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SYSTEMD-BOOT(7)                            systemd-boot                           SYSTEMD-BOOT(7)

NAME
       systemd-boot, sd-boot - A simple UEFI boot manager

DESCRIPTION
       systemd-boot (short: sd-boot) is a simple UEFI boot manager. It provides a graphical menu
       to select the entry to boot and an editor for the kernel command line.  systemd-boot
       supports systems with UEFI firmware only.

       systemd-boot loads boot entry information from the EFI system partition (ESP), usually
       mounted at /efi/, /boot/, or /boot/efi/ during OS runtime, as well as from the Extended
       Boot Loader partition if it exists (usually mounted to /boot/). Configuration file
       fragments, kernels, initrds and other EFI images to boot generally need to reside on the
       ESP or the Extended Boot Loader partition. Linux kernels must be built with
       CONFIG_EFI_STUB to be able to be directly executed as an EFI image. During boot
       systemd-boot automatically assembles a list of boot entries from the following sources:

       o   Boot entries defined with Boot Loader Specification[1] description files located in
           /loader/entries/ on the ESP and the Extended Boot Loader Partition. These usually
           describe Linux kernel images with associated initrd images, but alternatively may also
           describe arbitrary other EFI executables.

       o   Unified kernel images following the Boot Loader Specification[1], as executable EFI
           binaries in /EFI/Linux/ on the ESP and the Extended Boot Loader Partition.

       o   The Microsoft Windows EFI boot manager, if installed

       o   The Apple macOS boot manager, if installed

       o   The EFI Shell binary, if installed

       o   A reboot into the UEFI firmware setup option, if supported by the firmware

       systemd-boot supports the following features:

       o   Basic boot manager configuration changes (such as timeout configuration, default boot
           entry selection, ...) may be made directly from the boot loader UI at boot-time, as
           well as during system runtime with EFI variables.

       o   The boot manager integrates with the systemctl command to implement features such as
           systemctl reboot --boot-loader-entry=...  (for rebooting into a specific boot menu
           entry, i.e. "reboot into Windows") and systemctl reboot --boot-loader-menu=...  (for
           rebooting into the boot loader menu), by implementing the Boot Loader Interface[2].
           See systemctl(1) for details.

       o   An EFI variable set by the boot loader informs the OS about the EFI System Partition
           used during boot. This is then used to automatically mount the correct EFI System
           Partition to /efi/ or /boot/ during OS runtime. See systemd-gpt-auto-generator(8) for
           details.

       o   The boot manager provides information about the boot time spent in UEFI firmware using
           the Boot Loader Interface[2]. This information can be displayed using systemd-
           analyze(1).

       o   The boot manager implements boot counting and automatic fallback to older, working
           boot entries on failure. See Automatic Boot Assessment[3].

       o   The boot manager optionally reads a random seed from the ESP partition, combines it
           with a 'system token' stored in a persistent EFI variable and derives a random seed to
           use by the OS as entropy pool initialization, providing a full entropy pool during
           early boot.

       bootctl(1) may be used from a running system to locate the ESP and the Extended Boot
       Loader Partition, list available entries, and install systemd-boot itself.

       kernel-install(8) may be used to copy kernel images onto the ESP or the Extended Boot
       Loader Partition and to generate description files compliant with the Boot Loader
       Specification.

KEY BINDINGS
       The following keys may be used in the boot menu:

       ^ (Up), v (Down), j, k, PageUp, PageDown, Home, End
           Navigate up/down in the entry list

       <cr> (Enter), -> (Right)
           Boot selected entry

       d
           Make selected entry the default

       e
           Edit the kernel command line for selected entry

       +, t
           Increase the timeout before default entry is booted

       -, T
           Decrease the timeout

       v
           Show systemd-boot, UEFI, and firmware versions

       P
           Print status

       Q
           Quit

       h, ?, F1
           Show a help screen

       Ctrl+l
           Reprint the screen

       The following keys may be pressed during bootup or in the boot menu to directly boot a
       specific entry:

       l
           Linux

       w
           Windows

       a
           macOS

       s
           EFI shell

       1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
           Boot entry number 1 ... 9

       The boot menu is shown when a non-zero menu timeout has been configured. If the menu
       timeout has been set to zero, it is sufficient to press any key -- before the boot loader
       initializes -- to bring up the boot menu, except for the keys listed immediately above as
       they directly boot into the selected boot menu item. Note that depending on the firmware
       implementation the time window where key presses are accepted before the boot loader
       initializes might be short. If the window is missed, reboot and try again, possibly
       pressing a suitable key (e.g. the space bar) continuously; on most systems it should be
       possible to hit the time window after a few attempts. To avoid this problem, consider
       setting a non-zero timeout, thus showing the boot menu unconditionally. Some desktop
       environments might offer an option to directly boot into the boot menu, to avoid the
       problem altogether. Alternatively, use the command line systemctl reboot
       --boot-loader-menu=0 from the shell.

       In the editor, most keys simply insert themselves, but the following keys may be used to
       perform additional actions:

       <- (Left), -> (Right), Home, End
           Navigate left/right

       Esc
           Abort the edit and quit the editor

       Ctrl+k
           Clear the command line

       Ctrl+w, Alt+Backspace
           Delete word backwards

       Alt+d
           Delete word forwards

       <cr> (Enter)
           Boot entry with the edited command line

       Note that unless configured otherwise in the UEFI firmware, systemd-boot will use the US
       keyboard layout, so key labels might not match for keys like +/-.

FILES
       The files systemd-boot processes generally reside on the UEFI ESP which is usually mounted
       to /efi/, /boot/ or /boot/efi/ during OS runtime. It also processes files on the Extended
       Boot Loader partition which is typically mounted to /boot/, if it exists.  systemd-boot
       reads runtime configuration such as the boot timeout and default entry from
       /loader/loader.conf on the ESP (in combination with data read from EFI variables). See
       loader.conf(5). Boot entry description files following the Boot Loader Specification[1]
       are read from /loader/entries/ on the ESP and the Extended Boot Loader partition. Unified
       kernel boot entries following the Boot Loader Specification[1] are read from /EFI/Linux/
       on the ESP and the Extended Boot Loader partition. Optionally, a random seed for early
       boot entropy pool provisioning is stored in /loader/random-seed in the ESP.

EFI VARIABLES
       The following EFI variables are defined, set and read by systemd-boot, under the vendor
       UUID "4a67b082-0a4c-41cf-b6c7-440b29bb8c4f", for communication between the OS and the boot
       loader:

       LoaderBootCountPath
           If boot counting is enabled, contains the path to the file in whose name the boot
           counters are encoded. Set by the boot loader.  systemd-bless-boot.service(8) uses this
           information to mark a boot as successful as determined by the successful activation of
           the boot-complete.target target unit.

       LoaderConfigTimeout, LoaderConfigTimeoutOneShot
           The menu timeout in seconds. Read by the boot loader.  LoaderConfigTimeout is
           maintained persistently, while LoaderConfigTimeoutOneShot is a one-time override which
           is read once (in which case it takes precedence over LoaderConfigTimeout) and then
           removed.  LoaderConfigTimeout may be manipulated with the t/T keys, see above.

       LoaderDevicePartUUID
           Contains the partition UUID of the EFI System Partition the boot loader was run from.
           Set by the boot loader.  systemd-gpt-auto-generator(8) uses this information to
           automatically find the disk booted from, in order to discover various other partitions
           on the same disk automatically.

       LoaderEntries
           A list of the identifiers of all discovered boot loader entries. Set by the boot
           loader.

       LoaderEntryDefault, LoaderEntryOneShot
           The identifier of the default boot loader entry. Set primarily by the OS and read by
           the boot loader.  LoaderEntryOneShot sets the default entry for the next boot only,
           while LoaderEntryDefault sets it persistently for all future boots.  bootctl(1)'s
           set-default and set-oneshot commands make use of these variables. The boot loader
           modifies LoaderEntryDefault on request, when the d key is used, see above.

       LoaderEntrySelected
           The identifier of the boot loader entry currently being booted. Set by the boot
           loader.

       LoaderFeatures
           A set of flags indicating the features the boot loader supports. Set by the boot
           loader. Use bootctl(1) to view this data.

       LoaderFirmwareInfo, LoaderFirmwareType
           Brief firmware information. Set by the boot loader. Use bootctl(1) to view this data.

       LoaderImageIdentifier
           The path of executable of the boot loader used for the current boot, relative to the
           EFI System Partition's root directory. Set by the boot loader. Use bootctl(1) to view
           this data.

       LoaderInfo
           Brief information about the boot loader. Set by the boot loader. Use bootctl(1) to
           view this data.

       LoaderTimeExecUSec, LoaderTimeInitUSec, LoaderTimeMenuUsec
           Information about the time spent in various parts of the boot loader. Set by the boot
           loader. Use systemd-analyze(1) to view this data.

       LoaderRandomSeed
           A binary random seed systemd-boot may optionally pass to the OS. This is a volatile
           EFI variable that is hashed at boot from the combination of a random seed stored in
           the ESP (in /loader/random-seed) and a "system token" persistently stored in the EFI
           variable LoaderSystemToken (see below). During early OS boot the system manager reads
           this variable and passes it to the OS kernel's random pool, crediting the full entropy
           it contains. This is an efficient way to ensure the system starts up with a fully
           initialized kernel random pool -- as early as the initial RAM disk phase.
           systemd-boot reads the random seed from the ESP, combines it with the "system token",
           and both derives a new random seed to update in-place the seed stored in the ESP, and
           the random seed to pass to the OS from it via SHA256 hashing in counter mode. This
           ensures that different physical systems that boot the same "golden" OS image -- i.e.
           containing the same random seed file in the ESP -- will still pass a different random
           seed to the OS. It is made sure the random seed stored in the ESP is fully overwritten
           before the OS is booted, to ensure different random seed data is used between
           subsequent boots.

           See Random Seeds[4] for further information.

       LoaderSystemToken
           A binary random data field, that is used for generating the random seed to pass to the
           OS (see above). Note that this random data is generally only generated once, during OS
           installation, and is then never updated again.

       Many of these variables are defined by the Boot Loader Interface[2].

BOOT COUNTING
       systemd-boot implements a simple boot counting mechanism on top of the Boot Loader
       Specification[1], for automatic and unattended fallback to older kernel versions/boot
       loader entries when a specific entry continuously fails. Any boot loader entry file and
       unified kernel image file that contains a "+" followed by one or two numbers (if two they
       need to be separated by a "-"), before the .conf or .efi suffix is subject to boot
       counting: the first of the two numbers ('tries left') is decreased by one on every boot
       attempt, the second of the two numbers ('tries done') is increased by one (if 'tries done'
       is absent it is considered equivalent to 0). Depending on the current value of these two
       counters the boot entry is considered to be in one of three states:

        1. If the 'tries left' counter of an entry is greater than zero the entry is considered
           to be in 'indeterminate' state. This means the entry has not completed booting
           successfully yet, but also hasn't been determined not to work.

        2. If the 'tries left' counter of an entry is zero it is considered to be in 'bad' state.
           This means no further attempts to boot this item will be made (that is, unless all
           other boot entries are also in 'bad' state), as all attempts to boot this entry have
           not completed successfully.

        3. If the 'tries left' and 'tries done' counters of an entry are absent it is considered
           to be in 'good' state. This means further boot counting for the entry is turned off,
           as it successfully booted at least once. The systemd-bless-boot.service(8) service
           moves the currently booted entry from 'indeterminate' into 'good' state when a boot
           attempt completed successfully.

       Generally, when new entries are added to the boot loader, they first start out in
       'indeterminate' state, i.e. with a 'tries left' counter greater than zero. The boot entry
       remains in this state until either it managed to complete a full boot successfully at
       least once (in which case it will be in 'good' state) -- or the 'tries left' counter
       reaches zero (in which case it will be in 'bad' state).

       Example: let's say a boot loader entry file foo.conf is set up for 3 boot tries. The
       installer will hence create it under the name foo+3.conf. On first boot, the boot loader
       will rename it to foo+2-1.conf. If that boot does not complete successfully, the boot
       loader will rename it to foo+1-2.conf on the following boot. If that fails too, it will
       finally be renamed foo+0-3.conf by the boot loader on next boot, after which it will be
       considered 'bad'. If the boot succeeds however the entry file will be renamed to foo.conf
       by the OS, so that it is considered 'good' from then on.

       The boot menu takes the 'tries left' counter into account when sorting the menu entries:
       entries in 'bad' state are ordered at the beginning of the list, and entries in 'good' or
       'indeterminate' at the end. The user can freely choose to boot any entry of the menu,
       including those already marked 'bad'. If the menu entry to boot is automatically
       determined, this means that 'good' or 'indeterminate' entries are generally preferred (as
       the bottom item of the menu is the one booted by default), and 'bad' entries will only be
       considered if there are no 'good' or 'indeterminate' entries left.

       The kernel-install(8) kernel install framework optionally sets the initial 'tries left'
       counter to the value specified in /etc/kernel/tries when a boot loader entry is first
       created.

SEE ALSO
       bootctl(1), loader.conf(5), systemd-bless-boot.service(8), systemd-boot-system-
       token.service(8), kernel-install(8), Boot Loader Specification[1], Boot Loader
       Interface[2]

NOTES
        1. Boot Loader Specification
           https://systemd.io/BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION

        2. Boot Loader Interface
           https://systemd.io/BOOT_LOADER_INTERFACE

        3. Automatic Boot Assessment
           https://systemd.io/AUTOMATIC_BOOT_ASSESSMENT

        4. Random Seeds
           https://systemd.io/RANDOM_SEEDS

systemd 249                                                                       SYSTEMD-BOOT(7)

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