on how the nmh installation was configured. If a program, such as file with a
--mime or -i option, was found that can specify the type of a file as a MIME type string,
then that will be used. To determine if your nmh was so configured, run mhparam mimetype-
proc and see if a non-empty string is displayed.
If your nmh was not configured with a program to specify a file type as a MIME string,
then a different method is used to determine the content-type string. For file names with
dot suffixes, the profile is scanned for a mhshow-suffix- entry for that suffix. The con-
tent-type for the part is taken from that profile entry if a match is found. If a match
is not found in the user profile, the mhn.defaults profile is scanned next. If no match
is found or the file does not have a dot suffix, the content-type is text/plain if the
file contains only ASCII characters or application/octet-stream if it contains characters
outside of the ASCII range. See mhshow(1) for more details and example syntax.
Each attached MIME part contains a "Content-Description" header that includes the file-
name, and adds a "Content-Disposition" header. Here is an example of MIME part headers
for an attachment:
Content-Type: text/plain; name="VERSION"; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Description: VERSION
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="VERSION"
See mhbuild(1) for explanation of how the Content-Disposition value is selected.
If -push is specified, send will detach itself from the user's terminal and perform its
actions in the background. If push'd and the draft can't be sent, then an error message
will be sent (using the mailproc) back to the user. If -forward is given, then a copy of
the draft will be attached to this failure notice. Using -push differs from putting send
in the background because the output is trapped and analyzed by nmh.
If -verbose is specified, send will indicate the interactions occurring with the transport
system, prior to actual delivery. If -watch is specified send will monitor the delivery
of local and network mail. Hence, by specifying both switches, a large detail of informa-
tion can be gathered about each step of the message's entry into the transport system.
The -draftfolder +folder and -draftmessage msg switches invoke the nmh draft folder facil-
ity. This is an advanced (and highly useful) feature. Consult the mh-draft(5) man page
for more information.
If -split is specified, send will split the draft into one or more partial messages prior
to sending. This makes use of the MIME features in nmh. Note however that if send is in-
voked under dist, then this switch is ignored -- it makes no sense to redistribute a mes-
sage in this fashion. Sometimes you want send to pause after posting a partial message.
This is usually the case when you are running sendmail and expect to generate a lot of
partial messages. The argument to -split tells it how long to pause between postings.
send with no file argument will query whether the draft is the intended file, whereas
-draft will suppress this question. Once the transport system has successfully accepted
custody of the message, the file will be renamed with a site-dependent prefix (usually a
comma), which allows it to be retrieved until the next draft message is sent. If there
are errors in the formatting of the message, send will abort with a (hopefully) helpful
error message.
If a "Bcc:" field is encountered, its addresses will be used for delivery, and the "Bcc:"
field will be removed from the message sent to sighted recipients. The blind recipients
will receive an entirely new message with a minimal set of headers. The body of this new
message will contain a copy of the message sent to the sighted recipients, either marked
up with the indicator text "Blind-Carbon-Copy" or encapsulated as a MIME digest.
If a "Dcc:" field is encountered and the sendmail/pipe mail transport method is not in
use, its addresses will be used for delivery, and the "Dcc:" field will be removed from
the message. The blind recipients will receive exactly the same message as the sighted
recipients. *WARNING* Recipients listed in the "Dcc:" field receive no explicit indica-
tion that they have received a "blind copy". This can cause blind recipients to inadver-
tently reply to all of the sighted recipients of the original message, revealing that they
received a blind copy. On the other hand, since a normal reply to a message sent via a
"Bcc:" field will generate a reply only to the sender of the original message, it takes
extra effort in most mailers to reply to the included message, and so would usually only
be done deliberately, rather than by accident.
If the sendmail/pipe mail transport method is used, then messages containing a "Dcc:"
field are rejected.
If -filter filterfile is specified, then this copy is filtered (re-formatted) by mhl prior
to being sent to the blind recipients. Alternately, if you specify the -mime switch, then
send will use the MIME rules for encapsulation.
Prior to sending the message, the "Date: now" field will be appended to the headers in the
message. If -msgid is specified, then a "Message-ID:" field will also be added to the
message.
The -messageid switch selects the style used for the part appearing after the @ in "Mes-
sage-ID:", "Resent-Message-ID:", and "Content-ID:" header fields. The two acceptable op-
tions are localname (which is the default), and random. With localname, the local host-
name is used. With random, a random sequence of characters is used instead. Note that
the -msgid switch must be enabled for this switch to have any effect.
If send is re-distributing a message (when invoked by dist), then "Resent-" will be
prepended to each of these fields: "From:", "Date:", and "Message-ID:".
A "From:" field is required for all outgoing messages. Multiple addresses are permitted
in the "From:" field, but a "Sender:" field is required in this case. Otherwise a
"Sender:" field is optional.
If a message with multiple "From:" addresses does not include a "Sender:" field but does
include an "Envelope-From:" field, the "Envelope-From:" field will be used to construct a
"Sender:" field.
When using SMTP for mail submission, the envelope-from used for the SMTP transaction is
derived from the "Envelope-From:" field. If no "Envelope-From:" field is present, the
"Sender:" field is used. If neither the "Envelope-From:" nor the "Sender:" field is
present, the "From:" field is used. When "Envelope-From:" appears in a message it will be
removed from the final outgoing message.
By using the -format switch, each of the entries in the "To:" and "cc:" fields will be re-
placed with "standard" format entries. This standard format is designed to be usable by
all of the message handlers on the various systems around the Internet. If -noformat is
given, then headers are output exactly as they appear in the message draft.
If an "Fcc: folder" is encountered, the message will be copied to the specified folder for
the sender in the format in which it will appear to any non-Bcc receivers of the message.
That is, it will have the appended fields and field reformatting. The "Fcc:" fields will
be removed from all outgoing copies of the message.
Beware that if an "Fcc:" with one or more folders is present but none of the folders ex-
ist, and the default fileproc and postproc are in use, then refile will prompt the user to
create the folder(s) if -push is not specified. If all responses are negative, or cre-
ation of each folder fails, or -push is specified, the message will not be copied to any
folder and will be removed by post. With the default refile switches, the message draft
will be renamed according to the specification of its -nolink switch.
By using the -width columns switch, the user can direct send as to how long it should make
header lines containing addresses.
The mail transport system default is provided in /etc/nmh/mts.conf but can be overridden
here with the -mts switch.
If nmh is using as its mail transport system sendmail/pipe, the -sendmail switch can be
used to override the default sendmail program.
If nmh is using the SMTP MTA, the -server and the -port switches can be used to override
the default mail server (defined by the /etc/nmh/mts.conf servers entry). The -snoop
switch can be used to view the SMTP transaction. (Beware that the SMTP transaction may
contain authentication information either in plaintext or easily decoded base64.) If
-sasl -saslmech xoauth2 is used, the HTTP transaction is also shown.
If nmh has been compiled with SASL support, the -sasl and -nosasl switches will enable and
disable the use of SASL authentication with the SMTP MTA. Depending on the SASL mechanism
used, this may require an additional password prompt from the user (but the netrc file can
be used to store this password, as described in the mh-profile(5) man page). The
-saslmech switch can be used to select a particular SASL mechanism, and the -user switch
can be used to select a authorization userid to provide to SASL other than the default.
The credentials profile entry in the mh-profile(5) man page describes the ways to supply a
username and password.
If SASL authentication is successful, nmh will attempt to negotiate a security layer for
session encryption. Encrypted data is labelled with `(encrypted)' and `(decrypted)' when
viewing the SMTP transaction with the -snoop switch; see the post man page description of
-snoop for its other features.
If nmh has been compiled with OAuth support, the -sasl and -saslmech xoauth2 switches will
enable OAuth authentication. The -user switch must be used, and the username must be an
email address the user has for the service, which must be specified with the -authservice
service switch. Before using OAuth authentication, the user must authorize nmh by running
mhlogin and grant authorization to that account. See the mhlogin(1) man page for more de-
tails.
If nmh has been compiled with TLS support, the -tls and -initialtls switches will require
the negotiation of TLS when connecting to the SMTP MTA. The -tls switch will negotiate
TLS as part of the normal SMTP protocol using the STARTTLS command. The -initialtls will
negotiate TLS immediately after the connection has taken place, before any SMTP commands
are sent or received. Encrypted data is labelled with `(tls-encrypted)' and `(tls-de-
crypted)' when viewing the SMTP transaction with the -snoop switch; see the post man page
description of -snoop for its other features. The -notls switch will disable all attempts
to negotiate TLS.
If port 465 is specified and none of the TLS switches were enabled, -initialtls will be
implied if TLS support was compiled in. Though port 465 for SMTPS (SMTP over SSL) was
deregistered by IANA in 1998, it is still used for that service.
When using TLS the default is to verify the remote certificate and SubjectName against the
local trusted certificate store. This can be controlled by the -certverify and -no-
certverify switches. See your OpenSSL documentation for more information on certificate
verification.
The files specified by the profile entry "Aliasfile:" and any additional alias files given
by the -alias aliasfile switch will be read (more than one file, each preceded by -alias,
can be named). See mh-alias(5) for more information.
Selection based on sender address: sendfrom
One or more sendfrom profile components can be used to select a mail server address, mail
server port, or any other switch that can be supplied to post. It works by first looking
at the sender address and domain name in the message draft, as described below. It then
looks for a corresponding profile entry, which contains the post switches. To enable, add
profile entries of the form:
sendfrom-address/domain name: post switches
The email address is extracted from the Envelope-From: header, if not blank, the Sender:
header, or the From: header line in the message draft. Multiple profile entries, with
different email addresses or domain names, are supported. This allows different switches
to post, such as -user, to be associated with different email addresses. If a domain name
is used, it matches all users in that domain.
Here is an example profile entry using OAuth for an account hosted by gmail:
sendfrom-gmail_address AT example.com: -sasl -saslmech xoauth2
-authservice gmail -tls -server smtp.gmail.com
-user gmail_login AT example.com
(Indentation indicates a continued line, as supported in MH profiles.) The username need
not be the same as the sender address, which was extracted from the appropriate header
line as noted above.
Here are example profile entries that use an nmh credentials file:
credentials: file:nmhcreds
sendfrom-sendgrid_address AT example.com: -sasl -tls
-server smtp.sendgrid.net
sendfrom-outbound.att.net: -sasl -initialtls
-server outbound.att.net -port 465
sendfrom-fastmail.com: -initialtls -sasl -saslmech LOGIN
-server smtps-proxy.messagingengine.com -port 80
where nmhcreds is in the user's nmh directory (from the Path profile component) and con-
tains:
machine smtp.sendgrid.net
login sendgrid_login AT example.com
password ********
machine outbound.att.net
login att_login AT example.com
password ********
machine smtps-proxy.messagingengine.com
login fastmail_login AT example.com
password ********
For more information on authentication to mail servers, see the mhlogin(1) man page for
OAuth services, and mh-profile(5) man page for login credentials.
FILES
$HOME/.mh_profile The user profile
PROFILE COMPONENTS
Path: To determine the user's nmh directory
Draft-Folder: To find the default draft-folder
Aliasfile: For a default alias file
Signature: To determine the user's mail signature
mailproc: Program to post failure notices
postproc: Program to post the message
sendfrom-address: Switches to post for sender address
sendfrom-domain: Switches to post for sender domain name
SEE ALSO
comp(1), dist(1), file(1), forw(1), mhbuild(1), mhparam(1), mhlogin(1), refile(1),
repl(1), whatnow(1), mh-alias(5), mh-profile(5), mh-tailor(5), post(8)
DEFAULTS
`file' defaults to <mh-dir>/draft
`-alias' defaults to /etc/nmh/MailAliases
`-nodraftfolder'
`-nofilter'
`-format'
`-forward'
`-nomime'
`-nomsgid'
`-messageid localname'
`-nopush'
`-noverbose'
`-nowatch'
`-width 72'
`-certverify'
CONTEXT
None
BUGS
Under some configurations, it is not possible to monitor the mail delivery transaction;
-watch is a no-op on those systems.
Using -split 0 doesn't work correctly.
nmh-1.7.1 2017-05-11 SEND(1mh)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2025-10-25 06:19 @216.73.216.108 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)