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Carp(3perl)                      Perl Programmers Reference Guide                     Carp(3perl)

NAME
       Carp - alternative warn and die for modules

SYNOPSIS
           use Carp;

           # warn user (from perspective of caller)
           carp "string trimmed to 80 chars";

           # die of errors (from perspective of caller)
           croak "We're outta here!";

           # die of errors with stack backtrace
           confess "not implemented";

           # cluck, longmess and shortmess not exported by default
           use Carp qw(cluck longmess shortmess);
           cluck "This is how we got here!"; # warn with stack backtrace
           $long_message   = longmess( "message from cluck() or confess()" );
           $short_message  = shortmess( "message from carp() or croak()" );

DESCRIPTION
       The Carp routines are useful in your own modules because they act like "die()" or
       "warn()", but with a message which is more likely to be useful to a user of your module.
       In the case of "cluck()" and "confess()", that context is a summary of every call in the
       call-stack; "longmess()" returns the contents of the error message.

       For a shorter message you can use "carp()" or "croak()" which report the error as being
       from where your module was called.  "shortmess()" returns the contents of this error
       message.  There is no guarantee that that is where the error was, but it is a good
       educated guess.

       "Carp" takes care not to clobber the status variables $! and $^E in the course of
       assembling its error messages.  This means that a $SIG{__DIE__} or $SIG{__WARN__} handler
       can capture the error information held in those variables, if it is required to augment
       the error message, and if the code calling "Carp" left useful values there.  Of course,
       "Carp" can't guarantee the latter.

       You can also alter the way the output and logic of "Carp" works, by changing some global
       variables in the "Carp" namespace. See the section on "GLOBAL VARIABLES" below.

       Here is a more complete description of how "carp" and "croak" work.  What they do is
       search the call-stack for a function call stack where they have not been told that there
       shouldn't be an error.  If every call is marked safe, they give up and give a full stack
       backtrace instead.  In other words they presume that the first likely looking potential
       suspect is guilty.  Their rules for telling whether a call shouldn't generate errors work
       as follows:

       1.  Any call from a package to itself is safe.

       2.  Packages claim that there won't be errors on calls to or from packages explicitly
           marked as safe by inclusion in @CARP_NOT, or (if that array is empty) @ISA.  The
           ability to override what @ISA says is new in 5.8.

       3.  The trust in item 2 is transitive.  If A trusts B, and B trusts C, then A trusts C.
           So if you do not override @ISA with @CARP_NOT, then this trust relationship is
           identical to, "inherits from".

       4.  Any call from an internal Perl module is safe.  (Nothing keeps user modules from
           marking themselves as internal to Perl, but this practice is discouraged.)

       5.  Any call to Perl's warning system (eg Carp itself) is safe.  (This rule is what keeps
           it from reporting the error at the point where you call "carp" or "croak".)

       6.  $Carp::CarpLevel can be set to skip a fixed number of additional call levels.  Using
           this is not recommended because it is very difficult to get it to behave correctly.

   Forcing a Stack Trace
       As a debugging aid, you can force Carp to treat a croak as a confess and a carp as a cluck
       across all modules. In other words, force a detailed stack trace to be given.  This can be
       very helpful when trying to understand why, or from where, a warning or error is being
       generated.

       This feature is enabled by 'importing' the non-existent symbol 'verbose'. You would
       typically enable it by saying

           perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl

       or by including the string "-MCarp=verbose" in the PERL5OPT environment variable.

       Alternately, you can set the global variable $Carp::Verbose to true.  See the "GLOBAL
       VARIABLES" section below.

   Stack Trace formatting
       At each stack level, the subroutine's name is displayed along with its parameters.  For
       simple scalars, this is sufficient.  For complex data types, such as objects and other
       references, this can simply display 'HASH(0x1ab36d8)'.

       Carp gives two ways to control this.

       1.  For objects, a method, "CARP_TRACE", will be called, if it exists.  If this method
           doesn't exist, or it recurses into "Carp", or it otherwise throws an exception, this
           is skipped, and Carp moves on to the next option, otherwise checking stops and the
           string returned is used.  It is recommended that the object's type is part of the
           string to make debugging easier.

       2.  For any type of reference, $Carp::RefArgFormatter is checked (see below).  This
           variable is expected to be a code reference, and the current parameter is passed in.
           If this function doesn't exist (the variable is undef), or it recurses into "Carp", or
           it otherwise throws an exception, this is skipped, and Carp moves on to the next
           option, otherwise checking stops and the string returned is used.

       3.  Otherwise, if neither "CARP_TRACE" nor $Carp::RefArgFormatter is available, stringify
           the value ignoring any overloading.

GLOBAL VARIABLES
   $Carp::MaxEvalLen
       This variable determines how many characters of a string-eval are to be shown in the
       output. Use a value of 0 to show all text.

       Defaults to 0.

   $Carp::MaxArgLen
       This variable determines how many characters of each argument to a function to print. Use
       a value of 0 to show the full length of the argument.

       Defaults to 64.

   $Carp::MaxArgNums
       This variable determines how many arguments to each function to show.  Use a false value
       to show all arguments to a function call.  To suppress all arguments, use "-1" or '0 but
       true'.

       Defaults to 8.

   $Carp::Verbose
       This variable makes "carp()" and "croak()" generate stack backtraces just like "cluck()"
       and "confess()".  This is how "use Carp 'verbose'" is implemented internally.

       Defaults to 0.

   $Carp::RefArgFormatter
       This variable sets a general argument formatter to display references.  Plain scalars and
       objects that implement "CARP_TRACE" will not go through this formatter.  Calling "Carp"
       from within this function is not supported.

           local $Carp::RefArgFormatter = sub {
               require Data::Dumper;
               Data::Dumper->Dump($_[0]); # not necessarily safe
           };

   @CARP_NOT
       This variable, in your package, says which packages are not to be considered as the
       location of an error. The "carp()" and "cluck()" functions will skip over callers when
       reporting where an error occurred.

       NB: This variable must be in the package's symbol table, thus:

           # These work
           our @CARP_NOT; # file scope
           use vars qw(@CARP_NOT); # package scope
           @My::Package::CARP_NOT = ... ; # explicit package variable

           # These don't work
           sub xyz { ... @CARP_NOT = ... } # w/o declarations above
           my @CARP_NOT; # even at top-level

       Example of use:

           package My::Carping::Package;
           use Carp;
           our @CARP_NOT;
           sub bar     { .... or _error('Wrong input') }
           sub _error  {
               # temporary control of where'ness, __PACKAGE__ is implicit
               local @CARP_NOT = qw(My::Friendly::Caller);
               carp(@_)
           }

       This would make "Carp" report the error as coming from a caller not in
       "My::Carping::Package", nor from "My::Friendly::Caller".

       Also read the "DESCRIPTION" section above, about how "Carp" decides where the error is
       reported from.

       Use @CARP_NOT, instead of $Carp::CarpLevel.

       Overrides "Carp"'s use of @ISA.

   %Carp::Internal
       This says what packages are internal to Perl.  "Carp" will never report an error as being
       from a line in a package that is internal to Perl.  For example:

           $Carp::Internal{ (__PACKAGE__) }++;
           # time passes...
           sub foo { ... or confess("whatever") };

       would give a full stack backtrace starting from the first caller outside of __PACKAGE__.
       (Unless that package was also internal to Perl.)

   %Carp::CarpInternal
       This says which packages are internal to Perl's warning system.  For generating a full
       stack backtrace this is the same as being internal to Perl, the stack backtrace will not
       start inside packages that are listed in %Carp::CarpInternal.  But it is slightly
       different for the summary message generated by "carp" or "croak".  There errors will not
       be reported on any lines that are calling packages in %Carp::CarpInternal.

       For example "Carp" itself is listed in %Carp::CarpInternal.  Therefore the full stack
       backtrace from "confess" will not start inside of "Carp", and the short message from
       calling "croak" is not placed on the line where "croak" was called.

   $Carp::CarpLevel
       This variable determines how many additional call frames are to be skipped that would not
       otherwise be when reporting where an error occurred on a call to one of "Carp"'s
       functions.  It is fairly easy to count these call frames on calls that generate a full
       stack backtrace.  However it is much harder to do this accounting for calls that generate
       a short message.  Usually people skip too many call frames.  If they are lucky they skip
       enough that "Carp" goes all of the way through the call stack, realizes that something is
       wrong, and then generates a full stack backtrace.  If they are unlucky then the error is
       reported from somewhere misleading very high in the call stack.

       Therefore it is best to avoid $Carp::CarpLevel.  Instead use @CARP_NOT, %Carp::Internal
       and %Carp::CarpInternal.

       Defaults to 0.

BUGS
       The Carp routines don't handle exception objects currently.  If called with a first
       argument that is a reference, they simply call die() or warn(), as appropriate.

SEE ALSO
       Carp::Always, Carp::Clan

CONTRIBUTING
       Carp is maintained by the perl 5 porters as part of the core perl 5 version control
       repository. Please see the perlhack perldoc for how to submit patches and contribute to
       it.

AUTHOR
       The Carp module first appeared in Larry Wall's perl 5.000 distribution.  Since then it has
       been modified by several of the perl 5 porters.  Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram AT fysh.org>
       divested Carp into an independent distribution.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C) 1994-2013 Larry Wall

       Copyright (C) 2011, 2012, 2013 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram AT fysh.org>

LICENSE
       This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
       terms as Perl itself.

perl v5.34.0                                2023-11-23                                Carp(3perl)

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