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SUDO.CONF(5)                         BSD File Formats Manual                         SUDO.CONF(5)

NAME
     sudo.conf -- configuration for sudo front-end

DESCRIPTION
     The sudo.conf file is used to configure the sudo front-end.  It is used to configure sudo
     plugins, plugin-agnostic path names, debug flags, and other settings.

     The sudo.conf file supports the following directives, described in detail below.

     Plugin    an approval, audit, I/O logging, or security policy plugin

     Path      a plugin-agnostic path

     Set       a front-end setting, such as disable_coredump or group_source

     Debug     debug flags to aid in debugging sudo, sudoreplay, visudo, and the sudoers plugin.

     The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment.  Both the comment character and any text
     after it, up to the end of the line, are ignored.

     Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\') as the last character on the line.  Note
     that leading white space is removed from the beginning of lines even when the continuation
     character is used.

     Non-comment lines that don't begin with Plugin, Path, Debug, or Set are silently ignored.

     The sudo.conf file is always parsed in the "C" locale.

   Plugin configuration
     sudo supports a plugin architecture for security policies and input/output logging.  Third
     parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plugins to work seam-
     lessly with the sudo front-end.  Plugins are dynamically loaded based on the contents of
     sudo.conf.

     A Plugin line consists of the Plugin keyword, followed by the symbol_name and the path to
     the dynamic shared object that contains the plugin.  The symbol_name is the name of the
     approval_plugin, audit_plugin, io_plugin, or policy_plugin struct contained in the plugin.
     If a plugin implements multiple plugin types, there must be a Plugin line for each unique
     symbol name.  The path may be fully qualified or relative.  If not fully qualified, it is
     relative to the directory specified by the plugin_dir Path setting, which defaults to
     /usr/libexec/sudo.  In other words:

           Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so

     is equivalent to:

           Plugin sudoers_policy /usr/libexec/sudo/sudoers.so

     If the plugin was compiled statically into the sudo binary instead of being installed as a
     dynamic shared object, the path should be specified without a leading directory, as it does
     not actually exist in the file system.  For example:

           Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so

     Starting with sudo 1.8.5, any additional parameters after the path are passed as arguments
     to the plugin's open function.  For example, to override the compile-time default sudoers
     file mode:

           Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so sudoers_mode=0440

     See the sudoers(5) manual for a list of supported arguments.

     The same dynamic shared object may contain multiple plugins, each with a different symbol
     name.  The file must be owned by user-ID 0 and only writable by its owner.  Because of ambi-
     guities that arise from composite policies, only a single policy plugin may be specified.
     This limitation does not apply to I/O plugins.

     If no sudo.conf file is present, or if it contains no Plugin lines, the sudoers plugin will
     be used as the default security policy, for I/O logging (if enabled by the policy), and for
     auditing.  This is equivalent to the following:

           Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so
           Plugin sudoers_io sudoers.so
           Plugin sudoers_audit sudoers.so

     Starting with sudo version 1.9.1, some of the logging functionality of the sudoers plugin
     has been moved from the policy plugin to an audit plugin.  To maintain compatibility with
     sudo.conf files from older sudo versions, if sudoers is configured as the security policy,
     it will be used as an audit plugin as well.  This guarantees that the logging behavior will
     be consistnet with that of sudo versions 1.9.0 and below.

     For more information on the sudo plugin architecture, see the sudo_plugin(5) manual.

   Path settings
     A Path line consists of the Path keyword, followed by the name of the path to set and its
     value.  For example:

           Path intercept /usr/libexec/sudo/sudo_intercept.so
           Path noexec /usr/libexec/sudo/sudo_noexec.so
           Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass

     If no path name is specified, features relying on the specified setting will be disabled.
     Disabling Path settings is only supported in sudo version 1.8.16 and higher.

     The following plugin-agnostic paths may be set in the /etc/sudo.conf file:

     askpass   The fully qualified path to a helper program used to read the user's password when
               no terminal is available.  This may be the case when sudo is executed from a
               graphical (as opposed to text-based) application.  The program specified by
               askpass should display the argument passed to it as the prompt and write the
               user's password to the standard output.  The value of askpass may be overridden by
               the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable.

     devsearch
               An ordered, colon-separated search path of directories to look in for device
               nodes.  This is used when mapping the process's tty device number to a device name
               on systems that do not provide such a mechanism.  Sudo will not recurse into sub-
               directories.  If terminal devices may be located in a sub-directory of /dev, that
               path must be explicitly listed in devsearch.  The default value is
               /dev/pts:/dev/vt:/dev/term:/dev/zcons:/dev/pty:/dev

               This option is ignored on systems that support either the devname() or
               _ttyname_dev() functions, for example BSD, macOS and Solaris.

     intercept
               The fully-qualified path to a shared library containing a wrappers for the
               execl(), execle(), execlp(), execv(), execve(), execvp(), and execvpe() library
               functions that intercepts attempts to run further commands and performs a policy
               check before allowing them to be executed.  This is used to implement the
               intercept functionality on systems that support LD_PRELOAD or its equivalent.  The
               default value is /usr/libexec/sudo/sudo_intercept.so.

     noexec    The fully-qualified path to a shared library containing wrappers for the execl(),
               execle(), execlp(), exect(), execv(), execve(), execveat(), execvP(), execvp(),
               execvpe(), fexecve(), popen(), posix_spawn(), posix_spawnp(), system(), and
               wordexp() library functions that prevent the execution of further commands.  This
               is used to implement the noexec functionality on systems that support LD_PRELOAD
               or its equivalent.  The default value is /usr/libexec/sudo/sudo_noexec.so.

     plugin_dir
               The default directory to use when searching for plugins that are specified without
               a fully qualified path name.  The default value is /usr/libexec/sudo.

     sesh      The fully-qualified path to the sesh binary.  This setting is only used when sudo
               is built with SELinux support.  The default value is /usr/libexec/sudo/sesh.

   Other settings
     The sudo.conf file also supports the following front-end settings:

     disable_coredump
               Core dumps of sudo itself are disabled by default to prevent the disclosure of po-
               tentially sensitive information.  To aid in debugging sudo crashes, you may wish
               to re-enable core dumps by setting "disable_coredump" to false in sudo.conf as
               follows:

                     Set disable_coredump false

               All modern operating systems place restrictions on core dumps from set-user-ID
               processes like sudo so this option can be enabled without compromising security.
               To actually get a sudo core file you will likely need to enable core dumps for
               set-user-ID processes.  On BSD and Linux systems this is accomplished in the
               sysctl(8) command.  On Solaris, the coreadm(1m) command is used to configure core
               dump behavior.

               This setting is only available in sudo version 1.8.4 and higher.

     developer_mode
               By default sudo refuses to load plugins which can be modified by other than the
               root user.  The plugin should be owned by root and write access permissions should
               be disabled for "group" and "other".  To make development of a plugin easier, you
               can disable that by setting "developer_mode" option to true in sudo.conf as fol-
               lows:

                     Set developer_mode true

               Please note that this creates a security risk, so it is not recommended on criti-
               cal systems such as a desktop machine for daily use, but is intended to be used in
               development environments (VM, container, etc).  Before enabling developer mode,
               ensure you understand the implications.

               This setting is only available in sudo version 1.9.0 and higher.

     group_source
               sudo passes the invoking user's group list to the policy and I/O plugins.  On most
               systems, there is an upper limit to the number of groups that a user may belong to
               simultaneously (typically 16 for compatibility with NFS).  On systems with the
               getconf(1) utility, running:
                     getconf NGROUPS_MAX
               will return the maximum number of groups.

               However, it is still possible to be a member of a larger number of groups--they
               simply won't be included in the group list returned by the kernel for the user.
               Starting with sudo version 1.8.7, if the user's kernel group list has the maximum
               number of entries, sudo will consult the group database directly to determine the
               group list.  This makes it possible for the security policy to perform matching by
               group name even when the user is a member of more than the maximum number of
               groups.

               The group_source setting allows the administrator to change this default behavior.
               Supported values for group_source are:

               static    Use the static group list that the kernel returns.  Retrieving the group
                         list this way is very fast but it is subject to an upper limit as de-
                         scribed above.  It is "static" in that it does not reflect changes to
                         the group database made after the user logs in.  This was the default
                         behavior prior to sudo 1.8.7.

               dynamic   Always query the group database directly.  It is "dynamic" in that
                         changes made to the group database after the user logs in will be re-
                         flected in the group list.  On some systems, querying the group database
                         for all of a user's groups can be time consuming when querying a net-
                         work-based group database.  Most operating systems provide an efficient
                         method of performing such queries.  Currently, sudo supports efficient
                         group queries on AIX, BSD, HP-UX, Linux, macOS, and Solaris.  This is
                         the default behavior on macOS in sudo 1.9.6 and higher.

               adaptive  Only query the group database if the static group list returned by the
                         kernel has the maximum number of entries.  This is the default behavior
                         on systems other than macOS in sudo 1.8.7 and higher.

               For example, to cause sudo to only use the kernel's static list of groups for the
               user:

                     Set group_source static

               This setting is only available in sudo version 1.8.7 and higher.

     max_groups
               The maximum number of user groups to retrieve from the group database.  Values
               less than one or larger than 1024 will be ignored.  This setting is only used when
               querying the group database directly.  It is intended to be used on systems where
               it is not possible to detect when the array to be populated with group entries is
               not sufficiently large.  By default, sudo will allocate four times the system's
               maximum number of groups (see above) and retry with double that number if the
               group database query fails.

               This setting is only available in sudo version 1.8.7 and higher.  It should not be
               required in sudo versions 1.8.24 and higher and may be removed in a later release.

     probe_interfaces
               By default, sudo will probe the system's network interfaces and pass the IP ad-
               dress of each enabled interface to the policy plugin.  This makes it possible for
               the plugin to match rules based on the IP address without having to query DNS.  On
               Linux systems with a large number of virtual interfaces, this may take a non-neg-
               ligible amount of time.  If IP-based matching is not required, network interface
               probing can be disabled as follows:

                     Set probe_interfaces false

               This setting is only available in sudo version 1.8.10 and higher.

   Debug settings
     sudo versions 1.8.4 and higher support a flexible debugging framework that can log what sudo
     is doing internally if there is a problem.

     A Debug line consists of the Debug keyword, followed by the name of the program, plugin, or
     shared object to debug, the debug file name, and a comma-separated list of debug flags.  The
     debug flag syntax used by sudo, the sudoers plugin along with its associated programs and
     shared objects is subsystem@priority but a third-party plugin is free to use a different
     format so long as it does not include a comma (',').

     Examples:

           Debug sudo /var/log/sudo_debug all@warn,plugin@info

     would log all debugging statements at the warn level and higher in addition to those at the
     info level for the plugin subsystem.

           Debug sudo_intercept.so /var/log/intercept_debug all@debug

     would log all debugging statements, regardless of level, for the sudo_intercept.so shared
     object that implements sudo's intercept functionality.

     As of sudo 1.8.12, multiple Debug entries may be specified per program.  Older versions of
     sudo only support a single Debug entry per program.  Plugin-specific Debug entries are also
     supported starting with sudo 1.8.12 and are matched by either the base name of the plugin
     that was loaded (for example sudoers.so) or by the plugin's fully-qualified path name.  Pre-
     viously, the sudoers plugin shared the same Debug entry as the sudo front-end and could not
     be configured separately.

     The following priorities are supported, in order of decreasing severity: crit, err, warn,
     notice, diag, info, trace, and debug.  Each priority, when specified, also includes all pri-
     orities higher than it.  For example, a priority of notice would include debug messages
     logged at notice and higher.

     The priorities trace and debug also include function call tracing which logs when a function
     is entered and when it returns.  For example, the following trace is for the
     get_user_groups() function located in src/sudo.c:

           sudo[123] -> get_user_groups @ src/sudo.c:385
           sudo[123] <- get_user_groups @ src/sudo.c:429 := groups=10,0,5

     When the function is entered, indicated by a right arrow '->', the program, process ID,
     function, source file, and line number are logged.  When the function returns, indicated by
     a left arrow '<-', the same information is logged along with the return value.  In this
     case, the return value is a string.

     The following subsystems are used by the sudo front-end:

     all         matches every subsystem

     args        command line argument processing

     conv        user conversation

     edit        sudoedit

     event       event subsystem

     exec        command execution

     main        sudo main function

     netif       network interface handling

     pcomm       communication with the plugin

     plugin      plugin configuration

     pty         pseudo-terminal related code

     selinux     SELinux-specific handling

     util        utility functions

     utmp        utmp handling

     The sudoers(5) plugin includes support for additional subsystems.

FILES
     /etc/sudo.conf            sudo front-end configuration

EXAMPLES
     #
     # Default /etc/sudo.conf file
     #
     # Sudo plugins:
     #   Plugin plugin_name plugin_path plugin_options ...
     #
     # The plugin_path is relative to /usr/libexec/sudo unless
     #   fully qualified.
     # The plugin_name corresponds to a global symbol in the plugin
     #   that contains the plugin interface structure.
     # The plugin_options are optional.
     #
     # The sudoers plugin is used by default if no Plugin lines are present.
     #Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so
     #Plugin sudoers_io sudoers.so
     #Plugin sudoers_audit sudoers.so

     #
     # Sudo askpass:
     #   Path askpass /path/to/askpass
     #
     # An askpass helper program may be specified to provide a graphical
     # password prompt for "sudo -A" support.  Sudo does not ship with its
     # own askpass program but can use the OpenSSH askpass.
     #
     # Use the OpenSSH askpass
     #Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass
     #
     # Use the Gnome OpenSSH askpass
     #Path askpass /usr/libexec/openssh/gnome-ssh-askpass

     #
     # Sudo device search path:
     #   Path devsearch /dev/path1:/dev/path2:/dev
     #
     # A colon-separated list of paths to check when searching for a user's
     # terminal device.
     #
     #Path devsearch /dev/pts:/dev/vt:/dev/term:/dev/zcons:/dev/pty:/dev

     #
     # Sudo command interception:
     #   Path intercept /path/to/sudo_intercept.so
     #
     # Path to a shared library containing replacements for the execv()
     # and execve() library functions that perform a policy check to verify
     # the command is allowed and simply return an error if not.  This is
     # used to implement the "intercept" functionality on systems that
     # support LD_PRELOAD or its equivalent.
     #
     # The compiled-in value is usually sufficient and should only be changed
     # if you rename or move the sudo_intercept.so file.
     #
     #Path intercept /usr/libexec/sudo/sudo_intercept.so

     #
     # Sudo noexec:
     #   Path noexec /path/to/sudo_noexec.so
     #
     # Path to a shared library containing replacements for the execv()
     # family of library functions that just return an error.  This is
     # used to implement the "noexec" functionality on systems that support
     # LD_PRELOAD or its equivalent.
     #
     # The compiled-in value is usually sufficient and should only be changed
     # if you rename or move the sudo_noexec.so file.
     #
     #Path noexec /usr/libexec/sudo/sudo_noexec.so

     #
     # Sudo plugin directory:
     #   Path plugin_dir /path/to/plugins
     #
     # The default directory to use when searching for plugins that are
     # specified without a fully qualified path name.
     #
     #Path plugin_dir /usr/libexec/sudo

     #
     # Sudo developer mode:
     #   Set developer_mode true|false
     #
     # Allow loading of plugins that are owned by non-root or are writable
     # by "group" or "other".  Should only be used during plugin development.
     #Set developer_mode true

     #
     # Core dumps:
     #   Set disable_coredump true|false
     #
     # By default, sudo disables core dumps while it is executing (they
     # are re-enabled for the command that is run).
     # To aid in debugging sudo problems, you may wish to enable core
     # dumps by setting "disable_coredump" to false.
     #
     #Set disable_coredump false

     #
     # User groups:
     #   Set group_source static|dynamic|adaptive
     #
     # Sudo passes the user's group list to the policy plugin.
     # If the user is a member of the maximum number of groups (usually 16),
     # sudo will query the group database directly to be sure to include
     # the full list of groups.
     #
     # On some systems, this can be expensive so the behavior is configurable.
     # The "group_source" setting has three possible values:
     #   static   - use the user's list of groups returned by the kernel.
     #   dynamic  - query the group database to find the list of groups.
     #   adaptive - if user is in less than the maximum number of groups.
     #              use the kernel list, else query the group database.
     #
     #Set group_source static

     #
     # Sudo interface probing:
     #   Set probe_interfaces true|false
     #
     # By default, sudo will probe the system's network interfaces and
     # pass the IP address of each enabled interface to the policy plugin.
     # On systems with a large number of virtual interfaces this may take
     # a noticeable amount of time.
     #
     #Set probe_interfaces false

     #
     # Sudo debug files:
     #   Debug program /path/to/debug_log subsystem@priority[,subsyste@priority]
     #
     # Sudo and related programs support logging debug information to a file.
     # The program is typically sudo, sudoers.so, sudoreplay, or visudo.
     #
     # Subsystems vary based on the program; "all" matches all subsystems.
     # Priority may be crit, err, warn, notice, diag, info, trace, or debug.
     # Multiple subsystem@priority may be specified, separated by a comma.
     #
     #Debug sudo /var/log/sudo_debug all@debug
     #Debug sudoers.so /var/log/sudoers_debug all@debug

SEE ALSO
     sudo_plugin(5), sudoers(5), sudo(8)

HISTORY
     See the HISTORY file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/history.html) for a brief
     history of sudo.

AUTHORS
     Many people have worked on sudo over the years; this version consists of code written pri-
     marily by:

           Todd C. Miller

     See the CONTRIBUTORS file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/contributors.html)
     for an exhaustive list of people who have contributed to sudo.

BUGS
     If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report at
     https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/

SUPPORT
     Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see
     https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives.

DISCLAIMER
     sudo is provided "AS IS" and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited
     to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are dis-
     claimed.  See the LICENSE file distributed with sudo or https://www.sudo.ws/license.html for
     complete details.

Sudo 1.9.9                               January 20, 2022                              Sudo 1.9.9

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