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PERLMACOSX(1)                    Perl Programmers Reference Guide                   PERLMACOSX(1)

NAME
       perlmacosx - Perl under Mac OS X

SYNOPSIS
       This document briefly describes Perl under Mac OS X.

         curl -O https://www.cpan.org/src/perl-5.34.0.tar.gz
         tar -xzf perl-5.34.0.tar.gz
         cd perl-5.34.0
         ./Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr/local/
         make
         make test
         sudo make install

DESCRIPTION
       The latest Perl release (5.34.0 as of this writing) builds without changes under all
       versions of Mac OS X from 10.3 "Panther" onwards.

       In order to build your own version of Perl you will need 'make', which is part of Apple's
       developer tools - also known as Xcode. From Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" onwards, it can be
       downloaded separately as the 'Command Line Tools' bundle directly from
       <https://developer.apple.com/downloads/> (you will need a free account to log in), or as a
       part of the Xcode suite, freely available at the App Store. Xcode is a pretty big app, so
       unless you already have it or really want it, you are advised to get the 'Command Line
       Tools' bundle separately from the link above. If you want to do it from within Xcode, go
       to Xcode -> Preferences -> Downloads and select the 'Command Line Tools' option.

       Between Mac OS X 10.3 "Panther" and 10.6 "Snow Leopard", the 'Command Line Tools' bundle
       was called 'unix tools', and was usually supplied with Mac OS install DVDs.

       Earlier Mac OS X releases (10.2 "Jaguar" and older) did not include a completely thread-
       safe libc, so threading is not fully supported. Also, earlier releases included a buggy
       libdb, so some of the DB_File tests are known to fail on those releases.

   Installation Prefix
       The default installation location for this release uses the traditional UNIX directory
       layout under /usr/local. This is the recommended location for most users, and will leave
       the Apple-supplied Perl and its modules undisturbed.

       Using an installation prefix of '/usr' will result in a directory layout that mirrors that
       of Apple's default Perl, with core modules stored in '/System/Library/Perl/${version}',
       CPAN modules stored in '/Library/Perl/${version}', and the addition of
       '/Network/Library/Perl/${version}' to @INC for modules that are stored on a file server
       and used by many Macs.

   SDK support
       First, export the path to the SDK into the build environment:

        export SDK=/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.8.sdk

       Please make sure the SDK version (i.e. the numbers right before '.sdk') matches your
       system's (in this case, Mac OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion"), as it is possible to have more
       than one SDK installed. Also make sure the path exists in your system, and if it doesn't
       please make sure the SDK is properly installed, as it should come with the 'Command Line
       Tools' bundle mentioned above. Finally, if you have an older Mac OS X (10.6 "Snow Leopard"
       and below) running Xcode 4.2 or lower, the SDK path might be something like
       '/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.3.9.sdk'.

       You can use the SDK by exporting some additions to Perl's 'ccflags' and '..flags' config
       variables:

           ./Configure -Accflags="-nostdinc -B$SDK/usr/include/gcc \
                                  -B$SDK/usr/lib/gcc -isystem$SDK/usr/include \
                                  -F$SDK/System/Library/Frameworks" \
                       -Aldflags="-Wl,-syslibroot,$SDK" \
                       -de

   Universal Binary support
       Note: From Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" onwards, Apple only supports Intel-based hardware.
       This means you can safely skip this section unless you have an older Apple computer
       running on ppc or wish to create a perl binary with backwards compatibility.

       You can compile perl as a universal binary (built for both ppc and intel).  In Mac OS X
       10.4 "Tiger", you must export the 'u' variant of the SDK:

           export SDK=/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk

       Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" and above do not require the 'u' variant.

       In addition to the compiler flags used to select the SDK, also add the flags for creating
       a universal binary:

        ./Configure -Accflags="-arch i686 -arch ppc -nostdinc               \
                                -B$SDK/usr/include/gcc                      \
                               -B$SDK/usr/lib/gcc -isystem$SDK/usr/include  \
                               -F$SDK/System/Library/Frameworks"            \
                    -Aldflags="-arch i686 -arch ppc -Wl,-syslibroot,$SDK"   \
                    -de

       Keep in mind that these compiler and linker settings will also be used when building CPAN
       modules. For XS modules to be compiled as a universal binary, any libraries it links to
       must also be universal binaries. The system libraries that Apple includes with the 10.4u
       SDK are all universal, but user-installed libraries may need to be re-installed as
       universal binaries.

   64-bit PPC support
       Follow the instructions in INSTALL to build perl with support for 64-bit integers
       ("use64bitint") or both 64-bit integers and 64-bit addressing ("use64bitall"). In the
       latter case, the resulting binary will run only on G5-based hosts.

       Support for 64-bit addressing is experimental: some aspects of Perl may be omitted or
       buggy. Note the messages output by Configure for further information. Please use
       <https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues> to submit a problem report in the event that you
       encounter difficulties.

       When building 64-bit modules, it is your responsibility to ensure that linked external
       libraries and frameworks provide 64-bit support: if they do not, module building may
       appear to succeed, but attempts to use the module will result in run-time dynamic linking
       errors, and subsequent test failures.  You can use "file" to discover the architectures
       supported by a library:

           $ file libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib
           libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib: Mach-O fat file with 2 architectures
           libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib (for architecture ppc):      Mach-O dynamically linked shared library ppc
           libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib (for architecture ppc64):    Mach-O 64-bit dynamically linked shared library ppc64

       Note that this issue precludes the building of many Macintosh-specific CPAN modules
       ("Mac::*"), as the required Apple frameworks do not provide PPC64 support. Similarly,
       downloads from Fink or Darwinports are unlikely to provide 64-bit support; the libraries
       must be rebuilt from source with the appropriate compiler and linker flags. For further
       information, see Apple's 64-Bit Transition Guide at
       <https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/64bitPorting/transition/transition.html>.

   libperl and Prebinding
       Mac OS X ships with a dynamically-loaded libperl, but the default for this release is to
       compile a static libperl. The reason for this is pre-binding. Dynamic libraries can be
       pre-bound to a specific address in memory in order to decrease load time. To do this, one
       needs to be aware of the location and size of all previously-loaded libraries. Apple
       collects this information as part of their overall OS build process, and thus has easy
       access to it when building Perl, but ordinary users would need to go to a great deal of
       effort to obtain the information needed for pre-binding.

       You can override the default and build a shared libperl if you wish
       (Configure...-Duseshrplib).

       With Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger" and newer, there is almost no performance penalty for non-
       prebound libraries. Earlier releases will suffer a greater load time than either the
       static library, or Apple's pre-bound dynamic library.

   Updating Apple's Perl
       In a word - don't, at least not without a *very* good reason. Your scripts can just as
       easily begin with "#!/usr/local/bin/perl" as with "#!/usr/bin/perl". Scripts supplied by
       Apple and other third parties as part of installation packages and such have generally
       only been tested with the /usr/bin/perl that's installed by Apple.

       If you find that you do need to update the system Perl, one issue worth keeping in mind is
       the question of static vs. dynamic libraries. If you upgrade using the default static
       libperl, you will find that the dynamic libperl supplied by Apple will not be deleted. If
       both libraries are present when an application that links against libperl is built, ld
       will link against the dynamic library by default. So, if you need to replace Apple's
       dynamic libperl with a static libperl, you need to be sure to delete the older dynamic
       library after you've installed the update.

   Known problems
       If you have installed extra libraries such as GDBM through Fink (in other words, you have
       libraries under /sw/lib), or libdlcompat to /usr/local/lib, you may need to be extra
       careful when running Configure to not to confuse Configure and Perl about which libraries
       to use.  Being confused will show up for example as "dyld" errors about symbol problems,
       for example during "make test". The safest bet is to run Configure as

           Configure ... -Uloclibpth -Dlibpth=/usr/lib

       to make Configure look only into the system libraries.  If you have some extra library
       directories that you really want to use (such as newer Berkeley DB libraries in pre-
       Panther systems), add those to the libpth:

           Configure ... -Uloclibpth -Dlibpth='/usr/lib /opt/lib'

       The default of building Perl statically may cause problems with complex applications like
       Tk: in that case consider building shared Perl

           Configure ... -Duseshrplib

       but remember that there's a startup cost to pay in that case (see above "libperl and
       Prebinding").

       Starting with Tiger (Mac OS X 10.4), Apple shipped broken locale files for the eu_ES
       locale (Basque-Spain).  In previous releases of Perl, this resulted in failures in the
       lib/locale test. These failures have been suppressed in the current release of Perl by
       making the test ignore the broken locale.  If you need to use the eu_ES locale, you should
       contact Apple support.

   Cocoa
       There are two ways to use Cocoa from Perl. Apple's PerlObjCBridge module, included with
       Mac OS X, can be used by standalone scripts to access Foundation (i.e. non-GUI) classes
       and objects.

       An alternative is CamelBones, a framework that allows access to both Foundation and AppKit
       classes and objects, so that full GUI applications can be built in Perl. CamelBones can be
       found on SourceForge, at <https://www.sourceforge.net/projects/camelbones/>.

Starting From Scratch
       Unfortunately it is not that difficult somehow manage to break one's Mac OS X Perl rather
       severely.  If all else fails and you want to really, REALLY, start from scratch and remove
       even your Apple Perl installation (which has become corrupted somehow), the following
       instructions should do it.  Please think twice before following these instructions: they
       are much like conducting brain surgery to yourself.  Without anesthesia.  We will not come
       to fix your system if you do this.

       First, get rid of the libperl.dylib:

           # cd /System/Library/Perl/darwin/CORE
           # rm libperl.dylib

       Then delete every .bundle file found anywhere in the folders:

           /System/Library/Perl
           /Library/Perl

       You can find them for example by

           # find /System/Library/Perl /Library/Perl -name '*.bundle' -print

       After this you can either copy Perl from your operating system media (you will need at
       least the /System/Library/Perl and /usr/bin/perl), or rebuild Perl from the source code
       with "Configure -Dprefix=/usr -Duseshrplib" NOTE: the "-Dprefix=/usr" to replace the
       system Perl works much better with Perl 5.8.1 and later, in Perl 5.8.0 the settings were
       not quite right.

       "Pacifist" from CharlesSoft (<https://www.charlessoft.com/>) is a nice way to extract the
       Perl binaries from the OS media, without having to reinstall the entire OS.

AUTHOR
       This README was written by Sherm Pendley <sherm AT dot-app.org>, and subsequently updated by
       Dominic Dunlop <domo AT computer.org> and Breno G. de Oliveira <garu AT cpan.org>. The "Starting
       From Scratch" recipe was contributed by John Montbriand <montbriand AT apple.com>.

DATE
       Last modified 2013-04-29.

perl v5.34.0                                2023-11-23                              PERLMACOSX(1)

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