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ADDUSER(8) System Manager's Manual ADDUSER(8) NAME adduser, addgroup - add or manipulate users or groups SYNOPSIS adduser [--add-extra-groups] [--allow-all-names] [--allow-bad-names] [--comment comment] [--conf file] [--debug] [--disabled-login] [--disabled-password] [--encrypt-home] [--firstgid id] [--firstuid id] [--gid id] [--home dir] [--ingroup group] [--lastgid id] [--lastuid id] [--no-create-home] [--shell shell] [--quiet] [--uid id] [--verbose] [--stdoutmsglevel prio] [--stderrmsglevel prio] [--logmsglevel prio] user adduser --system [--comment comment] [--conf file] [--debug] [--gid id] [--group] [--home dir] [--ingroup group] [--no-create-home] [--shell shell] [--uid id] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--stdoutmsglevel prio] [--stderrmsglevel prio] [--logmsglevel prio] user adduser --group [--conf file] [--debug] [--firstgid id] [--gid ID] [--lastgid id] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--stdoutmsglevel prio] [--stderrmsglevel prio] [--logmsglevel prio] group addgroup [--conf file] [--debug] [--firstgid id] [--gid ID] [--lastgid id] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--stdoutmsglevel prio] [--stderrmsglevel prio] [--logmsglevel prio] group addgroup --system [--gid id] [--conf file] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--stdoutmsglevel prio] [--stderrmsglevel prio] [--logmsglevel prio] group adduser [--conf file] [--debug] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--stdoutmsglevel prio] [--stderrmsglevel prio] [--logmsglevel prio] user group adduser --help adduser --version DESCRIPTION adduser and addgroup add users and groups to the system according to command line options and configuration information in /etc/adduser.conf. They are friendlier front ends to the low level tools like useradd, groupadd and usermod programs, by default choosing Debian policy conformant UID and GID values, creating a home directory with skeletal configuration, running a custom script, and other features. adduser and addgroup are intended as a policy layer, making it easier for package maintainers and local administrators to create local system accounts in the way Debian expects them to be created, taking the burden to adapt to the probably changing specifications of Debian policy. adduser --system takes special attention on just needing a single call in the package main‐ tainer scripts without any conditional wrappers, error suppression or other scaffolding. adduser honors the distinction between dynamically allocated system users and groups and dy‐ namically allocated user accounts that is documented in Debian Policy, Chapter 9.2.2. For a full list and explanations of all options, see the OPTIONS section. adduser and addgroup can be run in one of five modes: Add a normal user If called with one non-option argument and without the --system or --group options, adduser will add a normal user, that means a dynamically allocated user account in the sense of De‐ bian Policy. This is commonly referred to in adduser as a non-system user. adduser will choose the first available UID from the range specified by FIRST_UID and LAST_UID in the configuration file. The range may be overridden with the --firstuid and --lastuid options. Finally, the UID can be set fully manually with the --uid option. By default, each user is given a corresponding group with the same name. This is commonly called Usergroups and allows group writable directories to be easily maintained by placing the appropriate users in the new group, setting the set-group-ID bit in the directory, and ensuring that all users use a umask of 002. For a usergroup, adduser will choose the first available GID from the range specified by FIRST_GID and LAST_GID in the configuration file. The range may be overridden with the --firstgid and --lastgid options. Finally, the GID can be set fully manually with the --gid option. The interaction between USERS_GID, USERS_GROUP, and USERGROUPS is explained in detail in ad‐ duser.conf(5). Users' primary groups can also be overridden from the command line with the --gid or --in‐ group options to set the group by id or name, respectively. Also, users can be added to one or more supplemental groups defined as EXTRA_GROUPS in the configuration file either by set‐ ting ADD_EXTRA_GROUPS to 1 in the configuration file, or by passing --add-extra-groups on the command line. adduser will copy files from /etc/skel into the home directory and prompt for the comment field and a password if those functions have not been turned off / overridden from the com‐ mand line. UID, comment, home directory and shell might be pre-determined with the UID_POOL and GID_POOL option, documented in adduser.conf(5). To set up an encrypted home directory for the new user, add the --encrypt-home option. For more information, refer to the -b option of ecryptfs-setup-private(1). Add a system user If called with one non-option argument and the --system option, adduser will add a dynami‐ cally allocated system user, often abbreviated as system user in the context of the adduser package. adduser will choose the first available UID from the range specified by FIRST_SYSTEM_UID and LAST_SYSTEM_UID in the configuration file. This can be overridden with the --uid option. By default, system users are placed in the nogroup group. To place the new system user in an already existing group, use the --gid or --ingroup options. If the --group is given and the identically named group does not already exist, it is created with the same ID. If no home directory is specified, the default home directory for a new system user is /nonexistent. This directory should never exist on any Debian system, and adduser will never create it automatically. Unless a shell is explicitly set with the --shell option, the new system user will have the shell set to /usr/sbin/nologin. adduser --system does not set a password for the new ac‐ count. Skeletal configuration files are not copied. Other options will behave as for the creation of a normal user. The files referenced by UID_POOL and GID_POOL do also work. Add a group If adduser is called with the --group option and without the --system option, or addgroup is called respectively, a user group will be added. A dynamically allocated system group, often abbreviated as system group in the context of the adduser package, will be created if adduser is called with the --system option. A GID will be chosen from the respective range specified for GIDs in the configuration file (FIRST_GID, LAST_GID, FIRST_SYSTEM_GID, LAST_SYSTEM_GID). To override that mechanism, you can give the GID using the --gid option. For non-system groups, the range specified in the configuration file may be overridden with the --firstgid and --lastgid options. The group is created with no members. Add an existing user to an existing group If called with two non-option arguments, adduser will add an existing user to an existing group. OPTIONS Different modes of adduser allow different options. If no valid modes are listed for a op‐ tion, it is accepted in all modes. Short versions for certain options may exist for historical reasons. They are going to stay supported, but are removed from the documentation. Users are advised to migrate to the long version of options. --add-extra-groups Add new user to extra groups defined in the configuration files' EXTRA_GROUPS setting. The old spelling --add_extra_groups is deprecated and will be supported in Debian bookworm only. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system. --allow-all-names Allow any user- and groupname which is supported by the underlying useradd(8), includ‐ ing names containing non-ASCII characters. See VALID NAMES in adduser.conf(5). Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system, addgroup, addgroup --system. --allow-bad-names Disable NAME_REGEX and SYS_NAME_REGEX check of names. Only a weaker check for valid‐ ity of the name is applied. See VALID NAMES in adduser.conf(5). Valid Modes: ad‐ duser, adduser --system, addgroup, addgroup --system. --comment comment Set the comment field for the new entry generated. adduser will not ask for the in‐ formation if this option is given. This field is also known under the name GECOS field and contains information that is used by the finger(1) command. This used to be the --gecos option, which is deprecated and will be removed after Debian bookworm. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system. --conf file Use file instead of /etc/adduser.conf. Multiple --conf options can be given. --debug Synonymous to --stdoutmsglevel=debug. Deprecated. --disabled-login --disabled-password Do not run passwd(1) to set a password. In most situations, logins are still possible though (for example using SSH keys or through PAM) for reasons that are beyond ad‐ duser's scope. --disabled-login will additionally set the shell to /usr/sbin/nologin. Valid Mode: adduser. --firstuid ID --lastuid ID --firstgid ID --lastgid ID Override the first UID / last UID / first GID / last GID in the range that the uid is chosen from (FIRST_UID, LAST_UID, FIRST_GID and LAST_GID, FIRST_SYSTEM_UID, LAST_SYS‐ TEM_UID, FIRST_SYSTEM_GID and LAST_SYSTEM_GID in the configuration file). If a group is created as a usergroup, --firstgid and --lastgid are ignored. The group gets the same ID as the user. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system, for --firstgid and --lastgid also addgroup. --force-badname --allow-badname These are the deprecated forms of --allow-bad-names. It will be removed during the release cycle of the Debian release after bookworm. --extrausers Uses extra users as the database. --gid ID When creating a group, this option sets the group ID number of the new group to GID. When creating a user, this option sets the primary group ID number of the new user to GID. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system, addgroup, addgroup --system. --group Using this option in adduser --system indicates that the new user should get an iden‐ tically named group as its primary group. If that identically named group is not al‐ ready present, it is created. If not combined with --system, a group with the given name is created. The latter is the default action if the program is invoked as ad‐ dgroup. Valid Modes: adduser --system, addgroup, addgroup --system. --help Display brief instructions. --home dir Use dir as the user's home directory, rather than the default specified by the config‐ uration file (or /nonexistent if adduser --system is used). If the directory does not exist, it is created. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system. --ingroup GROUP When creating a user, this option sets the primary group ID number of the new user to the GID of the named group. Unlike with the --gid option, the group is specified here by name rather than by numeric ID number. The group must already exist. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system. --lastuid ID --lastgid ID Override the last UID / last GID. See --firstuid. --no-create-home Do not create a home directory for the new user. Note that the pathname for the new user's home directory will still be entered in the appropriate field in the /etc/passwd file. The use of this option does not imply that this field should be empty. Rather, it indicates to adduser that some other mechanism will be responsible for initializing the new user's home directory. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --sys‐ tem. --quiet Synonymous to --stdoutmsglevel=warn. Deprecated. --shell shell Use shell as the user's login shell, rather than the default specified by the configu‐ ration file (or /usr/sbin/nologin if adduser --system is used). Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system. --system Nomally, adduser creates dynamically allocated user accounts and groups as defined in Debian Policy, Chapter 9.2.2. With this option, adduser creates a dynamically allo‐ cated system user and group and changes its mode respectively. Valid Modes: adduser, addgroup. --uid ID Force the new userid to be the given number. adduser will fail if the userid is al‐ ready taken. Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system. --verbose Synonymous to --stdoutmsglevel=info. Deprecated. --stdoutmsglevel prio --stderrmsglevel prio --logmsglevel prio Minimum priority for messages logged to syslog/journal and the console, respectively. Values are trace, debug, info, warn, err, and fatal. Messages with the priority set here or higher get printed to the respective medium. Messages printed to stderr are not repeated on stdout. That allows the local admin to control adduser's chattiness on the console and in the log independently, keeping probably confusing information to itself while still leaving helpful information in the log. -v , --version Display version and copyright information. EXIT VALUES 0 Success: The user or group exists as specified. This can have 2 causes: The user or group was created by this call to adduser or the user or group was already present on the system as specified before adduser was invoked. If adduser --system is invoked for a user already existing with the requested or compatible attributes, it will also return 0. 11 The object that adduser was asked to create does already exist. 12 The object that adduser or deluser was asked to operate on does not exist. 13 The object that adduser or deluser was asked to operate on does ont have the proper‐ ties that are required to complete the operation: A user (a group) that was requested to be created as a system user (group) does already exist and is not a system user (group), or A user (group) that was requested to be created with a certain UID (GID) does already exist and has a different UID (GID), or A system user (group) that was requested to be deleted does exist, but is not a system user (group). 21 The UID (GID) that was explicitly requested for a new user (group) is already in use. 22 There is no available UID (GID) in the requested range. 23 There is no group with the requested GID for the primary group for a new user. 31 The chosen name for a new user or a new group does not conform to the selected naming rules. 32 The home directory of a new user must be an absolute path. 41 The group that was requested to be deleted is not empty. 42 The user that was requested to be removed from a group is not a member in the first place. 43 It is not possible to remove a user from its primary group, or no primary group se‐ lected for a new user by any method. 51 Incorrect number or order of command line parameters detected. 52 Incompatible options set in configuration file. 53 Mutually incompatible command line options detected. 54 adduser and deluser invoked as non-root and thus cannot work. 55 deluser will refuse to delete the root account. 56 A function was requested that needs more packages to be installed. See Recommends: and Suggests: of the adduser package. 61 Adduser was aborted for some reason and tried to roll back the changes that were done during execution. 62 Internal adduser error. This should not happen. Please try to reproduce the issue and file a bug report. 71 Error creating and handling the lock. 72 Error accessing the configuration file(s). 73 Error accessing a pool file. 74 Error reading a pool file, syntax error in file. 75 Error accessing auxiliary files. 81 An executable that is needed by adduser or deluser cannot be found. Check your instal‐ lation and dependencies. 82 Executing an external command returned some unexpected error. 83 An external command was terminated with a signal. 84 A syscall terminated with unexpected error. Or for many other yet undocumented reasons which are printed to console then. You may then consider to remove --quiet to make adduser more verbose. SECURITY adduser needs root privileges and offers, via the --conf command line option to use different configuration files. Do not use sudo(8) or similar tools to give partial privileges to ad‐ duser with restricted command line parameters. This is easy to circumvent and might allow users to create arbitrary accounts. If you want this, consider writing your own wrapper script and giving privileges to execute that script. FILES /etc/adduser.conf Default configuration file for adduser(8) and addgroup(8) /usr/local/sbin/adduser.local Optional custom add-ons, see adduser.local(8) NOTES Unfortunately, the term system account suffers from double use in Debian. It both means an account for the actual Debian system, distinguishing itself from an application account which might exist in the user database of some application running on Debian. A system account in this definition has the potential to log in to the actual system, has a UID, can be member in system groups, can own files and processes. Debian Policy, au contraire, in its Chapter 9.2.2, makes a distinguishment of dynamically allocated system users and groups and dynami‐ cally allocated user accounts, meaning in both cases special instances of system accounts. Care must be taken to not confuse this terminology. Since adduser and deluser(8) never ad‐ dress application accounts and everything in this package concerns system accounts here, the usage of the terms user account and system account is actually not ambiguous in the context of this package. For clarity, this document uses the definition local system account or group if the distinction to application accounts or accounts managed in a directory service is needed. adduser used to have the vision to be the universal front end to the various directory ser‐ vices for creation and deletion of regular and system accounts in Debian since the 1990ies. This vision has been abandoned as of 2022. The rationale behind this includes: that in prac‐ tice, a small server system is not going to have write access to an enterprise-wide directory service anyway, that locally installed packages are hard to manage with centrally controlled system accounts, that enterprise directory services have their own management processes any‐ way and that the personpower of the adduser team is unlikely to be ever strong enough to write and maintain support for the plethora of directory services that need support. adduser will constrict itself to being a policy layer for the management of local system ac‐ counts, using the tools from the password package for the actual work. BUGS Inconsistent use of terminology around the term system account in docs and code is a bug. Please report this and allow us to improve our docs. adduser takes special attention to be directly usable in Debian maintainer scripts without conditional wrappers, error suppression and other scaffolding. The only thing that the pack‐ age maintainer should need to code is a check for the presence of the executable in the postrm script. The adduser maintainers consider the need for additional scaffolding a bug and encourage their fellow Debian package maintainers to file bugs against the adduser pack‐ age in this case. SEE ALSO adduser.conf(5), deluser(8), groupadd(8), useradd(8), usermod(8), Debian Policy 9.2.2. Debian GNU/Linux ADDUSER(8)
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