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netpbm(1) General Commands Manual netpbm(1) NAME netpbm - package of graphics manipulation programs and libraries DESCRIPTION Netpbm is a package of graphics programs and programming libraries. There are over 220 separate programs in the package, most of which have "pbm", "pgm", "ppm", or "pnm" in their names. For example, pnmscale and giftopnm. For example, you might use pnmscale to shrink an image by 10%. Or use pnmcomp to overlay one image on top of another. Or use pbmtext to create an image of text. Or reduce the number of colors in an image with pnmquant. The Netpbm Formats All of the programs work with a set of graphics formats called the "netpbm" formats. Specif‐ ically, these formats are pbm(5), pgm(5), ppm(5), and pam(5). The first three of these are sometimes known generically as pnm. Many of the Netpbm programs convert from a Netpbm format to another format or vice versa. This is so you can use the Netpbm programs to work on graphics of any format. It is also common to use a combination of Netpbm programs to convert from one non-Netpbm format to another non-Netpbm format. Netpbm has converters for over 80 graphics formats, and as a package Netpbm lets you do more graphics format conversions than any other computer graphics facility. The Netpbm formats are all raster formats, i.e. they describe an image as a matrix of rows and columns of pixels. In the PBM format, the pixels are black and white. In the PGM for‐ mat, pixels are shades of gray. In the PPM format, the pixels are in full color. The PAM format is more sophisticated. A replacement for all three of the other formats, it can rep‐ resent matrices of general data including but not limited to black and white, grayscale, and color images. Programs designed to work with PBM images have "pbm" in their names. Programs designed to work with PGM, PPM, and PAM images similarly have "pgm", "ppm", and "pam" in their names. All Netpbm programs designed to read PGM images see PBM images as if they were PGM too. All Netpbm programs designed to read PPM images see PGM and PBM images as if they were PPM. See the section "Implied Format Conversion" below. Programs that have "pnm" in their names read PBM, PGM, and PPM but unlike "ppm" programs, they distinguish between them and their function depends on the format. For example, pnm‐‐ togif creates a black and white GIF output image if its input is PBM or PGM, but a color GIF output image if its input is PPM. And pnmscale produces an output image of the same format as the input. A ppmscale program would read all three PNM input formats, but would see them all as PPM and would always generate PPM output. If it seems wasteful to you to have three separate PNM formats, be aware that there is a his‐ torical reason for it. In the beginning, there were only PBMs. PGMs came later, and then PPMs. Much later came PAM, which realizes the possibility of having just one aggregate for‐ mat. The formats are described in the man pages pbm(5), pgm(5), ppm(5), and pam(5), Implied Format Conversion A program that uses the PGM library to read an image can read a PBM image as well as a PGM image. The program sees the PBM image as if it were the equivalent PGM image, with a maxval of 255. A program that uses the PPM library to read an image can read a PGM image as well as a PPM image and a PBM image as well as a PGM image. The program sees the PBM or PGM image as if it were the equivalent PPM image, with a maxval of 255 in the PBM case and the same maxval as the PGM in the PGM case. Netpbm and Transparency In many graphics format, there's a means of indicating that certain parts of the image are wholly or partially transparent, meaning that if it were displayed "over" another image, the other image would show through there. Netpbm formats deliberately omit that capability, since their purpose is to be extremely simple. In Netpbm, you handle transparency via a transparency mask in a separate (slightly redefined) PGM image. In this pseudo-PGM, what would normally be a pixel's intensity is instead it an opaqueness value. See pgm(5). pnmcomp is an example of a program that uses a PGM transpar‐ ency mask. The Netpbm Programs The Netpbm programs are generally useful run by a person from a command shell, but are also designed to be used by programs. A common characteristic of Netpbm programs is that they are simple, fundamental building blocks. They are most powerful when stacked in pipelines. Netpbm programs do not use graphical user interfaces (in fact, none of them display graphics at all, except for a very simple Linux Svgalib displayer) and do not seek input from a user. Each of these programs has its own man page. Common Options There are a few options that are present on all programs that are based on the Netpbm li‐ braries, including virtually all Netpbm programs. These are not mentioned in the individual man pages for the programs. -quiet Suppress all informational messages that would otherwise be issued to Standard Error. (To be precise, this only works to the extent that the program in question implements the Netpbm convention of issuing all informational messages via the pm_message() ser‐ vice of the Netpbm libraries). -version Instead of doing anything else, report the version of the libpbm library linked with the program (it may have been linked statically into the program, or dynamically linked at run time). Normally, the Netpbm programs and the libraries are installed at the same time, so this tells you the version of the program and all the other Netpbm libraries and files it uses as well. Here is a directory of the Netpbm programs. You can also use man -k to search for a program that does what you want. Converters ppmtompeg convert series of PPM frames to an MPEG movie jpegtopnm convert JFIF/JPEG/EXIF file to Netpbm format pnmtojpeg convert PPM to JPEG/JFIF/EXIF format anytopnm convert any graphics format to Netpbm format bmptoppm convert Windows or OS/2 Bitmap file to PPM ppmtobmp convert PPM to Windows or OS/2 Bitmap file winicontoppm convert Windows icon file to PPM ppmtowinicon convert PPM to Windows icon file giftopnm convert GIF to portable anymap ppmtogif convert PPM to GIF pnmtopng convert Netpbm format to Portable Network Graphics pngtopnm convert PNG (Portable Network Graphics) to Netpbm formats palmtopnm convert Palm pixmap to Netpbm formats pnmtopalm convert Netpbm formats to Palm pixmap jbigtopbm convert JBIG BIE (compressed bitmap) to PBM pamtopnm convert a PAM image to PBM, PGM, or PPM pbmtojbig convert PBM to JBIG BIE (compressed bitmap) pnmtofiasco convert Netpbm image to Fiasco (wfa) highly compressed format fiascotopnm convert Fiasco (wfa) highly compressed format to Netpbm image hpcdtoppm convert photo CD to PPM pbmtonokia convert PBM to Nokia Smart Messaging Format (SMF) pbmtowbmp convert PBM to WAP (Wireless App Protocol) Wireless Bitmap wbmptopbm convert WAP (Wireless App Protocol) Wireless Bitmap to PBM neotoppm convert Atari Neochrome (.neo) image to PPM ppmtoneo convert PPM image to Atari Neochrome (.neo) pbmtomda convert from PBM to Microdesign (for Amstrad PCWs) mdatopbm convert from Microdesign (for Amstrad PCWs) to PBM atktopbm convert Andrew Toolkit raster object to PBM pbmtoatk convert PBM to Andrew Toolkit raster object brushtopbm convert Xerox doodle brushes to PBM cmuwmtopbm convert CMU window manager format to PBM g3topbm convert Group 3 FAX to PBM pbmtog3 convert PBM to Group 3 FAX icontopbm convert Sun icon to PBM pbmtoicon convert PBM to Sun icon gemtopnm convert GEM .img format to PBM or pixmap macptopbm convert MacPaint to PBM pbmtomacp convert PBM to MacPaint mgrtopbm convert MGR format to PBM pbmtomgr convert PBM to MGR format pi3topbm convert Atari Degas .pi3 to PBM pbmtopi3 convert PBM to Atari Degas .pi3 xbmtopbm convert X10 or X11 bitmap to PBM pbmtoxbm convert PBM to X11 bitmap pbmtox10bm convert PBM to X10 bitmap ybmtopbm convert Bennet Yee "face" file into PBM pbmtoybm convert PBM into Bennet Yee "face" file pbmto10x convert PBM to Gemini 10x printer graphics pbmtoascii convert PBM to ASCII graphic form asciitopgm convert ASCII character graphics to PGM pbmtobbnbg convert PBM to BBN BitGraph graphics pbmtocmuwm convert PBM to CMU window manager format pbmtoepson convert PBM to Epson printer graphics pbmtogem convert PBM into GEM .img file pbmtogo convert PBM to GraphOn graphics pbmtolj convert PBM to HP LaserJet black and white graphics ppmtolj convert PPM to HP LaserJet color graphics (PCL) pjtoppm convert HP PaintJet file to PPM ppmtopj convert PPM to HP PaintJet file thinkjettopbm convert HP Thinkjet printer stream to PBM pbmtoplot convert PBM into Unix plot(5) file pbmtoptx convert PBM to Printronix graphics pbmtozinc convert PBM to Zinc Interface Library icon fitstopnm convert FITS format to portable anymap pnmtofits convert Netpbm formats to FITS format fstopgm convert Usenix FaceSaver(tm) format to PGM pgmtofs convert PGM to Usenix FaceSaver(tm) format hipstopgm convert HIPS format to PGM lispmtopgm convert a Lisp Machine bitmap file into PGM format pgmtolispm convert PGM into Lisp Machine format pnmtops convert Netpbm formats to Postscript pstopnm convert Postscript to Netpbm formats psidtopgm convert PostScript "image" data to PGM pbmtolps convert PBM image to Postscript using lines pbmtoepsi convert a PBM image to encapsulated Postscript preview bitmap pbmtopsg3 convert PBM images to Postscript using G3 fax compression. rawtopgm convert raw grayscale bytes to PGM pgmtopbm convert PGM to PBM gouldtoppm convert Gould scanner file to PPM ilbmtoppm convert IFF ILBM to PPM ppmtoilbm convert PPM to IFF ILBM imgtoppm convert Img-whatnot to PPM mtvtoppm convert MTV ray-tracer output to PPM pcxtoppm convert PC Paintbrush format to PPM pgmtoppm colorize a portable graymap into a PPM pi1toppm convert Atari Degas .pi1 to PPM ppmtopi1 convert PPM to Atari Degas .pi1 picttoppm convert Macintosh PICT to PPM ppmtopict convert PPM to Macintosh PICT qrttoppm convert QRT ray-tracer output to PPM rawtoppm convert raw RGB bytes to PPM sldtoppm convert an AutoCAD slide file into a PPM spctoppm convert Atari compressed Spectrum to PPM sputoppm convert Atari uncompressed Spectrum to PPM tgatoppm convert TrueVision Targa file to PPM ppmtotga convert PPM to TrueVision Targa file ximtoppm convert Xim to PPM xpmtoppm convert XPM format to PPM ppmtoxpm convert PPM to XPM format yuvtoppm convert Abekas YUV format to PPM eyuvtoppm convert Encoder/Berkeley YUV format to PPM ppmtoeyuv convert PPM to Encoder/Berkeley YUV format ppmtoyuv convert PPM to Abekas YUV format ppmtoyuvsplit convert PPM to 3 subsampled raw YUV files yuvsplittoppm merge 3 subsampled raw YUV files to one PPM ppmtoacad convert PPM to AutoCAD database or slide ppmtoicr convert PPM to NCSA ICR graphics ppmtopcx convert PPM to PC Paintbrush format ppmtopgm convert PPM to portable graymap ppmtopuzz convert PPM to X11 "puzzle" file rasttopnm convert Sun raster file to Netpbm formats pnmtorast convert Netpbm formats to Sun raster file tifftopnm convert TIFF file to portable anymap pnmtotiff convert Netpbm formats to TIFF RGB file pnmtotiffcmyk convert Netpbm formats to TIFF CMYK file xwdtopnm convert X10 or X11 window dump to Netpbm formats pnmtoxwd convert Netpbm formats to X11 window dump pnmtoplainpnm convert regular Netpbm format image into plain Netpbm format pbmtopgm convert PBM file to PGM by averaging areas 411toppm convert 411 (Sony Mavica) to PPM ppmtosixel convert PPM to DEC sixel format ppmtouil convert PPM to Motif UIL icon file sbigtopgm convert Santa Barbara Instrument Group CCD file to PGM vidtoppm convert Parallax XVideo JPEG to sequence of PPM files pnmtorle convert PNM to Utah Raster Toolkit (urt/rle) file rletopnm convert Utah Raster Toolkit (urt/rle) file to PNM ppmtoleaf convert PPM to Interleaf leaftoppm convert Interleaf to PPM bioradtopgm convert Biorad confocal image to PGM pbmtoln03 convert PGM image to Dec LN03+ Sixel image pbmtopk convert PBM image to packed format (PK) font pktopbm convert packed format (PK) font to PBM image Image Generators All of these generate Netpbm format output. pbmmake create a blank PBM image of a specified size ppmmake create a PPM image of a specified size and color pgmramp generate a grayscale ramp ppmpat create a pretty PPM image ppmrainbow create a spectrum-like image with colors fading together. pgmnoise create a PGM image of white noise pbmtext render text into a PBM image pbmupc create a Universal Product Code PBM image ppmcie generate a CIE color map PPM image pbmpage create a printer test pattern page in PBM format ppmcolors create a color map (PPM image) containing all possible colors of given maxval Image Editors All of these work on the Netpbm formats ppmlabel Add text to an image pnmshadow add a shadow to an image so it looks like it's floating ppmbrighten brighten or dim an image -- change saturation and value ppmdim dim an image - different way from ppmbrighten pbmreduce reduce a PBM N times, using Floyd-Steinberg pgmnorm normalize contrast in a PGM image ppmnorm normalize contrast in a PPM image pbmpscale enlarge a PBM image with edge smoothing pnmscale scale an image with high precision pnmscalefixed scale an image quickly with low precision pnmenlarge enlarge an image N times ppmdither ordered dither for color images pnmcolormap Choose the N best colors to represent an image; create a colormap pnmremap Replace colors in an image with those from a color map ppmquant quantize colors in a color image down to fewer colors pnmquant quantize colors/shades in a color or grayscale image down to fewer ppmquantall quantize colors on many files ppmrelief run a Laplacian Relief filter on a PPM pnmarith perform arithmetic on two images pnmcat concatenate images pnmpad add borders to an image pnmcomp create composite (overlay) of images ppmmix mix (overlay) two images. pnmcrop crop all like-colored borders off an image pamcut select a rectangular region from an image pnmcut obsolete version of pamcut (kept because it may have fewer bugs) pamdice slice an image into many horizontally and/or vertically pamdeinterlace remove every other row from an image pamchannel extract a single plane (channel, e.g. R, G, or B) from an image pnmdepth change the maxval in an image pnmflip perform one or more flip operations on an image pamstretch scale up an image by inserting interpolated pixels pamstretch-gen scale by non-integer values using pamstretch and pnmscale pnminvert invert an image pnmgamma perform gamma correction on an image pnmhisteq histogram equalize image to increase contrast pnmmargin add a margin to an image pnmpaste paste a rectangle into an image pnmrotate rotate an image pnmshear shear an image pnmsmooth smooth am image pnmtile replicate an image into a specified size pbmclean remove lone pixels (snow) from a PBM image pnmalias antialias an image ppmchange change all of one color to another in PPM image pnmnlfilt filter an image by replacing each pixel with a function of nearby pixels ppmshift shift lines of PPM image left or right a random amount ppmspread move pixels of PPM image a random amount pnmconvol general MxN convolution on an image rgb3toppm combine three portable graymaps into one PPM ppmtorgb3 separate a PPM into three portable graymaps pbmlife apply Conway's rules of Life to a PBM image ppmdist map colors to high contrast grayscales arbitrarily ppmntsc adjust colors so they are legal for NTSC or PAL television Image Analyzers These all work on the Netpbm formats as input. pnmfile describe an image's vital characteristics pnmpsnr measure difference between two images pgmedge edge-detect a PGM image pgmenhance edge-enhance a PGM image pgmslice print grayscale values for a row or column of a PGM image pgmtexture calculate textural features on a PGM image pgmhist print a histogram of the values in a PGM image ppmhist print a histogram of a PPM pnmhistmap draw a histogram of a PGM or PPM ppmtomap generate a map of all colors in an image ppm3d generate a blue/green 3D glasses image from two images Miscellaneous ppmsvgalib display a PPM image on a Linux virtual console using Svgalib pbmmask create a mask bitmap from a regular bitmap ppmcolormask create mask of areas of a certain color in an image pnmsplit split a multi-image Netpbm file into multiple 1-image files pnmindex build a visual index of a bunch of Netpbm images pcdindex build a visual index of a photo CD from PCD overview file pnmmontage build multiple Netpbm images into a single montage image pgmbentley Bentleyize a PGM image pgmcrater create cratered terrain by fractal forgery pamoil turn a PNM or PAM image into an oil painting ppmforge fractal forgeries of clouds, planets, and starry skies pgmkernel generate a convolution kernel ppmtv Make an image lined so it looks like an old TV pbmto4425 Display PBM image on AT&T 4425 ASCII terminal with gfx chars Uncatalogued As Yet pnmtoddif pnmtosgi pnmtosir ppmflash ppmqvga ppmtomitsu ppmtopjxl sgitopnm sirtopnm spottopgm xvminitoppm zeisstopnm The Netpbm Libraries The Netpbm programming libraries, libpbm(3), libpgm(3), libppm(3), and libpnm(3), make it easy to write programs that manipulate graphic images. Their main function is to read and write files in the Netpbm format, and because the Netpbm package contains converters for all the popular graphics formats, if your program reads and writes the Netpbm formats, you can use it with any formats. But the libraries also contain some utility functions, such as character drawing and RGB/YCrCb conversion. The libraries have the conventional C linkage. Virtually all programs in the Netpbm package are based on the Netpbm libraries. Application Notes As a collection of primitive tools, the power of Netpbm is multiplied by the power of all the other unix tools you can use with them. These notes remind you of some of the more useful ways to do this. Often, when people want to add high level functions to the Netpbm tools, they have overlooked some existing tool that, in combination with Netpbm, already does it. Often, you need to apply some conversion or edit to a whole bunch of files. As a rule, Netpbm programs take one input file and produce one output file, usually on Stan‐ dard Output. This is for flexibility, since you so often have to pipeline many tools to‐ gether. Here is an example of a shell command to convert all your of PNG files (named *.png) to JPEG files named *.jpg: for i in *.png; do pngtopnm $i | ppmtojpeg >`basename $i .png`.jpg; done Or you might just generate a stream of individual shell commands, one per file, with awk or perl. Here's how to brighten 30 YUV images that make up one second of a movie, keeping the images in the same files: ls *.yuv .br | perl -ne 'chomp; print yuvtoppm $_ | ppmbrighten -v 100 | ppmtoyuv >tmp$$.yuv; , mv tmp$$.yuv $_0 ' .br | sh The tools find (with the -exec option) and xargs are also useful for simple manipulation of groups of files. Some shells' "process substitution" facility can help where a non-Netpbm program expects you to identify a disk file for input and you want it to use the result of a Netpbm manipulation. Say printcmyk takes the filename of a Tiff CMYK file as input and what you have is a PNG file abc.png. Try: printcmyk <({ pngtopnm abc.png | pnmtotiffcmyk ; }) It works in the other direction too, if you have a program that makes you name its output file and you want the output to go through a Netpbm tool. Other Graphics Software Netpbm contains primitive building blocks. It certainly is not a complete graphics library. The first thing you will need to make use of any of these tools is a viewer. For the X in‐ clined, there is xzgv. See ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/X. xloadimage and its extension xli are also common ways to display a graphic image in X. ImageMagick is like a visual version of Netpbm. Using the X/Window system on Unix, you can do basic editing of images and lots of format conversions. The package does include at least some non-visual tools. Convert, Mogrify, Montage, and Animate are popular programs from the ImageMagick package. ImageMagick runs on Unix, Windows, Windows NT, Macintosh, and VMS. The Gimp is a visual image editor for Unix and X, in the same category as the more famous, less capable, and much more expensive Adobe Photoshop, etc. for Windows. See http://www.gimp.org. The file program looks at a file and tells you what kind of file it is. It recognizes most of the graphics formats with which Netpbm deals, so it is pretty handy for graphics work. Netpbm's anytopnm program depends on file. See ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file. The Utah Raster Toolkit serves a lot of the same purpose as Netpbm, but without the emphasis on format conversions. This package is based on the RLE format, which you can convert to and from the Netpbm formats. http://www.cs.utah.edu/research/projects/alpha1/urt.html gives some information on the Utah Raster Toolkit, but does not tell where to get it. There are some Netpbm-like graphics tools distributed by the Army High Performance Computing Research Center at http://www.arc.umn.edu/gvl-software/media-tools.html. These operate di‐ rectly on non-Netpbm format images, so they aren't included in the Netpbm package. However, you can use them with any image format by using the Netpbm format converters. Ivtools is a suite of free X Windows drawing editors for Postscript, Tex, and web graphics production, as well as an embeddable and extendable vector graphic shell. It uses the Netpbm facilities. See http://www.ivtools.org. Ilib is a C subroutine library with functions for adding text to an image (as you might do at a higher level with pbmtext, pnmcomp, etc.). It works with Netpbm input and output. Find it at http://www.radix.net/~cknudsen/Ilib. Netpbm also includes character drawing functions in the libppm library, but they do not have as fancy font capabilities (see ppmlabel for an ex‐ ample of use of the Netpbm character drawing functions). GD is a library of graphics routines that is part of PHP. It has a subset of Netpbm's func‐ tions and has been found to resize images more slowly and with less quality. pnm2ppa converts to HP's "Winprinter" format (for HP 710, 720, 820, 1000, etc). It is a su‐ perset of Netpbm's pbmtoppa and handles, notably, color. However, it is more of a printer driver than a Netpbm-style primitive graphics building block. See http://source‐‐ forge.net/project/?group_id=1322. The program morph morphs one image into another. It uses Targa format images, but you can use tgatoppm and ppmtotga to deal with that format. You have to use the graphical (X/Tk) Xmorph to create the mesh files that you must feed to morph. morph is part of the Xmorph package. See http://www.colorado-research.com/~gourlay/software/Graphics/Xmorph. To create an animated GIF, or extract a frame from one, use gifsicle. gifsicle converts be‐ tween animated GIF and still GIF, and you can use ppmtogif and giftopnm to connect up to all the Netpbm utilities. See http://www.lcdf.org/gifsicle. To convert an image of text to text (optical character recongition - OCR), use gocr (think of it as an inverse of pbmtext). See http://altmark.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/~jschulen/ocr/. http://schaik.com/pngsuite contains a PNG test suite -- a whole bunch of PNG images exploit‐ ing the various features of the PNG format. Another version of pnmtopng/pngtopnm is at http://www.schaik.com/png/pnmtopng.html. The ver‐ sion in Netpbm was actually based on that package a long time ago, and you can expect to find better exploitation of the PNG format, especially recent enhancements, in that package. It may be a little less consistent with the Netpbm project and less exploitive of recent Netpbm format enhancements, though. jpegtran Does some of the same transformations as Netpbm is famous for, but does them specif‐ ically on JPEG files and does them without loss of information. By contrast, if you were to use Netpbm, you would first decompress the JPEG image to Netpbm format, then transform the image, then compress it back to JPEG format. In that recompression, you lose a little image information because JPEG is a lossy compression. jpegtran comes with the Independent Jpeg Group's (http://www.ijg.org) JPEG library. Some tools to deal with EXIF files (see also Netpbm's jpegtopnm and pnmtojpeg): To dump (in‐ terpret) an EXIF header: Exifdump ((http://topo.math.u-psud.fr/~bousch/exifdump.py) or Jhead (http://www.sentex.net/~mwandel/jhead). A Python EXIF library and dumper: http://pyexif.sourceforge.net. Latex2html converts Latex document source to HTML document source. Part of that involves graphics, and Latex2html uses Netpbm tools for some of that. But Latex2html through its his‐ tory has had some rather esoteric codependencies with Netpbm. Older Latex2html doesn't work with current Netpbm. Latex2html-99.2beta8 works, though. Other Graphics Formats People never seem to tire of inventing new graphics formats, often completely redundant with pre-existing ones. Netpbm cannot keep up with them. Here is a list of a few that we know Netpbm does not handle (yet). CAL (originated by US Department Of Defense, favored by architects). http://www.land‐ field.com/faqs/graphics/fileformats-faq/part3/section-24.html array formats dx, general, netcdf, CDF, hdf, cm CGM+ Windows Meta File (.WMF). Libwmf converts from WMF to things like Latex, PDF, PNG. Some of these can be input to Netpbm. Microsoft Word, RTF. Microsoft keeps a proprietary hold on these formats. Any software you see that can handle them is likely to cost money. DXF (AutoCAD) HISTORY Netpbm has a long history, starting with Jef Poskanzer's Pbmplus package in 1988. The file HISTORY in the Netpbm source code contains a historical overview as well as a detailed his‐ tory release by release. AUTHOR Netpbm is based on the Pbmplus package by Jef Poskanzer, first distributed in 1988 and main‐ tained by him until 1991. But the package contains work by countless other authors, added since Jef's original work. In fact, the name is derived from the fact that the work was con‐ tributed by people all over the world via the Internet, when such collaboration was still novel enough to merit naming the package after it. Bryan Henderson has been maintaining Netpbm since 1999. In addition to packaging work by others, Bryan has also written a significant amount of new material for the package. netpbm(1)
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