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Template::Manual::Directives(3pUser Contributed Perl DocumentatiTemplate::Manual::Directives(3pm)
NAME
Template::Manual::Directives - Template directives
Accessing and Updating Template Variables
GET
The "GET" directive retrieves and outputs the value of the named variable.
[% GET foo %]
The "GET" keyword is optional. A variable can be specified in a directive tag by itself.
[% foo %]
The variable can have an unlimited number of elements, each separated by a dot. Each
element can have arguments specified within parentheses.
[% foo %]
[% bar.baz %]
[% biz.baz(10) %]
...etc...
See Template::Manual::Variables for a full discussion on template variables.
You can also specify expressions using the logical ("and", "or", "not", "?", ":") and
mathematic operators ("+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "mod", "div").
[% template.title or default.title %]
[% score * 100 %]
[% order.nitems ? checkout(order.total) : 'no items' %]
The "div" operator returns the integer result of division. Both "%" and "mod" return the
modulus (i.e. remainder) of division.
[% 15 / 6 %] # 2.5
[% 15 div 6 %] # 2
[% 15 mod 6 %] # 3
CALL
The "CALL" directive is similar to "GET" in evaluating the variable named, but doesn't
print the result returned. This can be useful when a variable is bound to a sub-routine
or object method which you want to call but aren't interested in the value returned.
[% CALL dbi.disconnect %]
[% CALL inc_page_counter(page_count) %]
SET
The "SET" directive allows you to assign new values to existing variables or create new
temporary variables.
[% SET title = 'Hello World' %]
The "SET" keyword is also optional.
[% title = 'Hello World' %]
Variables may be assigned the values of other variables, unquoted numbers (2.718), literal
text ('single quotes') or quoted text ("double quotes"). In the latter case, any variable
references within the text will be interpolated when the string is evaluated. Variables
should be prefixed by "$", using curly braces to explicitly scope the variable name where
necessary.
[% foo = 'Foo' %] # literal value 'Foo'
[% bar = foo %] # value of variable 'foo'
[% cost = '$100' %] # literal value '$100'
[% item = "$bar: ${cost}.00" %] # value "Foo: $100.00"
Multiple variables may be assigned in the same directive and are evaluated in the order
specified. Thus, the above could have been written:
[% foo = 'Foo'
bar = foo
cost = '$100'
item = "$bar: ${cost}.00"
%]
Simple expressions can also be used, as per "GET".
[% ten = 10
twenty = 20
thirty = twenty + ten
forty = 2 * twenty
fifty = 100 div 2
six = twenty mod 7
%]
You can concatenate strings together using the ' _ ' operator. In Perl 5, the "." is used
for string concatenation, but in Perl 6, as in the Template Toolkit, the "." will be used
as the method calling operator and ' _ ' will be used for string concatenation. Note that
the operator must be specified with surrounding whitespace which, as Larry says, is
construed as a feature:
[% copyright = '(C) Copyright' _ year _ ' ' _ author %]
You can, of course, achieve a similar effect with double quoted string interpolation.
[% copyright = "(C) Copyright $year $author" %]
DEFAULT
The "DEFAULT" directive is similar to "SET" but only updates variables that are currently
undefined or have no "true" value (in the Perl sense).
[% DEFAULT
name = 'John Doe'
id = 'jdoe'
%]
This can be particularly useful in common template components to ensure that some sensible
default are provided for otherwise undefined variables.
[% DEFAULT
title = 'Hello World'
bgcol = '#ffffff'
%]
<html>
<head>
<title>[% title %]</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="[% bgcol %]">
...etc...
Processing Template Files and Blocks
INSERT
The "INSERT" directive is used to insert the contents of an external file at the current
position.
[% INSERT myfile %]
No attempt to parse or process the file is made. The contents, possibly including any
embedded template directives, are inserted intact.
The filename specified should be relative to one of the "INCLUDE_PATH" directories.
Absolute (i.e. starting with "/") and relative (i.e. starting with ".") filenames may be
used if the "ABSOLUTE" and "RELATIVE" options are set, respectively. Both these options
are disabled by default.
my $template = Template->new({
INCLUDE_PATH => '/here:/there',
});
$template->process('myfile');
myfile:
[% INSERT foo %] # looks for /here/foo then /there/foo
[% INSERT /etc/passwd %] # file error: ABSOLUTE not set
[% INSERT ../secret %] # file error: RELATIVE not set
For convenience, the filename does not need to be quoted as long as it contains only
alphanumeric characters, underscores, dots or forward slashes. Names containing any other
characters should be quoted.
[% INSERT misc/legalese.txt %]
[% INSERT 'dos98/Program Files/stupid' %]
To evaluate a variable to specify a filename, you should explicitly prefix it with a "$"
or use double-quoted string interpolation.
[% language = 'en'
legalese = 'misc/legalese.txt'
%]
[% INSERT $legalese %] # misc/legalese.txt
[% INSERT "$language/$legalese" %] # en/misc/legalese.txt
Multiple files can be specified using "+" as a delimiter. All files should be unquoted
names or quoted strings. Any variables should be interpolated into double-quoted strings.
[% INSERT legalese.txt + warning.txt %]
[% INSERT "$legalese" + warning.txt %] # requires quoting
INCLUDE
The "INCLUDE" directive is used to process and include the output of another template file
or block.
[% INCLUDE header %]
If a "BLOCK" of the specified name is defined in the same file, or in a file from which
the current template has been called (i.e. a parent template) then it will be used in
preference to any file of the same name.
[% INCLUDE table %] # uses BLOCK defined below
[% BLOCK table %]
<table>
...
</table>
[% END %]
If a "BLOCK" definition is not currently visible then the template name should be a file
relative to one of the "INCLUDE_PATH" directories, or an absolute or relative file name if
the "ABSOLUTE"/"RELATIVE" options are appropriately enabled. The "INCLUDE" directive
automatically quotes the filename specified, as per "INSERT" described above. When a
variable contains the name of the template for the "INCLUDE" directive, it should be
explicitly prefixed by "$" or double-quoted
[% myheader = 'my/misc/header' %]
[% INCLUDE myheader %] # 'myheader'
[% INCLUDE $myheader %] # 'my/misc/header'
[% INCLUDE "$myheader" %] # 'my/misc/header'
Any template directives embedded within the file will be processed accordingly. All
variables currently defined will be visible and accessible from within the included
template.
[% title = 'Hello World' %]
[% INCLUDE header %]
<body>
...
header:
<html>
<title>[% title %]</title>
output:
<html>
<title>Hello World</title>
<body>
...
Local variable definitions may be specified after the template name, temporarily masking
any existing variables. Insignificant whitespace is ignored within directives so you can
add variable definitions on the same line, the next line or split across several line with
comments interspersed, if you prefer.
[% INCLUDE table %]
[% INCLUDE table title="Active Projects" %]
[% INCLUDE table
title = "Active Projects"
bgcolor = "#80ff00" # chartreuse
border = 2
%]
The "INCLUDE" directive localises (i.e. copies) all variables before processing the
template. Any changes made within the included template will not affect variables in the
including template.
[% foo = 10 %]
foo is originally [% foo %]
[% INCLUDE bar %]
foo is still [% foo %]
[% BLOCK bar %]
foo was [% foo %]
[% foo = 20 %]
foo is now [% foo %]
[% END %]
output:
foo is originally 10
foo was 10
foo is now 20
foo is still 10
Technical Note: the localisation of the stash (that is, the process by which variables are
copied before an "INCLUDE" to prevent being overwritten) is only skin deep. The top-level
variable namespace (hash) is copied, but no attempt is made to perform a deep-copy of
other structures (hashes, arrays, objects, etc.) Therefore, a "foo" variable referencing
a hash will be copied to create a new "foo" variable but which points to the same hash
array. Thus, if you update compound variables (e.g. "foo.bar") then you will change the
original copy, regardless of any stash localisation. If you're not worried about
preserving variable values, or you trust the templates you're including then you might
prefer to use the "PROCESS" directive which is faster by virtue of not performing any
localisation.
You can specify dotted variables as "local" variables to an "INCLUDE" directive. However,
be aware that because of the localisation issues explained above (if you skipped the
previous Technical Note above then you might want to go back and read it or skip this
section too), the variables might not actually be "local". If the first element of the
variable name already references a hash array then the variable update will affect the
original variable.
[% foo = {
bar = 'Baz'
}
%]
[% INCLUDE somefile foo.bar='Boz' %]
[% foo.bar %] # Boz
This behaviour can be a little unpredictable (and may well be improved upon in a future
version). If you know what you're doing with it and you're sure that the variables in
question are defined (nor not) as you expect them to be, then you can rely on this feature
to implement some powerful "global" data sharing techniques. Otherwise, you might prefer
to steer well clear and always pass simple (undotted) variables as parameters to "INCLUDE"
and other similar directives.
If you want to process several templates in one go then you can specify each of their
names (quoted or unquoted names only, no unquoted $variables) joined together by "+". The
"INCLUDE" directive will then process them in order.
[% INCLUDE html/header + "site/$header" + site/menu
title = "My Groovy Web Site"
%]
The variable stash is localised once and then the templates specified are processed in
order, all within that same variable context. This makes it slightly faster than
specifying several separate "INCLUDE" directives (because you only clone the variable
stash once instead of n times), but not quite as "safe" because any variable changes in
the first file will be visible in the second, third and so on. This might be what you
want, of course, but then again, it might not.
PROCESS
The PROCESS directive is similar to "INCLUDE" but does not perform any localisation of
variables before processing the template. Any changes made to variables within the
included template will be visible in the including template.
[% foo = 10 %]
foo is [% foo %]
[% PROCESS bar %]
foo is [% foo %]
[% BLOCK bar %]
[% foo = 20 %]
changed foo to [% foo %]
[% END %]
output:
foo is 10
changed foo to 20
foo is 20
Parameters may be specified in the "PROCESS" directive, but these too will become visible
changes to current variable values.
[% foo = 10 %]
foo is [% foo %]
[% PROCESS bar
foo = 20
%]
foo is [% foo %]
[% BLOCK bar %]
this is bar, foo is [% foo %]
[% END %]
output:
foo is 10
this is bar, foo is 20
foo is 20
The "PROCESS" directive is slightly faster than "INCLUDE" because it avoids the need to
localise (i.e. copy) the variable stash before processing the template. As with "INSERT"
and "INCLUDE", the first parameter does not need to be quoted as long as it contains only
alphanumeric characters, underscores, periods or forward slashes. A "$" prefix can be
used to explicitly indicate a variable which should be interpolated to provide the
template name:
[% myheader = 'my/misc/header' %]
[% PROCESS myheader %] # 'myheader'
[% PROCESS $myheader %] # 'my/misc/header'
As with "INCLUDE", multiple templates can be specified, delimited by "+", and are
processed in order.
[% PROCESS html/header + my/header %]
WRAPPER
It's not unusual to find yourself adding common headers and footers to pages or sub-
sections within a page. Something like this:
[% INCLUDE section/header
title = 'Quantum Mechanics'
%]
Quantum mechanics is a very interesting subject wish
should prove easy for the layman to fully comprehend.
[% INCLUDE section/footer %]
[% INCLUDE section/header
title = 'Desktop Nuclear Fusion for under $50'
%]
This describes a simple device which generates significant
sustainable electrical power from common tap water by process
of nuclear fusion.
[% INCLUDE section/footer %]
The individual template components being included might look like these:
section/header:
<p>
<h2>[% title %]</h2>
section/footer:
</p>
The "WRAPPER" directive provides a way of simplifying this a little. It encloses a block
up to a matching "END" directive, which is first processed to generate some output. This
is then passed to the named template file or "BLOCK" as the "content" variable.
[% WRAPPER section
title = 'Quantum Mechanics'
%]
Quantum mechanics is a very interesting subject wish
should prove easy for the layman to fully comprehend.
[% END %]
[% WRAPPER section
title = 'Desktop Nuclear Fusion for under $50'
%]
This describes a simple device which generates significant
sustainable electrical power from common tap water by process
of nuclear fusion.
[% END %]
The single 'section' template can then be defined as:
<h2>[% title %]</h2>
<p>
[% content %]
</p>
Like other block directives, it can be used in side-effect notation:
[% INSERT legalese.txt WRAPPER big_bold_table %]
It's also possible to specify multiple templates to a "WRAPPER" directive. The
specification order indicates outermost to innermost wrapper templates. For example,
given the following template block definitions:
[% BLOCK bold %]<b>[% content %]</b>[% END %]
[% BLOCK italic %]<i>[% content %]</i>[% END %]
the directive
[% WRAPPER bold+italic %]Hello World[% END %]
would generate the following output:
<b><i>Hello World</i></b>
BLOCK
The "BLOCK"..."END" construct can be used to define template component blocks which can be
processed with the "INCLUDE", "PROCESS" and "WRAPPER" directives.
[% BLOCK tabrow %]
<tr>
<td>[% name %]<td>
<td>[% email %]</td>
</tr>
[% END %]
<table>
[% PROCESS tabrow name='Fred' email='fred AT nowhere.com' %]
[% PROCESS tabrow name='Alan' email='alan AT nowhere.com' %]
</table>
A "BLOCK" definition can be used before it is defined, as long as the definition resides
in the same file. The block definition itself does not generate any output.
[% PROCESS tmpblk %]
[% BLOCK tmpblk %] This is OK [% END %]
You can use an anonymous "BLOCK" to capture the output of a template fragment.
[% julius = BLOCK %]
And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry 'Havoc', and let slip the dogs of war;
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial.
[% END %]
Like a named block, it can contain any other template directives which are processed when
the block is defined. The output generated by the block is then assigned to the variable
"julius".
Anonymous "BLOCK"s can also be used to define block macros. The enclosing block is
processed each time the macro is called.
[% MACRO locate BLOCK %]
The [% animal %] sat on the [% place %].
[% END %]
[% locate(animal='cat', place='mat') %] # The cat sat on the mat
[% locate(animal='dog', place='log') %] # The dog sat on the log
Conditional Processing
IF / UNLESS / ELSIF / ELSE
The "IF" and "UNLESS" directives can be used to process or ignore a block based on some
run-time condition.
[% IF frames %]
[% INCLUDE frameset %]
[% END %]
[% UNLESS text_mode %]
[% INCLUDE biglogo %]
[% END %]
Multiple conditions may be joined with "ELSIF" and/or "ELSE" blocks.
[% IF age < 10 %]
Hello [% name %], does your mother know you're
using her AOL account?
[% ELSIF age < 18 %]
Sorry, you're not old enough to enter
(and too dumb to lie about your age)
[% ELSE %]
Welcome [% name %].
[% END %]
The following conditional and boolean operators may be used:
== != < <= > >= && || ! and or not
Conditions may be arbitrarily complex and are evaluated with the same precedence as in
Perl. Parenthesis may be used to explicitly determine evaluation order.
# ridiculously contrived complex example
[% IF (name == 'admin' || uid <= 0) && mode == 'debug' %]
I'm confused.
[% ELSIF more > less %]
That's more or less correct.
[% END %]
The "and", "or" and "not" operator are provided as aliases for "&&", "||" and "!",
respectively. Unlike Perl, which treats "and", "or" and "not" as separate, lower-
precedence versions of the other operators, the Template Toolkit performs a
straightforward substitution of "and" for "&&", and so on. That means that "and", "or"
and "not" have the same operator precedence as "&&", "||" and "!".
SWITCH / CASE
The "SWITCH" / "CASE" construct can be used to perform a multi-way conditional test. The
"SWITCH" directive expects an expression which is first evaluated and then compared
against each CASE statement in turn. Each "CASE" directive should contain a single value
or a list of values which should match. "CASE" may also be left blank or written as "[%
CASE DEFAULT %]" to specify a default match. Only one "CASE" matches, there is no drop-
through between "CASE" statements.
[% SWITCH myvar %]
[% CASE 'value1' %]
...
[% CASE ['value2', 'value3'] %] # multiple values
...
[% CASE myhash.keys %] # ditto
...
[% CASE %] # default
...
[% END %]
Loop Processing
FOREACH
The "FOREACH" directive will iterate through the items in a list, processing the enclosed
block for each one.
[% foo = 'Foo'
items = [ 'one', 'two', 'three' ]
%]
Things:
[% FOREACH thing IN [ foo 'Bar' "$foo Baz" ] %]
* [% thing %]
[% END %]
Items:
[% FOREACH i IN items %]
* [% i %]
[% END %]
Stuff:
[% stuff = [ foo "$foo Bar" ] %]
[% FOREACH s IN stuff %]
* [% s %]
[% END %]
output:
Things:
* Foo
* Bar
* Foo Baz
Items:
* one
* two
* three
Stuff:
* Foo
* Foo Bar
You can use also use "=" instead of "IN" if you prefer.
[% FOREACH i = items %]
When the "FOREACH" directive is used without specifying a target variable, any iterated
values which are hash references will be automatically imported.
[% userlist = [
{ id => 'tom', name => 'Thomas' },
{ id => 'dick', name => 'Richard' },
{ id => 'larry', name => 'Lawrence' },
]
%]
[% FOREACH user IN userlist %]
[% user.id %] [% user.name %]
[% END %]
short form:
[% FOREACH userlist %]
[% id %] [% name %]
[% END %]
Note that this particular usage creates a localised variable context to prevent the
imported hash keys from overwriting any existing variables. The imported definitions and
any other variables defined in such a "FOREACH" loop will be lost at the end of the loop,
when the previous context and variable values are restored.
However, under normal operation, the loop variable remains in scope after the "FOREACH"
loop has ended (caveat: overwriting any variable previously in scope). This is useful as
the loop variable is secretly an iterator object (see below) and can be used to analyse
the last entry processed by the loop.
The "FOREACH" directive can also be used to iterate through the entries in a hash array.
Each entry in the hash is returned in sorted order (based on the key) as a hash array
containing 'key' and 'value' items.
[% users = {
tom => 'Thomas',
dick => 'Richard',
larry => 'Lawrence',
}
%]
[% FOREACH u IN users %]
* [% u.key %] : [% u.value %]
[% END %]
Output:
* dick : Richard
* larry : Lawrence
* tom : Thomas
The "NEXT" directive starts the next iteration in the "FOREACH" loop.
[% FOREACH user IN userlist %]
[% NEXT IF user.isguest %]
Name: [% user.name %] Email: [% user.email %]
[% END %]
The "LAST" directive can be used to prematurely exit the loop. "BREAK" is also provided
as an alias for "LAST".
[% FOREACH match IN results.nsort('score').reverse %]
[% LAST IF match.score < 50 %]
[% match.score %] : [% match.url %]
[% END %]
The "FOREACH" directive is implemented using the Template::Iterator module. A reference
to the iterator object for a "FOREACH" directive is implicitly available in the "loop"
variable. The following methods can be called on the "loop" iterator.
size() number of elements in the list
max() index number of last element (size - 1)
index() index of current iteration from 0 to max()
count() iteration counter from 1 to size() (i.e. index() + 1)
first() true if the current iteration is the first
last() true if the current iteration is the last
prev() return the previous item in the list
next() return the next item in the list
See Template::Iterator for further details.
Example:
[% FOREACH item IN [ 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' ] -%]
[%- "<ul>\n" IF loop.first %]
<li>[% loop.count %]/[% loop.size %]: [% item %]
[%- "</ul>\n" IF loop.last %]
[% END %]
Output:
<ul>
<li>1/3: foo
<li>2/3: bar
<li>3/3: baz
</ul>
Nested loops will work as expected, with the "loop" variable correctly referencing the
innermost loop and being restored to any previous value (i.e. an outer loop) at the end of
the loop.
[% FOREACH group IN grouplist;
# loop => group iterator
"Groups:\n" IF loop.first;
FOREACH user IN group.userlist;
# loop => user iterator
"$loop.count: $user.name\n";
END;
# loop => group iterator
"End of Groups\n" IF loop.last;
END
%]
The "iterator" plugin can also be used to explicitly create an iterator object. This can
be useful within nested loops where you need to keep a reference to the outer iterator
within the inner loop. The iterator plugin effectively allows you to create an iterator
by a name other than "loop". See Template::Plugin::Iterator for further details.
[% USE giter = iterator(grouplist) %]
[% FOREACH group IN giter %]
[% FOREACH user IN group.userlist %]
user #[% loop.count %] in
group [% giter.count %] is
named [% user.name %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
WHILE
The "WHILE" directive can be used to repeatedly process a template block while a
conditional expression evaluates true. The expression may be arbitrarily complex as per
"IF" / "UNLESS".
[% WHILE total < 100 %]
...
[% total = calculate_new_total %]
[% END %]
An assignment can be enclosed in parenthesis to evaluate the assigned value.
[% WHILE (user = get_next_user_record) %]
[% user.name %]
[% END %]
The "NEXT" directive can be used to start the next iteration of a "WHILE" loop and "BREAK"
can be used to exit the loop, both as per "FOREACH".
The Template Toolkit uses a failsafe counter to prevent runaway "WHILE" loops which would
otherwise never terminate. If the loop exceeds 1000 iterations then an "undef" exception
will be thrown, reporting the error:
WHILE loop terminated (> 1000 iterations)
The $Template::Directive::WHILE_MAX variable controls this behaviour and can be set to a
higher value if necessary.
Filters, Plugins, Macros and Perl
FILTER
The "FILTER" directive can be used to post-process the output of a block. A number of
standard filters are provided with the Template Toolkit. The "html" filter, for example,
escapes the '<', '>' and '&' characters to prevent them from being interpreted as HTML
tags or entity reference markers.
[% FILTER html %]
HTML text may have < and > characters embedded
which you want converted to the correct HTML entities.
[% END %]
output:
HTML text may have < and > characters embedded
which you want converted to the correct HTML entities.
The "FILTER" directive can also follow various other non-block directives. For example:
[% INCLUDE mytext FILTER html %]
The "|" character can also be used as an alias for "FILTER".
[% INCLUDE mytext | html %]
Multiple filters can be chained together and will be called in sequence.
[% INCLUDE mytext FILTER html FILTER html_para %]
or
[% INCLUDE mytext | html | html_para %]
Filters come in two flavours, known as 'static' or 'dynamic'. A static filter is a simple
subroutine which accepts a text string as the only argument and returns the modified text.
The "html" filter is an example of a static filter, implemented as:
sub html_filter {
my $text = shift;
for ($text) {
s/&/&/g;
s/</</g;
s/>/>/g;
}
return $text;
}
Dynamic filters can accept arguments which are specified when the filter is called from a
template. The "repeat" filter is such an example, accepting a numerical argument which
specifies the number of times that the input text should be repeated.
[% FILTER repeat(3) %]blah [% END %]
output:
blah blah blah
These are implemented as filter 'factories'. The factory subroutine is passed a reference
to the current Template::Context object along with any additional arguments specified. It
should then return a subroutine reference (e.g. a closure) which implements the filter.
The "repeat" filter factory is implemented like this:
sub repeat_filter_factory {
my ($context, $iter) = @_;
$iter = 1 unless defined $iter;
return sub {
my $text = shift;
$text = '' unless defined $text;
return join('\n', $text) x $iter;
}
}
The "FILTERS" option, described in Template::Manual::Config, allows custom filters to be
defined when a Template object is instantiated. The define_filter() method allows further
filters to be defined at any time.
When using a filter, it is possible to assign an alias to it for further use. This is
most useful for dynamic filters that you want to re-use with the same configuration.
[% FILTER echo = repeat(2) %]
Is there anybody out there?
[% END %]
[% FILTER echo %]
Mother, should I build a wall?
[% END %]
Output:
Is there anybody out there?
Is there anybody out there?
Mother, should I build a wall?
Mother, should I build a wall?
The "FILTER" directive automatically quotes the name of the filter. As with "INCLUDE" et
al, you can use a variable to provide the name of the filter, prefixed by "$".
[% myfilter = 'html' %]
[% FILTER $myfilter %] # same as [% FILTER html %]
...
[% END %]
A template variable can also be used to define a static filter subroutine. However, the
Template Toolkit will automatically call any subroutine bound to a variable and use the
value returned. Thus, the above example could be implemented as:
my $vars = {
myfilter => sub { return 'html' },
};
template:
[% FILTER $myfilter %] # same as [% FILTER html %]
...
[% END %]
To define a template variable that evaluates to a subroutine reference that can be used by
the "FILTER" directive, you should create a subroutine that, when called automatically by
the Template Toolkit, returns another subroutine reference which can then be used to
perform the filter operation. Note that only static filters can be implemented in this
way.
my $vars = {
myfilter => sub { \&my_filter_sub },
};
sub my_filter_sub {
my $text = shift;
# do something
return $text;
}
template:
[% FILTER $myfilter %]
...
[% END %]
Alternately, you can bless a subroutine reference into a class (any class will do) to fool
the Template Toolkit into thinking it's an object rather than a subroutine. This will
then bypass the automatic "call-a-subroutine-to-return-a-value" magic.
my $vars = {
myfilter => bless(\&my_filter_sub, 'anything_you_like'),
};
template:
[% FILTER $myfilter %]
...
[% END %]
Filters bound to template variables remain local to the variable context in which they are
defined. That is, if you define a filter in a "PERL" block within a template that is
loaded via "INCLUDE", then the filter definition will only exist until the end of that
template when the stash is delocalised, restoring the previous variable state. If you want
to define a filter which persists for the lifetime of the processor, or define additional
dynamic filter factories, then you can call the define_filter() method on the current
Template::Context object.
See Template::Manual::Filters for a complete list of available filters, their descriptions
and examples of use.
USE
The "USE" directive can be used to load and initialise "plugin" extension modules.
[% USE myplugin %]
A plugin is a regular Perl module that conforms to a particular object-oriented interface,
allowing it to be loaded into and used automatically by the Template Toolkit. For details
of this interface and information on writing plugins, consult Template::Plugin.
A number of standard plugins are included with the Template Toolkit (see below and
Template::Manual::Plugins). The names of these standard plugins are case insensitive.
[% USE CGI %] # => Template::Plugin::CGI
[% USE Cgi %] # => Template::Plugin::CGI
[% USE cgi %] # => Template::Plugin::CGI
You can also define further plugins using the "PLUGINS" option.
my $tt = Template->new({
PLUGINS => {
foo => 'My::Plugin::Foo',
bar => 'My::Plugin::Bar',
},
});
The recommended convention is to specify these plugin names in lower case. The Template
Toolkit first looks for an exact case-sensitive match and then tries the lower case
conversion of the name specified.
[% USE Foo %] # look for 'Foo' then 'foo'
If you define all your "PLUGINS" with lower case names then they will be located
regardless of how the user specifies the name in the "USE" directive. If, on the other
hand, you define your "PLUGINS" with upper or mixed case names then the name specified in
the "USE" directive must match the case exactly.
If the plugin isn't defined in either the standard plugins
($Template::Plugins::STD_PLUGINS) or via the "PLUGINS" option, then the "PLUGIN_BASE" is
searched.
In this case the plugin name is case-sensitive. It is appended to each of the
"PLUGIN_BASE" module namespaces in turn (default: "Template::Plugin") to construct a full
module name which it attempts to locate and load. Any periods, '"."', in the name will be
converted to '"::"'.
[% USE MyPlugin %] # => Template::Plugin::MyPlugin
[% USE Foo.Bar %] # => Template::Plugin::Foo::Bar
The "LOAD_PERL" option (disabled by default) provides a further way by which external Perl
modules may be loaded. If a regular Perl module (i.e. not a "Template::Plugin::*" or
other module relative to some "PLUGIN_BASE") supports an object-oriented interface and a
"new()" constructor then it can be loaded and instantiated automatically. The following
trivial example shows how the IO::File module might be used.
[% USE file = IO.File('/tmp/mydata') %]
[% WHILE (line = file.getline) %]
<!-- [% line %] -->
[% END %]
Any additional parameters supplied in parenthesis after the plugin name will be also be
passed to the "new()" constructor. A reference to the current Template::Context object is
passed as the first parameter.
[% USE MyPlugin('foo', 123) %]
equivalent to:
Template::Plugin::MyPlugin->new($context, 'foo', 123);
The only exception to this is when a module is loaded via the "LOAD_PERL" option. In this
case the $context reference is not passed to the "new()" constructor. This is based on
the assumption that the module is a regular Perl module rather than a Template Toolkit
plugin so isn't expecting a context reference and wouldn't know what to do with it anyway.
Named parameters may also be specified. These are collated into a hash which is passed by
reference as the last parameter to the constructor, as per the general code calling
interface.
[% USE url('/cgi-bin/foo', mode='submit', debug=1) %]
equivalent to:
Template::Plugin::URL->new(
$context,
'/cgi-bin/foo'
{ mode => 'submit', debug => 1 }
);
The plugin may represent any data type; a simple variable, hash, list or code reference,
but in the general case it will be an object reference. Methods can be called on the
object (or the relevant members of the specific data type) in the usual way:
[% USE table(mydata, rows=3) %]
[% FOREACH row IN table.rows %]
<tr>
[% FOREACH item IN row %]
<td>[% item %]</td>
[% END %]
</tr>
[% END %]
An alternative name may be provided for the plugin by which it can be referenced:
[% USE scores = table(myscores, cols=5) %]
[% FOREACH row IN scores.rows %]
...
[% END %]
You can use this approach to create multiple plugin objects with different configurations.
This example shows how the format plugin is used to create sub-routines bound to variables
for formatting text as per "printf()".
[% USE bold = format('<b>%s</b>') %]
[% USE ital = format('<i>%s</i>') %]
[% bold('This is bold') %]
[% ital('This is italic') %]
Output:
<b>This is bold</b>
<i>This is italic</i>
This next example shows how the URL plugin can be used to build dynamic URLs from a base
part and optional query parameters.
[% USE mycgi = URL('/cgi-bin/foo.pl', debug=1) %]
<a href="[% mycgi %]">...
<a href="[% mycgi(mode='submit') %]"...
Output:
<a href="/cgi-bin/foo.pl?debug=1">...
<a href="/cgi-bin/foo.pl?mode=submit&debug=1">...
The CGI plugin is an example of one which delegates to another Perl module. In this case,
to Lincoln Stein's "CGI" module. All of the methods provided by the "CGI" module are
available via the plugin.
[% USE CGI;
CGI.start_form;
CGI.checkbox_group( name = 'colours',
values = [ 'red' 'green' 'blue' ] );
CGI.popup_menu( name = 'items',
values = [ 'foo' 'bar' 'baz' ] );
CGI.end_form
%]
See Template::Manual::Plugins for more information on the plugins distributed with the
toolkit or available from CPAN.
MACRO
The "MACRO" directive allows you to define a directive or directive block which is then
evaluated each time the macro is called.
[% MACRO header INCLUDE header %]
Calling the macro as:
[% header %]
is then equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE header %]
Macros can be passed named parameters when called. These values remain local to the
macro.
[% header(title='Hello World') %]
equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE header title='Hello World' %]
A "MACRO" definition may include parameter names. Values passed to the macros are then
mapped to these local variables. Other named parameters may follow these.
[% MACRO header(title) INCLUDE header %]
[% header('Hello World') %]
[% header('Hello World', bgcol='#123456') %]
equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE header title='Hello World' %]
[% INCLUDE header title='Hello World' bgcol='#123456' %]
Here's another example, defining a macro for display numbers in comma-delimited groups of
3, using the chunk and join virtual method.
[% MACRO number(n) GET n.chunk(-3).join(',') %]
[% number(1234567) %] # 1,234,567
A "MACRO" may precede any directive and must conform to the structure of the directive.
[% MACRO header IF frames %]
[% INCLUDE frames/header %]
[% ELSE %]
[% INCLUDE header %]
[% END %]
[% header %]
A "MACRO" may also be defined as an anonymous "BLOCK". The block will be evaluated each
time the macro is called.
[% MACRO header BLOCK %]
...content...
[% END %]
[% header %]
If you've got the "EVAL_PERL" option set, then you can even define a "MACRO" as a "PERL"
block (see below):
[% MACRO triple(n) PERL %]
my $n = $stash->get('n');
print $n * 3;
[% END -%]
PERL
(for the advanced reader)
The "PERL" directive is used to mark the start of a block which contains Perl code for
evaluation. The "EVAL_PERL" option must be enabled for Perl code to be evaluated or a
"perl" exception will be thrown with the message '"EVAL_PERL not set"'.
Perl code is evaluated in the "Template::Perl" package. The $context package variable
contains a reference to the current Template::Context object. This can be used to access
the functionality of the Template Toolkit to process other templates, load plugins,
filters, etc. See Template::Context for further details.
[% PERL %]
print $context->include('myfile');
[% END %]
The $stash variable contains a reference to the top-level stash object which manages
template variables. Through this, variable values can be retrieved and updated. See
Template::Stash for further details.
[% PERL %]
$stash->set(foo => 'bar');
print "foo value: ", $stash->get('foo');
[% END %]
Output:
foo value: bar
Output is generated from the "PERL" block by calling "print()". Note that the
"Template::Perl::PERLOUT" handle is selected (tied to an output buffer) instead of
"STDOUT".
[% PERL %]
print "foo\n"; # OK
print PERLOUT "bar\n"; # OK, same as above
print Template::Perl::PERLOUT "baz\n"; # OK, same as above
print STDOUT "qux\n"; # WRONG!
[% END %]
The "PERL" block may contain other template directives. These are processed before the
Perl code is evaluated.
[% name = 'Fred Smith' %]
[% PERL %]
print "[% name %]\n";
[% END %]
Thus, the Perl code in the above example is evaluated as:
print "Fred Smith\n";
Exceptions may be thrown from within "PERL" blocks using "die()". They will be correctly
caught by enclosing "TRY" blocks.
[% TRY %]
[% PERL %]
die "nothing to live for\n";
[% END %]
[% CATCH %]
error: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
output:
error: nothing to live for
RAWPERL
(for the very advanced reader)
The Template Toolkit parser reads a source template and generates the text of a Perl
subroutine as output. It then uses "eval()" to evaluate it into a subroutine reference.
This subroutine is then called to process the template, passing a reference to the current
Template::Context object through which the functionality of the Template Toolkit can be
accessed. The subroutine reference can be cached, allowing the template to be processed
repeatedly without requiring any further parsing.
For example, a template such as:
[% PROCESS header %]
The [% animal %] sat on the [% location %]
[% PROCESS footer %]
is converted into the following Perl subroutine definition:
sub {
my $context = shift;
my $stash = $context->stash;
my $output = '';
my $error;
eval { BLOCK: {
$output .= $context->process('header');
$output .= "The ";
$output .= $stash->get('animal');
$output .= " sat on the ";
$output .= $stash->get('location');
$output .= $context->process('footer');
$output .= "\n";
} };
if ($@) {
$error = $context->catch($@, \$output);
die $error unless $error->type eq 'return';
}
return $output;
}
To examine the Perl code generated, such as in the above example, set the
$Template::Parser::DEBUG package variable to any true value. You can also set the
$Template::Directive::PRETTY variable true to have the code formatted in a readable manner
for human consumption. The source code for each generated template subroutine will be
printed to "STDERR" on compilation (i.e. the first time a template is used).
$Template::Parser::DEBUG = 1;
$Template::Directive::PRETTY = 1;
$template->process($file, $vars)
|| die $template->error(), "\n";
The "PERL" ... "END" construct allows Perl code to be embedded into a template when the
"EVAL_PERL" option is set. It is evaluated at "runtime" using "eval()" each time the
template subroutine is called. This is inherently flexible, but not as efficient as it
could be, especially in a persistent server environment where a template may be processed
many times.
The "RAWPERL" directive allows you to write Perl code that is integrated directly into the
generated Perl subroutine text. It is evaluated once at compile time and is stored in
cached form as part of the compiled template subroutine. This makes "RAWPERL" blocks more
efficient than "PERL" blocks.
The downside is that you must code much closer to the metal. For example, in a "PERL"
block you can call print() to generate some output. "RAWPERL" blocks don't afford such
luxury. The code is inserted directly into the generated subroutine text and should
conform to the convention of appending to the $output variable.
[% PROCESS header %]
[% RAWPERL %]
$output .= "Some output\n";
...
$output .= "Some more output\n";
[% END %]
The critical section of the generated subroutine for this example would then look
something like:
...
eval { BLOCK: {
$output .= $context->process('header');
$output .= "\n";
$output .= "Some output\n";
...
$output .= "Some more output\n";
$output .= "\n";
} };
...
As with "PERL" blocks, the $context and $stash references are pre-defined and available
for use within "RAWPERL" code.
Exception Handling and Flow Control
TRY / THROW / CATCH / FINAL
(more advanced material)
The Template Toolkit supports fully functional, nested exception handling. The "TRY"
directive introduces an exception handling scope which continues until the matching "END"
directive. Any errors that occur within that block will be caught and can be handled by
one of the "CATCH" blocks defined.
[% TRY %]
...blah...blah...
[% CALL somecode %]
...etc...
[% INCLUDE someblock %]
...and so on...
[% CATCH %]
An error occurred!
[% END %]
Errors are raised as exceptions (objects of the Template::Exception class) which contain
two fields: "type" and "info". The exception "type" is used to indicate the kind of error
that occurred. It is a simple text string which can contain letters, numbers, '"_"' or
'"."'. The "info" field contains an error message indicating what actually went wrong.
Within a catch block, the exception object is aliased to the "error" variable. You can
access the "type" and "info" fields directly.
[% mydsn = 'dbi:MySQL:foobar' %]
...
[% TRY %]
[% USE DBI(mydsn) %]
[% CATCH %]
ERROR! Type: [% error.type %]
Info: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
output (assuming a non-existent database called '"foobar"'):
ERROR! Type: DBI
Info: Unknown database "foobar"
The "error" variable can also be specified by itself and will return a string of the form
""$type error - $info"".
...
[% CATCH %]
ERROR: [% error %]
[% END %]
Output:
ERROR: DBI error - Unknown database "foobar"
Each "CATCH" block may be specified with a particular exception type denoting the kind of
error that it should catch. Multiple "CATCH" blocks can be provided to handle different
types of exception that may be thrown in the "TRY" block. A "CATCH" block specified
without any type, as in the previous example, is a default handler which will catch any
otherwise uncaught exceptions. This can also be specified as "[% CATCH DEFAULT %]".
[% TRY %]
[% INCLUDE myfile %]
[% USE DBI(mydsn) %]
[% CALL somecode %]
[% CATCH file %]
File Error! [% error.info %]
[% CATCH DBI %]
[% INCLUDE database/error.html %]
[% CATCH %]
[% error %]
[% END %]
Remember that you can specify multiple directives within a single tag, each delimited by
'";"'. So the above example can be written more concisely as:
[% TRY;
INCLUDE myfile;
USE DBI(mydsn);
CALL somecode;
CATCH file;
"File Error! $error.info";
CATCH DBI;
INCLUDE database/error.html;
CATCH;
error;
END
%]
The "DBI" plugin throws exceptions of the "DBI" type (in case that wasn't already
obvious). The other specific exception caught here is of the "file" type.
A "file" exception is automatically thrown by the Template Toolkit when it can't find a
file, or fails to load, parse or process a file that has been requested by an "INCLUDE",
"PROCESS", "INSERT" or "WRAPPER" directive. If "myfile" can't be found in the example
above, the "[% INCLUDE myfile %]" directive will raise a "file" exception which is then
caught by the "[% CATCH file %]" block. The output generated would be:
File Error! myfile: not found
Note that the "DEFAULT" option (disabled by default) allows you to specify a default file
to be used any time a template file can't be found. This will prevent file exceptions from
ever being raised when a non-existent file is requested (unless, of course, the "DEFAULT"
file your specify doesn't exist). Errors encountered once the file has been found (i.e.
read error, parse error) will be raised as file exceptions as per usual.
Uncaught exceptions (i.e. if the "TRY" block doesn't have a type specific or default
"CATCH" handler) may be caught by enclosing "TRY" blocks which can be nested indefinitely
across multiple templates. If the error isn't caught at any level then processing will
stop and the Template process() method will return a false value to the caller. The
relevant Template::Exception object can be retrieved by calling the error() method.
[% TRY %]
...
[% TRY %]
[% INCLUDE $user.header %]
[% CATCH file %]
[% INCLUDE header %]
[% END %]
...
[% CATCH DBI %]
[% INCLUDE database/error.html %]
[% END %]
In this example, the inner "TRY" block is used to ensure that the first "INCLUDE"
directive works as expected. We're using a variable to provide the name of the template
we want to include, "user.header", and it's possible this contains the name of a non-
existent template, or perhaps one containing invalid template directives. If the
"INCLUDE" fails with a "file" error then we "CATCH" it in the inner block and "INCLUDE"
the default "header" file instead. Any "DBI" errors that occur within the scope of the
outer "TRY" block will be caught in the relevant "CATCH" block, causing the
"database/error.html" template to be processed. Note that included templates inherit all
currently defined template variable so these error files can quite happily access the
<error> variable to retrieve information about the currently caught exception. For
example, the "database/error.html" template might look like this:
<h2>Database Error</h2>
A database error has occurred: [% error.info %]
You can also specify a "FINAL" block. This is always processed regardless of the outcome
of the "TRY" and/or "CATCH" blocks. If an exception is uncaught then the "FINAL" block is
processed before jumping to the enclosing block or returning to the caller.
[% TRY %]
...
[% CATCH this %]
...
[% CATCH that %]
...
[% FINAL %]
All done!
[% END %]
The output from the "TRY" block is left intact up to the point where an exception occurs.
For example, this template:
[% TRY %]
This gets printed
[% THROW food 'carrots' %]
This doesn't
[% CATCH food %]
culinary delights: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
generates the following output:
This gets printed
culinary delights: carrots
The "CLEAR" directive can be used in a "CATCH" or "FINAL" block to clear any output
created in the "TRY" block.
[% TRY %]
This gets printed
[% THROW food 'carrots' %]
This doesn't
[% CATCH food %]
[% CLEAR %]
culinary delights: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
Output:
culinary delights: carrots
Exception types are hierarchical, with each level being separated by the familiar dot
operator. A "DBI.connect" exception is a more specific kind of "DBI" error. Similarly,
an "example.error.barf" is a more specific kind of "example.error" type which itself is
also a "example" error.
A "CATCH" handler that specifies a general exception type (such as "DBI" or
"example.error") will also catch more specific types that have the same prefix as long as
a more specific handler isn't defined. Note that the order in which "CATCH" handlers are
defined is irrelevant; a more specific handler will always catch an exception in
preference to a more generic or default one.
[% TRY %]
...
[% CATCH DBI ;
INCLUDE database/error.html ;
CATCH DBI.connect ;
INCLUDE database/connect.html ;
CATCH ;
INCLUDE error.html ;
END
%]
In this example, a "DBI.connect" error has it's own handler, a more general "DBI" block is
used for all other "DBI" or "DBI.*" errors and a default handler catches everything else.
Exceptions can be raised in a template using the "THROW" directive. The first parameter
is the exception type which doesn't need to be quoted (but can be, it's the same as
"INCLUDE") followed by the relevant error message which can be any regular value such as a
quoted string, variable, etc.
[% THROW food "Missing ingredients: $recipe.error" %]
[% THROW user.login 'no user id: please login' %]
[% THROW $myerror.type "My Error: $myerror.info" %]
It's also possible to specify additional positional or named parameters to the "THROW"
directive if you want to pass more than just a simple message back as the error info
field.
[% THROW food 'eggs' 'flour' msg='Missing Ingredients' %]
In this case, the error "info" field will be a hash array containing the named arguments
and an "args" item which contains a list of the positional arguments.
type => 'food',
info => {
msg => 'Missing Ingredients',
args => ['eggs', 'flour'],
}
In addition to specifying individual positional arguments as "[% error.info.args.n %]",
the "info" hash contains keys directly pointing to the positional arguments, as a
convenient shortcut.
[% error.info.0 %] # same as [% error.info.args.0 %]
Exceptions can also be thrown from Perl code which you've bound to template variables, or
defined as a plugin or other extension. To raise an exception, call "die()" passing a
reference to a Template::Exception object as the argument. This will then be caught by
any enclosing "TRY" blocks from where the code was called.
use Template::Exception;
...
my $vars = {
foo => sub {
# ... do something ...
die Template::Exception->new('myerr.naughty',
'Bad, bad error');
},
};
Template:
[% TRY %]
[% foo %]
[% CATCH myerr ;
"Error: $error" ;
END
%]
Output:
Error: myerr.naughty error - Bad, bad error
The "info" field can also be a reference to another object or data structure, if required.
die Template::Exception->new('myerror', {
module => 'foo.pl',
errors => [ 'bad permissions', 'naughty boy' ],
});
Later, in a template:
[% TRY %]
...
[% CATCH myerror %]
[% error.info.errors.size or 'no';
error.info.errors.size == 1 ? ' error' : ' errors' %]
in [% error.info.module %]:
[% error.info.errors.join(', ') %].
[% END %]
Generating the output:
2 errors in foo.pl:
bad permissions, naughty boy.
You can also call "die()" with a single string, as is common in much existing Perl code.
This will automatically be converted to an exception of the '"undef"' type (that's the
literal string '"undef"', not the undefined value). If the string isn't terminated with a
newline then Perl will append the familiar " at $file line $line" message.
sub foo {
# ... do something ...
die "I'm sorry, Dave, I can't do that\n";
}
If you're writing a plugin, or some extension code that has the current Template::Context
in scope (you can safely skip this section if this means nothing to you) then you can also
raise an exception by calling the context throw() method. You can pass it an
Template::Exception object reference, a pair of "($type, $info)" parameters or just an
$info string to create an exception of '"undef"' type.
$context->throw($e); # exception object
$context->throw('Denied'); # 'undef' type
$context->throw('user.passwd', 'Bad Password');
NEXT
The "NEXT" directive can be used to start the next iteration of a "FOREACH" or "WHILE"
loop.
[% FOREACH user IN users %]
[% NEXT IF user.isguest %]
Name: [% user.name %] Email: [% user.email %]
[% END %]
LAST
The "LAST" directive can be used to prematurely exit a "FOREACH" or "WHILE" loop.
[% FOREACH user IN users %]
Name: [% user.name %] Email: [% user.email %]
[% LAST IF some.condition %]
[% END %]
"BREAK" can also be used as an alias for "LAST".
RETURN
The "RETURN" directive can be used to stop processing the current template and return to
the template from which it was called, resuming processing at the point immediately after
the "INCLUDE", "PROCESS" or "WRAPPER" directive. If there is no enclosing template then
the Template process() method will return to the calling code with a true value.
Before
[% INCLUDE half_wit %]
After
[% BLOCK half_wit %]
This is just half...
[% RETURN %]
...a complete block
[% END %]
Output:
Before
This is just half...
After
STOP
The "STOP" directive can be used to indicate that the processor should stop gracefully
without processing any more of the template document. This is a planned stop and the
Template process() method will return a true value to the caller. This indicates that the
template was processed successfully according to the directives within it.
[% IF something.terrible.happened %]
[% INCLUDE fatal/error.html %]
[% STOP %]
[% END %]
[% TRY %]
[% USE DBI(mydsn) %]
...
[% CATCH DBI.connect %]
<h1>Cannot connect to the database: [% error.info %]</h1>
<p>
We apologise for the inconvenience.
</p>
[% INCLUDE footer %]
[% STOP %]
[% END %]
CLEAR
The "CLEAR" directive can be used to clear the output buffer for the current enclosing
block. It is most commonly used to clear the output generated from a "TRY" block up to
the point where the error occurred.
[% TRY %]
blah blah blah # this is normally left intact
[% THROW some 'error' %] # up to the point of error
...
[% CATCH %]
[% CLEAR %] # clear the TRY output
[% error %] # print error string
[% END %]
Miscellaneous
META
The "META" directive allows simple metadata items to be defined within a template. These
are evaluated when the template is parsed and as such may only contain simple values (e.g.
it's not possible to interpolate other variables values into "META" variables).
[% META
title = 'The Cat in the Hat'
author = 'Dr. Seuss'
version = 1.23
%]
The "template" variable contains a reference to the main template being processed. These
metadata items may be retrieved as attributes of the template.
<h1>[% template.title %]</h1>
<h2>[% template.author %]</h2>
The "name" and "modtime" metadata items are automatically defined for each template to
contain its name and modification time in seconds since the epoch.
[% USE date %] # use Date plugin to format time
...
[% template.name %] last modified
at [% date.format(template.modtime) %]
The "PRE_PROCESS" and "POST_PROCESS" options allow common headers and footers to be added
to all templates. The "template" reference is correctly defined when these templates are
processed, allowing headers and footers to reference metadata items from the main
template.
$template = Template->new({
PRE_PROCESS => 'header',
POST_PROCESS => 'footer',
});
$template->process('cat_in_hat');
header:
<html>
<head>
<title>[% template.title %]</title>
</head>
<body>
cat_in_hat:
[% META
title = 'The Cat in the Hat'
author = 'Dr. Seuss'
version = 1.23
year = 2000
%]
The cat in the hat sat on the mat.
footer:
<hr>
© [% template.year %] [% template.author %]
</body>
</html>
The output generated from the above example is:
<html>
<head>
<title>The Cat in the Hat</title>
</head>
<body>
The cat in the hat sat on the mat.
<hr>
© 2000 Dr. Seuss
</body>
</html>
TAGS
The "TAGS" directive can be used to set the "START_TAG" and "END_TAG" values on a per-
template file basis.
[% TAGS <+ +> %]
<+ INCLUDE header +>
The TAGS directive may also be used to set a named "TAG_STYLE"
[% TAGS html %]
<!-- INCLUDE header -->
See the TAGS and TAG_STYLE configuration options for further details.
DEBUG
The "DEBUG" directive can be used to enable or disable directive debug messages within a
template. The "DEBUG" configuration option must be set to include "DEBUG_DIRS" for the
"DEBUG" directives to have any effect. If "DEBUG_DIRS" is not set then the parser will
automatically ignore and remove any "DEBUG" directives.
The "DEBUG" directive can be used with an "on" or "off" parameter to enable or disable
directive debugging messages from that point forward. When enabled, the output of each
directive in the generated output will be prefixed by a comment indicate the file, line
and original directive text.
[% DEBUG on %]
directive debugging is on (assuming DEBUG option is set true)
[% DEBUG off %]
directive debugging is off
The "format" parameter can be used to change the format of the debugging message.
[% DEBUG format '<!-- $file line $line : [% $text %] -->' %]
perl v5.30.0 2019-10-19 Template::Manual::Directives(3pm)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-04-19 14:01 @3.138.122.195 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)