phpman > perldoc > URI::Escape

NAME
    URI::Escape - Percent-encode and percent-decode unsafe characters

SYNOPSIS
     use URI::Escape;
     $safe = uri_escape("10% is enough\n");
     $verysafe = uri_escape("foo", "\0-\377");
     $str  = uri_unescape($safe);

DESCRIPTION
    This module provides functions to percent-encode and percent-decode URI strings as defined by
    RFC 3986. Percent-encoding URI's is informally called "URI escaping". This is the terminology
    used by this module, which predates the formalization of the terms by the RFC by several years.

    A URI consists of a restricted set of characters. The restricted set of characters consists of
    digits, letters, and a few graphic symbols chosen from those common to most of the character
    encodings and input facilities available to Internet users. They are made up of the "unreserved"
    and "reserved" character sets as defined in RFC 3986.

       unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
       reserved      = ":" / "/" / "?" / "#" / "[" / "]" / "@"
                       "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
                     / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="

    In addition, any byte (octet) can be represented in a URI by an escape sequence: a triplet
    consisting of the character "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits. A byte can also be
    represented directly by a character, using the US-ASCII character for that octet.

    Some of the characters are *reserved* for use as delimiters or as part of certain URI
    components. These must be escaped if they are to be treated as ordinary data. Read RFC 3986 for
    further details.

    The functions provided (and exported by default) from this module are:

    uri_escape( $string )
    uri_escape( $string, $unsafe )
        Replaces each unsafe character in the $string with the corresponding escape sequence and
        returns the result. The $string argument should be a string of bytes. The uri_escape()
        function will croak if given a characters with code above 255. Use uri_escape_utf8() if you
        know you have such chars or/and want chars in the 128 .. 255 range treated as UTF-8.

        The uri_escape() function takes an optional second argument that overrides the set of
        characters that are to be escaped. The set is specified as a string that can be used in a
        regular expression character class (between [ ]). E.g.:

          "\x00-\x1f\x7f-\xff"          # all control and hi-bit characters
          "a-z"                         # all lower case characters
          "^A-Za-z"                     # everything not a letter

        The default set of characters to be escaped is all those which are *not* part of the
        "unreserved" character class shown above as well as the reserved characters. I.e. the
        default is:

            "^A-Za-z0-9\-\._~"

    uri_escape_utf8( $string )
    uri_escape_utf8( $string, $unsafe )
        Works like uri_escape(), but will encode chars as UTF-8 before escaping them. This makes
        this function able to deal with characters with code above 255 in $string. Note that chars
        in the 128 .. 255 range will be escaped differently by this function compared to what
        uri_escape() would. For chars in the 0 .. 127 range there is no difference.

        Equivalent to:

            utf8::encode($string);
            my $uri = uri_escape($string);

        Note: JavaScript has a function called escape() that produces the sequence "%uXXXX" for
        chars in the 256 .. 65535 range. This function has really nothing to do with URI escaping
        but some folks got confused since it "does the right thing" in the 0 .. 255 range. Because
        of this you sometimes see "URIs" with these kind of escapes. The JavaScript
        encodeURIComponent() function is similar to uri_escape_utf8().

    uri_unescape($string,...)
        Returns a string with each %XX sequence replaced with the actual byte (octet).

        This does the same as:

           $string =~ s/%([0-9A-Fa-f]{2})/chr(hex($1))/eg;

        but does not modify the string in-place as this RE would. Using the uri_unescape() function
        instead of the RE might make the code look cleaner and is a few characters less to type.

        In a simple benchmark test I did, calling the function (instead of the inline RE above) if a
        few chars were unescaped was something like 40% slower, and something like 700% slower if
        none were. If you are going to unescape a lot of times it might be a good idea to inline the
        RE.

        If the uri_unescape() function is passed multiple strings, then each one is returned
        unescaped.

    The module can also export the %escapes hash, which contains the mapping from all 256 bytes to
    the corresponding escape codes. Lookup in this hash is faster than evaluating "sprintf("%%%02X",
    ord($byte))" each time.

SEE ALSO
    URI

COPYRIGHT
    Copyright 1995-2004 Gisle Aas.

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
    Perl itself.