man > useradd(8)

USERADD(8)                           System Management Commands                           USERADD(8)

NAME
       useradd - create a new user or update default new user information

SYNOPSIS


       useradd [options] LOGIN

       useradd -D

       useradd -D [options]

DESCRIPTION
       useradd is a low level utility for adding users. On Debian, administrators should usually use
       adduser(8) instead.

       When invoked without the -D option, the useradd command creates a new user account using the
       values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on
       command line options, the useradd command will update system files and may also create the
       new user's home directory and copy initial files.

       By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see -g, -N, -U, and
       USERGROUPS_ENAB).

OPTIONS
       The options which apply to the useradd command are:

       --badname
           Allow names that do not conform to standards.

       -b, --base-dir BASE_DIR
           The default base directory for the system if -d HOME_DIR is not specified.  BASE_DIR is
           concatenated with the account name to define the home directory.

           If this option is not specified, useradd will use the base directory specified by the
           HOME variable in /etc/default/useradd, or /home by default.

       -c, --comment COMMENT
           Any text string. It is generally a short description of the account, and is currently
           used as the field for the user's full name.

       -d, --home-dir HOME_DIR
           The new user will be created using HOME_DIR as the value for the user's login directory.
           The default is to append the LOGIN name to BASE_DIR and use that as the login directory
           name. If the directory HOME_DIR does not exist, then it will be created unless the -M
           option is specified.

       -D, --defaults
           See below, the subsection "Changing the default values".

       -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE
           The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified in the format
           YYYY-MM-DD.

           If not specified, useradd will use the default expiry date specified by the EXPIRE
           variable in /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default.

       -f, --inactive INACTIVE
           defines the number of days after the password exceeded its maximum age where the user is
           expected to replace this password. The value is stored in the shadow password file. An
           input of 0 will disable an expired password with no delay. An input of -1 will blank the
           respective field in the shadow password file. See shadow(5)for more information.

           If not specified, useradd will use the default inactivity period specified by the
           INACTIVE variable in /etc/default/useradd, or -1 by default.

       -F, --add-subids-for-system
           Update /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid even when creating a system account with -r option.

       -g, --gid GROUP
           The name or the number of the user's primary group. The group name must exist. A group
           number must refer to an already existing group.

           If not specified, the behavior of useradd will depend on the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in
           /etc/login.defs. If this variable is set to yes (or -U/--user-group is specified on the
           command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname.
           If the variable is set to no (or -N/--no-user-group is specified on the command line),
           useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the GROUP
           variable in /etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default.

       -G, --groups GROUP1[,GROUP2,...[,GROUPN]]]
           A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is
           separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are
           subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. The default is
           for the user to belong only to the initial group.

       -h, --help
           Display help message and exit.

       -k, --skel SKEL_DIR
           The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user's
           home directory, when the home directory is created by useradd.

           This option is only valid if the -m (or --create-home) option is specified.

           If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the SKEL variable in
           /etc/default/useradd or, by default, /etc/skel.

           If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied.

       -K, --key KEY=VALUE
           Overrides /etc/login.defs defaults (UID_MIN, UID_MAX, UMASK, PASS_MAX_DAYS and others).

           Example: -K PASS_MAX_DAYS =-1 can be used when creating an account to turn off password
           aging. Multiple -K options can be specified, e.g.: -K UID_MIN =100 -K  UID_MAX=499

           For the compatibility with previous Debian's useradd, the -O option is also supported.

       -l, --no-log-init
           Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases.

           By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid
           reusing the entry from a previously deleted user.

           If this option is not specified, useradd will also consult the variable LOG_INIT in the
           /etc/default/useradd if set to no the user will not be added to the lastlog and faillog
           databases.

       -m, --create-home
           Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and directories
           contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the -k option) will be
           copied to the home directory.

           By default, if this option is not specified and CREATE_HOME is not enabled, no home
           directories are created.

           The directory where the user's home directory is created must exist and have proper
           SELinux context and permissions. Otherwise the user's home directory cannot be created or
           accessed.

       -M, --no-create-home
           Do not create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from
           /etc/login.defs (CREATE_HOME) is set to yes.

       -N, --no-user-group
           Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group
           specified by the -g option or by the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd.

           The default behavior (if the -g, -N, and -U options are not specified) is defined by the
           USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs.

       -o, --non-unique
           allows the creation of an account with an already existing UID.

           This option is only valid in combination with the -u option. As a user identity serves as
           key to map between users on one hand and permissions, file ownerships and other aspects
           that determine the system's behavior on the other hand, more than one login name will
           access the account of the given UID.

       -p, --password PASSWORD
           defines an initial password for the account. PASSWORD is expected to be encrypted, as
           returned by crypt (3). Within a shell script, this option allows to create efficiently
           batches of users.

           Without this option, the new account will be locked and with no password defined, i.e. a
           single exclamation mark in the respective field of /etc/shadow. This is a state where the
           user won't be able to access the account or to define a password himself.

           Note:Avoid this option on the command line because the password (or encrypted password)
           will be visible by users listing the processes.

           You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy.

       -r, --system
           Create a system account.

           System users will be created with no aging information in /etc/shadow, and their numeric
           identifiers are chosen in the SYS_UID_MIN-SYS_UID_MAX range, defined in /etc/login.defs,
           instead of UID_MIN-UID_MAX (and their GID counterparts for the creation of groups).

           Note that useradd will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the
           default setting in /etc/login.defs (CREATE_HOME). You have to specify the -m options if
           you want a home directory for a system account to be created.

           Note that this option will not update /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid. You have to specify
           the -F options if you want to update the files for a system account to be created.

       -R, --root CHROOT_DIR
           Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the
           CHROOT_DIR directory. Only absolute paths are supported.

       -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR
           Apply changes to configuration files under the root filesystem found under the directory
           PREFIX_DIR. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-compilation
           target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified. PAM authentication
           is using the host files. No SELINUX support.

       -s, --shell SHELL
           sets the path to the user's login shell. Without this option, the system will use the
           SHELL variable specified in /etc/default/useradd, or, if that is as well not set, the
           field for the login shell in /etc/passwd remains empty.

       -u, --uid UID
           The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the -o option is
           used. The value must be non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater
           than or equal to UID_MIN and greater than every other user.

           See also the -r option and the UID_MAX description.

       -U, --user-group
           Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this group.

           The default behavior (if the -g, -N, and -U options are not specified) is defined by the
           USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs.

       -Z, --selinux-user SEUSER
           defines the SELinux user for the new account. Without this option, a SELinux uses the
           default user. Note that the shadow system doesn't store the selinux-user, it uses
           semanage(8) for that.

   Changing the default values
       When invoked with only the -D option, useradd will display the current default values. When
       invoked with -D plus other options, useradd will update the default values for the specified
       options. Valid default-changing options are:

       -b, --base-dir BASE_DIR
           sets the path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be affixed to
           the end of BASE_DIR to form the new user's home directory name, if the -d option is not
           used when creating a new account.

           This option sets the HOME variable in /etc/default/useradd.

       -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE
           sets the date on which newly created user accounts are disabled.

           This option sets the EXPIRE variable in /etc/default/useradd.

       -f, --inactive INACTIVE
           defines the number of days after the password exceeded its maximum age where the user is
           expected to replace this password. See shadow(5)for more information.

           This option sets the INACTIVE variable in /etc/default/useradd.

       -g, --gid GROUP
           sets the default primary group for newly created users, accepting group names or a
           numerical group ID. The named group must exist, and the GID must have an existing entry.

           This option sets the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd.

       -s, --shell SHELL
           defines the default login shell for new users.

           This option sets the SHELL variable in /etc/default/useradd.

NOTES
       The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the /etc/skel/
       directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in /etc/default/useradd or on the
       command line).

CAVEATS
       You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding
       server.

       Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
       useradd will deny the user account creation request.

       Usernames may contain only lower and upper case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They
       can end with a dollar sign. Dashes are not allowed at the beginning of the username. Fully
       numeric usernames and usernames . or .. are also disallowed. It is not recommended to use
       usernames beginning with . character as their home directories will be hidden in the ls
       output.

       On Debian, the only constraints are that usernames must neither start with a dash ('-') nor
       plus ('+') nor tilde ('~') nor contain a colon (':'), a comma (','), or a whitespace (space:
       ' ', end of line: '\n', tabulation: '\t', etc.). Note that using a slash ('/') may break the
       default algorithm for the definition of the user's home directory.

       On Ubuntu, the same constraints as Debian are in place, with the additional constraint that
       the username cannot be fully numeric. This includes octal and hexadecimal syntax.

       Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long.

CONFIGURATION
       The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the behavior of this tool:

       CREATE_HOME (boolean)
           Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users.

           This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the command line.

       GID_MAX (number), GID_MIN (number)
           Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by useradd, groupadd, or
           newusers.

           The default value for GID_MIN (resp.  GID_MAX) is 1000 (resp. 60000).

       HOME_MODE (number)
           The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the UMASK is used to create the
           mode.

           useradd and newusers use this to set the mode of the home directory they create.

       LASTLOG_UID_MAX (number)
           Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As higher user
           IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no
           need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them.

           No LASTLOG_UID_MAX option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID
           limit for writing lastlog entries.

       MAIL_DIR (string)
           The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding
           user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a compile-time default is used.
           The parameter CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL in /etc/default/useradd determines whether the mail spool
           should be created.

       MAIL_FILE (string)
           Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory.

       The MAIL_DIR and MAIL_FILE variables are used by useradd, usermod, and userdel to create,
       move, or delete the user's mail spool.

       MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP (number)
           Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is
           started in /etc/group (with the same name, same password, and same GID).

           The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a
           group.

           This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file. This
           is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters.

           If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25.

           Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite). You
           should not use this variable unless you really need it.

       PASS_MAX_DAYS (number)
           The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older than this, a
           password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be assumed (which disables the
           restriction).

       PASS_MIN_DAYS (number)
           The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password changes
           attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, 0 will be assumed (which
           disables the restriction).

       PASS_WARN_AGE (number)
           The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means warning is given
           only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given. If not
           specified, no warning will be provided.

       SUB_GID_MIN (number), SUB_GID_MAX (number), SUB_GID_COUNT (number)
           If /etc/subuid exists, the commands useradd and newusers (unless the user already have
           subordinate group IDs) allocate SUB_GID_COUNT unused group IDs from the range SUB_GID_MIN
           to SUB_GID_MAX for each new user.

           The default values for SUB_GID_MIN, SUB_GID_MAX, SUB_GID_COUNT are respectively 100000,
           600100000 and 65536.

       SUB_UID_MIN (number), SUB_UID_MAX (number), SUB_UID_COUNT (number)
           If /etc/subuid exists, the commands useradd and newusers (unless the user already have
           subordinate user IDs) allocate SUB_UID_COUNT unused user IDs from the range SUB_UID_MIN
           to SUB_UID_MAX for each new user.

           The default values for SUB_UID_MIN, SUB_UID_MAX, SUB_UID_COUNT are respectively 100000,
           600100000 and 65536.

       SYS_GID_MAX (number), SYS_GID_MIN (number)
           Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by useradd, groupadd, or
           newusers.

           The default value for SYS_GID_MIN (resp.  SYS_GID_MAX) is 101 (resp.  GID_MIN-1).

       SYS_UID_MAX (number), SYS_UID_MIN (number)
           Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by useradd or newusers.

           The default value for SYS_UID_MIN (resp.  SYS_UID_MAX) is 101 (resp.  UID_MIN-1).

       UID_MAX (number), UID_MIN (number)
           Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by useradd or newusers.

           The default value for UID_MIN (resp.  UID_MAX) is 1000 (resp. 60000).

       UMASK (number)
           The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, the mask will
           be initialized to 022.

           useradd and newusers use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
           HOME_MODE is not set.

           It is also used by pam_umask as the default umask value.

       USERGROUPS_ENAB (boolean)
           If set to yes, userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and
           useradd will create by default a group with the name of the user.

FILES
       /etc/passwd
           User account information.

       /etc/shadow
           Secure user account information.

       /etc/group
           Group account information.

       /etc/gshadow
           Secure group account information.

       /etc/default/useradd
           Default values for account creation.

       /etc/shadow-maint/useradd-pre.d/*, /etc/shadow-maint/useradd-post.d/*
           Run-part files to execute during user addition. The environment variable ACTION will be
           populated with useradd and SUBJECT with the username.  useradd-pre.d will be executed
           prior to any user addition.  useradd-post.d will execute after user addition. If a script
           exits non-zero then execution will terminate.

       /etc/skel/
           Directory containing default files.

       /etc/subgid
           Per user subordinate group IDs.

       /etc/subuid
           Per user subordinate user IDs.

       /etc/login.defs
           Shadow password suite configuration.

EXIT VALUES
       The useradd command exits with the following values:

       0
           success

       1
           can't update password file

       2
           invalid command syntax

       3
           invalid argument to option

       4
           UID already in use (and no -o)

       6
           specified group doesn't exist

       9
           username or group name already in use

       10
           can't update group file

       12
           can't create home directory

       14
           can't update SELinux user mapping

SEE ALSO
       chfn(1), chsh(1), passwd(1), crypt(3), groupadd(8), groupdel(8), groupmod(8), login.defs(5),
       newusers(8), subgid(5), subuid(5), userdel(8), usermod(8).

shadow-utils 4.13                            05/30/2024                                   USERADD(8)