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TEX(1)                               General Commands Manual                               TEX(1)

NAME
       tex, initex - text formatting and typesetting

SYNOPSIS
       tex [options] [&format] [file|\commands]

DESCRIPTION
       Run  the  TeX  typesetter on file, usually creating file.dvi.  If the file argument has no
       extension, ".tex" will be appended to it.  Instead of a filename, a set  of  TeX  commands
       can be given, the first of which must start with a backslash.  With a &format argument TeX
       uses a different set of precompiled commands, contained in format.fmt; it is usually  bet-
       ter to use the -fmt format option instead.

       TeX  formats the interspersed text and commands contained in the named files and outputs a
       typesetter independent file (called DVI, which is short for  DeVice  Independent).   TeX's
       capabilities and language are described in The TeXbook.  TeX is normally used with a large
       body of precompiled macros, and there are several specific formatting systems, such as La-
       TeX, which require the support of several macro files.

       This  version  of  TeX looks at its command line to see what name it was called under.  If
       they exist, then both initex and virtex are symbolic links to the  tex  executable.   When
       called  as  initex  (or when the -ini option is given) it can be used to precompile macros
       into a .fmt file.  When called as virtex it will use the plain format.  When called  under
       any  other  name,  TeX  will use that name as the name of the format to use.  For example,
       when called as tex the tex format is used, which is identical to the  plain  format.   The
       commands  defined  by  the plain format are documented in The TeXbook.  Other formats that
       are often available include latex and amstex.

       The non-option command line arguments to the TeX program are passed to it as the first in-
       put  line.   (But  it  is often easier to type extended arguments as the first input line,
       since UNIX shells tend to gobble up or misinterpret TeX's  favorite  symbols,  like  back-
       slashes,  unless you quote them.)  As described in The TeXbook, that first line should be-
       gin with a filename, a \controlsequence, or a &formatname.

       The normal usage is to say
       tex paper
       to start processing paper.tex.  The name paper will be the ``jobname'',  and  is  used  in
       forming output filenames.  If TeX doesn't get a filename in the first line, the jobname is
       texput.  When looking for a file, TeX looks for the name with and without the default  ex-
       tension (.tex) appended, unless the name already contains that extension.  If paper is the
       ``jobname'', a log of error messages, with rather more detail than normally appears on the
       screen, will appear in paper.log, and the output file will be in paper.dvi.

       This  version  of TeX can look in the first line of the file paper.tex to see if it begins
       with the magic sequence %&.  If the first line begins with  %&format  -translate-file tcx-
       name  then  TeX  will  use  the  named format and translation table tcxname to process the
       source file.  Either the format name or the -translate-file specification may be  omitted,
       but  not both.  This overrides the format selection based on the name by which the program
       is invoked.  The -parse-first-line option or the parse_first_line  configuration  variable
       controls whether this behaviour is enabled.

       The  e  response to TeX's error prompt causes the system default editor to start up at the
       current line of the current file.  The environment variable TEXEDIT can be used to  change
       the editor used.  It may contain a string with "%s" indicating where the filename goes and
       "%d" indicating where the decimal line number (if  any)  goes.   For  example,  a  TEXEDIT
       string for emacs can be set with the sh command
       TEXEDIT="emacs +%d %s"; export TEXEDIT

       A  convenient  file in the library is null.tex, containing nothing.  When TeX can't find a
       file it thinks you want to input, it keeps asking you  for  another  filename;  responding
       `null'  gets  you  out of the loop if you don't want to input anything.  You can also type
       your EOF character (usually control-D).

OPTIONS
       This version of TeX understands the following command line options.

       -cnf-line string
              Parse string as a texmf.cnf configuration line.  See the Kpathsea manual.

       -enc   Enable the encTeX extensions.  This option is only effective  in  combination  with
              -ini.   For  documentation  of  the encTeX extensions see http://www.olsak.net/enc-
              tex.html.

       -file-line-error
              Print error messages in the form file:line:error which is similar to the  way  many
              compilers format them.

       -no-file-line-error
              Disable printing error messages in the file:line:error style.

       -file-line-error-style
              This is the old name of the -file-line-error option.

       -fmt format
              Use  format  as the name of the format to be used, instead of the name by which TeX
              was called or a %& line.

       -halt-on-error
              Exit with an error code when an error is encountered during processing.

       -help  Print help message and exit.

       -ini   Start in INI mode, which is used to dump formats.  The INI mode  can  be  used  for
              typesetting,  but  no  format  is preloaded, and basic initializations like setting
              catcodes may be required.

       -interaction mode
              Sets the  interaction  mode.   The  mode  can  be  either  batchmode,  nonstopmode,
              scrollmode,  and  errorstopmode.  The meaning of these modes is the same as that of
              the corresponding \commands.

       -ipc   Send DVI output to a socket as well as the usual output file.  Whether this  option
              is available is the choice of the installer.

       -ipc-start
              As  -ipc,  and  starts the server at the other end as well.  Whether this option is
              available is the choice of the installer.

       -jobname name
              Use name for the job name, instead of deriving it from the name of the input file.

       -kpathsea-debug bitmask
              Sets path searching debugging flags according to the  bitmask.   See  the  Kpathsea
              manual for details.

       -mktex fmt
              Enable mktexfmt, where fmt must be either tex or tfm.

       -mltex Enable MLTeX extensions.  Only effective in combination with -ini.

       -no-mktex fmt
              Disable mktexfmt, where fmt must be either tex or tfm.

       -output-comment string
              Use string for the DVI file comment instead of the date.

       -output-directory directory
              Write  output  files  in directory instead of the current directory.  Look up input
              files in directory first, then along the normal search path.  See also  description
              of the TEXMFOUTPUT environment variable.

       -parse-first-line
              If the first line of the main input file begins with %& parse it to look for a dump
              name or a -translate-file option.

       -no-parse-first-line
              Disable parsing of the first line of the main input file.

       -progname name
              Pretend to be program name.  This affects both  the  format  used  and  the  search
              paths.

       -recorder
              Enable  the  filename  recorder.  This leaves a trace of the files opened for input
              and output in a file with extension .fls.

       -shell-escape
              Enable the \write18{command} construct.  The command  can  be  any  shell  command.
              This construct is normally disallowed for security reasons.

       -no-shell-escape
              Disable  the  \write18{command}  construct,  even if it is enabled in the texmf.cnf
              file.

       -src-specials
              Insert source specials into the DVI file.

       -src-specials where
              Insert source specials in certain places of the DVI file.  where is  a  comma-sepa-
              rated value list: cr, display, hbox, math, par, parent, or vbox.

       -translate-file tcxname
              Use  the  tcxname  translation table to set the mapping of input characters and re-
              mapping of output characters.

       -default-translate-file tcxname
              Like -translate-file except that a %& line can overrule this setting.

       -version
              Print version information and exit.

ENVIRONMENT
       See the Kpathsearch library documentation (the `Path specifications' node) for precise de-
       tails  of  how  the  environment variables are used.  The kpsewhich utility can be used to
       query the values of the variables.

       One caveat: In most TeX formats, you cannot use ~ in a filename you give directly to  TeX,
       because  ~  is  an active character, and hence is expanded, not taken as part of the file-
       name.  Other programs, such as Metafont, do not have this problem.

       TEXMFOUTPUT
              Normally, TeX puts its output files in the current directory.  If any  output  file
              cannot be opened there, it tries to open it in the directory specified in the envi-
              ronment variable TEXMFOUTPUT.  There is no default value for  that  variable.   For
              example,  if  you say tex paper and the current directory is not writable, if TEXM-
              FOUTPUT has the value /tmp, TeX attempts to  create  /tmp/paper.log  (and  /tmp/pa-
              per.dvi,  if any output is produced.)  TEXMFOUTPUT is also checked for input files,
              as TeX often generates files that need to be subsequently read; for input, no  suf-
              fixes  (such as ``.tex'') are added by default, the input name is simply checked as
              given.

       TEXINPUTS
              Search path for \input and \openin files.  This should probably start  with  ``.'',
              so  that user files are found before system files.  An empty path component will be
              replaced with the paths defined in the texmf.cnf file.  For example, set  TEXINPUTS
              to  ".:/home/user/tex:"  to prepend the current directory and ``/home/user/tex'' to
              the standard search path.

       TEXFORMATS
              Search path for format files.

       TEXPOOL
              search path for tex internal strings.

       TEXEDIT
              Command template for switching to editor.  The default, usually vi, is set when TeX
              is compiled.

       TFMFONTS
              Search path for font metric (.tfm) files.

       Notes for Debian developers: please keep in mind, that this version of the TeX interpreter
       ignores the SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH variable. Instead the current timestamp is written into  the
       DVI  file.  If  you need a reproducible time stamp, please use any engine based on pdfTeX,
       e.g., etex, pdftex, latex, pdflatex.

FILES
       The location of the files mentioned below varies from system to system.  Use the kpsewhich
       utility to find their locations.

       texmf.cnf
              Configuration  file.   This  contains  definitions of search paths as well as other
              configuration parameters like parse_first_line.

       tex.pool
              Text file containing TeX's internal strings.

       texfonts.map
              Filename mapping definitions.

       *.tfm  Metric files for TeX's fonts.

       *.fmt  Predigested TeX format (.fmt) files.

       $TEXMFMAIN/tex/plain/base/plain.tex
              The basic macro package described in the TeXbook.

NOTES
       This manual page is not meant to be exhaustive.  The complete documentation for this  ver-
       sion of TeX can be found in the info manual Web2C: A TeX implementation.

BUGS
       This  version  of  TeX implements a number of optional extensions.  In fact, many of these
       extensions conflict to a greater or lesser extent with the definition of TeX.   When  such
       extensions  are  enabled,  the banner printed when TeX starts is changed to print TeXk in-
       stead of TeX.

       This version of TeX fails to trap arithmetic overflow when dimensions are  added  or  sub-
       tracted.   Cases  where this occurs are rare, but when it does the generated DVI file will
       be invalid.

SEE ALSO
       mf(1),
       Donald E. Knuth, The TeXbook, Addison-Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-13447-0.
       Leslie Lamport,  LaTeX  -  A  Document  Preparation  System,  Addison-Wesley,  1985,  ISBN
       0-201-15790-X.
       K. Berry, Eplain: Expanded plain TeX, https://tug.org/eplain
       Michael Spivak, The Joy of TeX, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1990, ISBN 0-8218-2997-1.
       TUGboat (the journal of the TeX Users Group).  https://tug.org/TUGboat

TRIVIA
       TeX,  pronounced  properly,  rhymes with ``blecchhh.''  The proper spelling in typewriter-
       like fonts is ``TeX'' and not ``TEX'' or ``tex.''

AUTHORS
       TeX was created by Donald E. Knuth, who implemented it using his  Web  system  for  Pascal
       programs.   It  was  ported to Unix at Stanford by Howard Trickey, and at Cornell by Pavel
       Curtis.  The version now offered with the Unix TeX distribution is that generated  by  the
       Web to C system (web2c), originally written by Tomas Rokicki and Tim Morgan.

       The encTeX extensions were written by Petr Olsak.

Web2C 2022/dev                            6 August 2019                                    TEX(1)

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