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UFW FRAMEWORK(8) September 2021 UFW FRAMEWORK(8)
NAME
ufw-framework - using the ufw framework
DESCRIPTION
ufw provides both a command line interface and a framework for managing a netfilter fire-
wall. While the ufw command provides an easy to use interface for managing a firewall, the
ufw framework provides the administrator methods to customize default behavior and add
rules not supported by the command line tool. In this way, ufw can take full advantage of
Linux netfilter's power and flexibility.
OVERVIEW
The framework provides boot time initialization, rules files for adding custom rules, a
method for loading netfilter modules, configuration of kernel parameters and configuration
of IPv6. The framework consists of the following files:
/lib/ufw/ufw-init
initialization script
/etc/ufw/before.init
initialization customization script run before ufw is initialized
/etc/ufw/after.init
initialization customization script run after ufw is initialized
/etc/ufw/before[6].rules
rules file containing rules evaluated before UI added rules
/etc/ufw/user[6].rules
rules file containing UI added rules (managed with the ufw command)
/etc/ufw/after[6].rules
rules file containing rules evaluated after UI added rules
/etc/default/ufw
high level configuration
/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
kernel network tunables
/etc/ufw/ufw.conf
additional high level configuration
BOOT INITIALIZATION
ufw is started on boot with /lib/ufw/ufw-init. This script is a standard SysV style
initscript used by the ufw command and should not be modified. The /etc/before.init and
/etc/after.init scripts may be used to perform any additional firewall configuration that
is not yet supported in ufw itself and if they exist and are executable, ufw-init will ex-
ecute these scripts. ufw-init will exit with error if either of these scripts exit with
error. ufw-init supports the following arguments:
start: loads the firewall
stop: unloads the firewall
restart:
reloads the firewall
force-reload:
same as restart
status:
basic status of the firewall
force-stop:
same as stop, except does not check if the firewall is already loaded
flush-all:
flushes the built-in chains, deletes all non-built-in chains and resets the policy
to ACCEPT
ufw-init will call before.init and after.init with start, stop, status and flush-all, but
typically, if used, these scripts need only implement start and stop.
ufw uses many user-defined chains in addition to the built-in iptables chains. If MAN-
AGE_BUILTINS in /etc/default/ufw is set to 'yes', on stop and reload the built-in chains
are flushed. If it is set to 'no', on stop and reload the ufw secondary chains are removed
and the ufw primary chains are flushed. In addition to flushing the ufw specific chains,
it keeps the primary chains in the same order with respect to any other user-defined
chains that may have been added. This allows for ufw to interoperate with other software
that may manage their own firewall rules.
To ensure your firewall is loading on boot, you must integrate this script into the boot
process. Consult your distribution's documentation for the proper way to modify your boot
process if ufw is not already integrated.
RULES FILES
ufw is in part a front-end for iptables-restore, with its rules saved in /etc/ufw/be-
fore.rules, /etc/ufw/after.rules and /etc/ufw/user.rules. Administrators can customize be-
fore.rules and after.rules as desired using the standard iptables-restore syntax. Rules
are evaluated as follows: before.rules first, user.rules next, and after.rules last. IPv6
rules are evaluated in the same way, with the rules files named before6.rules, user6.rules
and after6.rules. Please note that ufw status only shows rules added with ufw and not the
rules found in the /etc/ufw rules files.
Important: ufw only uses the *filter table by default. You may add any other tables such
as *nat, *raw and *mangle as desired. For each table a corresponding COMMIT statement is
required.
After modifying any of these files, you must reload ufw for the rules to take effect. See
the EXAMPLES section for common uses of these rules files.
MODULES
Netfilter has many different connection tracking modules. These modules are aware of the
underlying protocol and allow the administrator to simplify his or her rule sets. You can
adjust which netfilter modules to load by adjusting IPT_MODULES in /etc/default/ufw. Some
popular modules to load are:
nf_conntrack_ftp
nf_nat_ftp
nf_conntrack_irc
nf_nat_irc
nf_conntrack_netbios_ns
nf_conntrack_pptp
nf_conntrack_tftp
nf_nat_tftp
nf_conntrack_sane
Unconditional loading of connection tracking modules (nf_conntrack_*) in this manner is
deprecated. ufw continues to support the functionality but new configuration should only
contain the specific modules required for the site. For more information, see CONNECTION
HELPERS.
KERNEL PARAMETERS
ufw will read in /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf on boot when enabled. Please note that
/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf overrides values in the system systcl.conf (usually
/etc/sysctl.conf). Administrators can change the file used by modifying /etc/default/ufw.
IPV6
IPv6 is enabled by default. When disabled, all incoming, outgoing and forwarded packets
are dropped, with the exception of traffic on the loopback interface. To adjust this be-
havior, set IPV6 to 'yes' in /etc/default/ufw. See the ufw manual page for details.
EXAMPLES
As mentioned, ufw loads its rules files into the kernel by using the iptables-restore and
ip6tables-restore commands. Users wanting to add rules to the ufw rules files manually
must be familiar with these as well as the iptables and ip6tables commands. Below are some
common examples of using the ufw rules files. All examples assume IPv4 only and that DE-
FAULT_FORWARD_POLICY in /etc/default/ufw is set to DROP.
IP Masquerading
To allow IP masquerading for computers from the 10.0.0.0/8 network on eth1 to share the
single IP address on eth0:
Edit /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf to have:
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
Add to the end of /etc/ufw/before.rules, after the *filter section:
*nat
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/8 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT
If your firewall is using IPv6 tunnels or 6to4 and is also doing NAT, then you should not
usually masquerade protocol '41' (ipv6) packets. For example, instead of the above,
/etc/ufw/before.rules can be adjusted to have:
*nat
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/8 ! --protocol 41 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT
Add the ufw route to allow the traffic:
ufw route allow in on eth1 out on eth0 from 10.0.0.0/8
Port Redirections
To forward tcp port 80 on eth0 to go to the webserver at 10.0.0.2:
Edit /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf to have:
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
Add to the end of /etc/ufw/before.rules, after the *filter section:
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
-A PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 80 -j DNAT \
--to-destination 10.0.0.2:80
COMMIT
Add the ufw route rule to allow the traffic:
ufw route allow in on eth0 to 10.0.0.2 port 80 proto tcp
Egress filtering
To block RFC1918 addresses going out of eth0:
Add the ufw route rules to reject the traffic:
ufw route reject out on eth0 to 10.0.0.0/8
ufw route reject out on eth0 to 172.16.0.0/12
ufw route reject out on eth0 to 192.168.0.0/16
Full example
This example combines the other examples and demonstrates a simple routing firewall. Warn-
ing: this setup is only an example to demonstrate the functionality of the ufw framework
in a concise and simple manner and should not be used in production without understanding
what each part does and does not do. Your firewall will undoubtedly want to be less open.
This router/firewall has two interfaces: eth0 (Internet facing) and eth1 (internal LAN).
Internal clients have addresses on the 10.0.0.0/8 network and should be able to connect to
anywhere on the Internet. Connections to port 80 from the Internet should be forwarded to
10.0.0.2. Access to ssh port 22 from the administrative workstation (10.0.0.100) to this
machine should be allowed. Also make sure no internal traffic goes to the Internet.
Edit /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf to have:
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
Add to the end of /etc/ufw/before.rules, after the *filter section:
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
-A PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 80 -j DNAT \
--to-destination 10.0.0.2:80
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/8 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT
Add the necessary ufw rules:
ufw route reject out on eth0 to 10.0.0.0/8
ufw route reject out on eth0 to 172.16.0.0/12
ufw route reject out on eth0 to 192.168.0.0/16
ufw route allow in on eth1 out on eth0 from 10.0.0.0/8
ufw route allow in on eth0 to 10.0.0.2 port 80 proto tcp
ufw allow in on eth1 from 10.0.0.100 to any port 22 proto tcp
CONNECTION HELPERS
Various protocols require the use of netfilter connection tracking helpers to group re-
lated packets into RELATED flows to make rulesets clearer and more precise. For example,
with a couple of kernel modules and a couple of rules, a ruleset could simply allow a con-
nection to FTP port 21, then the kernel would examine the traffic and mark the other FTP
data packets as RELATED to the initial connection.
When the helpers were first introduced, one could only configure the modules as part of
module load (eg, if your FTP server listened on a different port than 21, you'd have to
load the nf_conntrack_ftp module specifying the correct port). Over time it was understood
that unconditionally using connection helpers could lead to abuse, in part because some
protocols allow user specified data that would allow traversing the firewall in undesired
ways. As of kernel 4.7, automatic conntrack helper assignment (ie, handling packets for a
given port and all IP addresses) is disabled (the old behavior can be restored by setting
net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_helper=1 in /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf). Firewalls should now instead
use the CT target to associate traffic with a particular helper and then set RELATED rules
to use the helper. This allows sites to tailor the use of helpers and help avoid abuse.
In general, to use helpers securely, the following needs to happen:
1. net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_helper should be set to 0 (default)
2. create a rule for the start of a connection (eg for FTP, port 21)
3. create a helper rule to associate the helper with this connection
4. create a helper rule to associate a RELATED flow with this connection
5. if needed, add the corresponding nf_conntrack_* module to IPT_MODULES
6. optionally add the corresponding nf_nat_* module to IPT_MODULES
In general it is desirable to make connection helper rules as specific as possible and en-
sure anti-spoofing is correctly setup for your site to avoid security issues in your rule-
set. For more information, see ANTI-SPOOFING, above, and <https://home.regit.org/netfil-
ter-en/secure-use-of-helpers/>.
Currently helper rules must be managed in via the RULES FILES. A future version of ufw
will introduce syntax for working with helper rules.
NOTES
When using ufw with libvirt and bridging, packets may be blocked. The libvirt team recom-
mends that the following sysctl's be set to disable netfilter on the bridge:
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0
Note that the bridge module must be loaded in to the kernel before these values are set.
One way to ensure this works properly with ufw is to add 'bridge' to IPT_MODULES in
/etc/default/ufw, and then add the above rules to /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf.
Alternatively to disabling netfilter on the bridge, you can configure iptables to allow
all traffic to be forwarded across the bridge. Eg, add to /etc/ufw/before.rules within the
*filter section:
-I FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-is-bridged -j ACCEPT
SEE ALSO
ufw(8), iptables(8), ip6tables(8), iptables-restore(8), ip6tables-restore(8), sysctl(8),
sysctl.conf(5)
AUTHOR
ufw is Copyright 2008-2021, Canonical Ltd.
September 2021 UFW FRAMEWORK(8)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2026-01-09 16:48 @216.73.216.127 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)