man > pnmgamma(1)

Che Dong

Perform gamma correction on PNM images.

Convert the image from BT.709 luminance to radiance or sRGB luminance
pnmgamma -{{bt709tolinear|bt709tosrgb}} {{path/to/image.pnm}} > {{path/to/output.pnm}}
Convert the image from radiance or sRGB luminance to BT.709 luminance
pnmgamma -{{lineartobt709|srgbtobt709}} {{path/to/image.pnm}} > {{path/to/output.pnm}}
Specify the gamma value used for the gamma transfer function
pnmgamma {{-ga|-gamma}} {{value}} {{path/to/image.pnm}} > {{path/to/output.pnm}}
Specify the gamma value used for the gamma transfer function per color component
pnmgamma {{-rg|-rgamma}} {{value}} {{-gg|-ggamma}} {{value}} {{-bg|-bgamma}} {{value}} {{path/to/image.pnm}} > {{path/to/output.pnm}}

Pnmgamma User Manual(1) General Commands Manual Pnmgamma User Manual(1)

NAME
pnmgamma - perform gamma adjustment on a PNM image

SYNOPSIS
pnmgamma {
-bt709tolinear |
-lineartobt709 |
-bt709tosrgb |
-srgbtobt709 } [-gamma=float] [-rgamma=float] [-ggamma=float] [-bgamma=float]

[pnmfile]

pnmgamma [
-bt709ramp |
-srgbramp ] [-ungamma] [{gamma | redgamma greengamma bluegamma} [pnmfile]]

DESCRIPTION
This program is part of Netpbm(1).

Pnmgamma performs gamma adjustment on pseudo-PNM images.

The PPM format specification specifies that certain sample values in a file represent certain
light intensities in an image. In particular, they specify that the sample values are di‐
rectly proportional to luminance as defined by ITU-R Recommendation BT.709. BT.709 luminance
as a function of radiance is a power function modified with a linear ramp near black.

However, people sometimes work with approximations of PPM and PGM where the sample values
represent intensity in different ways:

In one common variation, the sample value is directly proportional to radiance (often called
"linear intensity").

Another popular variation is to make the samples proportional to luminance as defined by the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) SRGB standard. The SRGB gamma transfer func‐
tion is like the BT.709 one except with different constants in it.

Note that SRGB is often spelled "sRGB". In this document, we use standard English typogra‐
phy, though, which doesn't allow for that kind of capitalization.

pnmgamma allows you to manipulate the gamma transfer function, thus working with and/or cre‐
ating pseudo-PPM files that are useful for various things.

For example, if you feed a true PPM to pnmgamma -bt709tolinear , you get as output a file
which is PPM in every respect except that the sample values are radiances. If you feed such
a file to pnmgamma -linearto709, you get back a true PPM.

The situation for PGM images is analogous. And pnmgamma treats PBM images as PGM images.

When you feed a radiance-proportional pseudo-PPM image to a display program that expects a
true PPM, the display appears darker than it should, so pnmgamma has the effect of lightening
the image. When you feed a true PPM to a display program that expects radiance-proportional
sample values, and therefore does a gamma adjustment of its own on them, the display appears
lighter than it should, so pnmgamma with a gamma value less than one (the multiplicative in‐
verse of whatever gamma value the display program uses) has the effect of darkening the im‐
age.

PARAMETERS
The form of the parameters depends on whether you're using the old syntax or the new syntax.
With the old syntax, the parameters are a mixture of gamma values and the input file name.
With the new syntax, the only parameter is the input file name and you specify gamma values
with option.

You use the old syntax if you specify -bt709ramp (or its synonym -cieramp) or -srgramp or if
you don't specify any transfer function at all (and thus default to a simple exponential).
Otherwise, you use the new syntax.

With the old syntax, you may specify a single gamma value or 3 separate gamma values (red,
green, and blue) or no gamma values. In any case, the meanings of those parameters is the
same as the more modern -gamma, -rgamma, -ggamma, and -bgamma options described below.

OPTIONS
In addition to the options common to all programs based on libnetpbm (most notably -quiet,
see ]8;;index.html#commonoptions\ Common Options]8;;\ ), pnmgamma recognizes the following command line options:

-bt709tolinear
Convert the image from BT.709 luminance to radiance. I.e. convert from true PPM or
PGM to a radiance-linear variation that can be used with certain tools that need it.

This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).

-lineartobt709
Convert the image from radiance to BT.709 luminance. I.e. convert to true PPM or PGM
from a radiance-linear variation.

You get true BT.709 (ergo true PPM or PGM) only if you use the default gamma value
(i.e. don't specify -gamma, etc.).

This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).

-bt709tosrgb
Convert the image from BT.709 luminance to SRGB luminance. I.e. convert from true PPM
or PGM to an SRGB-based variation that is required by certain tools and display de‐
vices.

You get true SRGB only if you use the default gamma value (i.e. don't specify -gamma,
etc.).

This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).

-srgbtobt709
Convert the image from SRGB luminance to BT.709 luminance. I.e. convert to true PPM
or PGM from an SRGB-based variation.

This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).

-bt709ramp
Same as -lineartobt709, but using the old syntax.

This option was renamed in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006). Before that, its name is
-cieramp.

-cieramp
This is an obsolete synonym for -bt709ramp.

The name of this option comes from a former belief that this was a standard of CIE
(International Commission On Illumination), but it now (August 2005) looks like it
never was.

-srgbramp
Convert the image from radiance to SRGB luminance. Note that it is true SRGB only if
you use the default gamma value (i.e. don't specify any gamma parameters).

This is an old syntax option. There is no equivalent in the new syntax because it re‐
ally shouldn't be a function of pnmgamma at all. It exists solely for backward com‐
patibility. The reason it shouldn't exist is that the way to do this conversion con‐
sistent with the Netpbm philosophy is do a -lineartobt709 followed by a -bt709tosrgb.
It's exactly analogous to the way you have to convert from PNG to TIFF by doing a png‐
topam followed by a pnmtotiff. The -srgbramp option actually dates to before there
was a standard definition of what the sample values of a Netpbm image measure, and pn‐
mgamma considered radiance-linear to be the proper intermediate format.

-ungamma
Apply the inverse of the specified transfer function (i.e. go from gamma-adjusted lu‐
minance to radiance).

This is valid only with -bt709ramp (aka -cieramp), -srgbramp, and the default exponen‐
tial transfer function.

-gamma=float
This specifies the gamma value to use in the transfer function. All of the transfer
functions involve an exponent, and the gamma value is that exponent.

The standards specify a particular gamma value. If you use anything else, you are
varying from the standard.

The default is the standard value. For the simple exponential transfer function
(which is not a standard), the default is 2.2.

In the -bt709tosrgb and -srgbtobt709 conversions there are two exponents. -gamma af‐
fects the "to" function; the "from" function always uses the standard gamma value.

If you specify one of the component-specific options (-rgamma, etc.), that overrides
the -gamma value.

With the -bt709ramp (aka -cieramp), -srgbramp, or the default exponential transfer
function, you can't actually use this option, but you specify the same thing with
]8;;#parameters\parameters.]8;;\

This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).

-rgamma=float

-ggamma=float

-bgamma=float
These options are just like -gamma, except they specify the value for a particular one
of the color components.

If you don't specify this option for a particular color component, the default is the
-gamma value (or -gamma's default if you didn't specify that either).

With the -bt709ramp (aka -cieramp), -srgbramp, or the default exponential transfer
function, you can't actually use this option, but you specify the same thing with
]8;;#parameters\parameters.]8;;\

This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006).

-maxval=maxval
This is the maxval of the output image. By default, the maxval of the output is the
same as that of the input.

Because the transformation is not linear, you need a greater maxval in the output in
order not to lose any information from the input. For example, if you convert to ra‐
diance-linear sample values with -ungamma -bt709ramp and default gamma value, and your
maxval is 255 on both input and output, 3 different input sample values all generate
output sample value 254. In order to have a different output sample value for each
input sample value, you would need an output maxval at least 3 times the input maxval.

This option was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006). Before that, you can achieve the
same result by increasing the maxval of the input or decreasing the maxval of the out‐
put using pamdepth.

WHAT IS GAMMA?
A good explanation of gamma is in Charles Poynton's Gamma FAQ at http://www.poynton.com/Gam‐
maFAQ.html" (1) and Color FAQ at http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html" (1).

In brief: The simplest way to code an image is by using sample values that are directly pro‐
portional to the radiance of the color components. Radiance is a physical quantification
based on the amount of power in the light; it is easily measurable in a laboratory, but does
not take into account what the light looks like to a person. It wastes the sample space be‐
cause the human eye can't discern differences between low-radiance colors as well as it can
between high-radiance colors. So instead, we pass the radiance values through a transfer
function that makes it so that changing a sample value by 1 causes the same level of per‐
ceived color change anywhere in the sample range. We store those resulting values in the im‐
age file. That transfer function is called the gamma transfer function and the transforma‐
tion is called gamma adjusting.

The gamma-adjusted value, proportional to subjective brightness, are known as the luminance
of the pixel.

There is no precise objective way to measure luminance, since it's psychological. Also, per‐
ception of brightness varies according to a variety of factors, including the surrounding in
which an image is viewed. Therefore, there is not just one gamma transfer function.

Virtually all image formats, either specified or de facto, use gamma-adjusted values for
their sample values.

What's really nice about gamma is that by coincidence, the inverse function that you have to
do to convert the gamma-adjusted values back to radiance is done automatically by CRTs. You
just apply a voltage to the CRT's electron gun that is proportional to the gamma-adjusted
sample value, and the radiance of the light that comes out of the screen is close to the ra‐
diance value you had before you applied the gamma transfer function!

And when you consider that computer video devices usually want you to store in video memory a
value proportional to the signal voltage you want to go to the monitor, which the monitor
turns into a proportional drive voltage on the electron gun, it is really convenient to work
with gamma-adjusted sample values.