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HOST(1) BIND 9 HOST(1) NAME host - DNS lookup utility SYNOPSIS host [-aACdlnrsTUwv] [-c class] [-N ndots] [-p port] [-R number] [-t type] [-W wait] [-m flag] [ [-4] | [-6] ] [-v] [-V] {name} [server] DESCRIPTION host is a simple utility for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host prints a short sum‐ mary of its command-line arguments and options. name is the domain name that is to be looked up. It can also be a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or a colon-delimited IPv6 address, in which case host by default performs a reverse lookup for that address. server is an optional argument which is either the name or IP address of the name server that host should query instead of the server or servers listed in /etc/re‐‐ solv.conf. OPTIONS -4 This option specifies that only IPv4 should be used for query transport. See also the -6 option. -6 This option specifies that only IPv6 should be used for query transport. See also the -4 option. -a The -a ("all") option is normally equivalent to -v -t ANY. It also affects the behav‐ ior of the -l list zone option. -A The -A ("almost all") option is equivalent to -a, except that RRSIG, NSEC, and NSEC3 records are omitted from the output. -c class This option specifies the query class, which can be used to lookup HS (Hesiod) or CH (Chaosnet) class resource records. The default class is IN (Internet). -C This option indicates that named should check consistency, meaning that host queries the SOA records for zone name from all the listed authoritative name servers for that zone. The list of name servers is defined by the NS records that are found for the zone. -d This option prints debugging traces, and is equivalent to the -v verbose option. -l This option tells named to list the zone, meaning the host command performs a zone transfer of zone name and prints out the NS, PTR, and address records (A/AAAA). Together, the -l -a options print all records in the zone. -N ndots This option specifies the number of dots (ndots) that have to be in name for it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the ndots statement in /etc/resolv.conf, or 1 if no ndots statement is present. Names with fewer dots are in‐ terpreted as relative names, and are searched for in the domains listed in the search or domain directive in /etc/resolv.conf. -p port This option specifies the port to query on the server. The default is 53. -r This option specifies a non-recursive query; setting this option clears the RD (recur‐ sion desired) bit in the query. This means that the name server receiving the query does not attempt to resolve name. The -r option enables host to mimic the behavior of a name server by making non-recursive queries, and expecting to receive answers to those queries that can be referrals to other name servers. -R number This option specifies the number of retries for UDP queries. If number is negative or zero, the number of retries is silently set to 1. The default value is 1, or the value of the attempts option in /etc/resolv.conf, if set. -s This option tells named not to send the query to the next nameserver if any server re‐ sponds with a SERVFAIL response, which is the reverse of normal stub resolver behav‐ ior. -t type This option specifies the query type. The type argument can be any recognized query type: CNAME, NS, SOA, TXT, DNSKEY, AXFR, etc. When no query type is specified, host automatically selects an appropriate query type. By default, it looks for A, AAAA, and MX records. If the -C option is given, queries are made for SOA records. If name is a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or colon-delimited IPv6 address, host queries for PTR records. If a query type of IXFR is chosen, the starting serial number can be specified by ap‐ pending an equals sign (=), followed by the starting serial number, e.g., -t IXFR=12345678. -T, -U This option specifies TCP or UDP. By default, host uses UDP when making queries; the -T option makes it use a TCP connection when querying the name server. TCP is automat‐ ically selected for queries that require it, such as zone transfer (AXFR) requests. Type ANY queries default to TCP, but can be forced to use UDP initially via -U. -m flag This option sets memory usage debugging: the flag can be record, usage, or trace. The -m option can be specified more than once to set multiple flags. -v This option sets verbose output, and is equivalent to the -d debug option. Verbose output can also be enabled by setting the debug option in /etc/resolv.conf. -V This option prints the version number and exits. -w This option sets "wait forever": the query timeout is set to the maximum possible. See also the -W option. -W wait This options sets the length of the wait timeout, indicating that named should wait for up to wait seconds for a reply. If wait is less than 1, the wait interval is set to 1 second. By default, host waits for 5 seconds for UDP responses and 10 seconds for TCP connec‐ tions. These defaults can be overridden by the timeout option in /etc/resolv.conf. See also the -w option. IDN SUPPORT If host has been built with IDN (internationalized domain name) support, it can accept and display non-ASCII domain names. host appropriately converts character encoding of a domain name before sending a request to a DNS server or displaying a reply from the server. To turn off IDN support, define the IDN_DISABLE environment variable. IDN support is disabled if the variable is set when host runs. FILES /etc/resolv.conf SEE ALSO dig(1), named(8). AUTHOR Internet Systems Consortium COPYRIGHT 2026, Internet Systems Consortium 9.18.39-0ubuntu0.22.04.4-Ubuntu 2025-08-13 HOST(1) GIT-DAEMON(1) Git Manual GIT-DAEMON(1) NAME git-daemon - A really simple server for Git repositories SYNOPSIS git daemon [--verbose] [--syslog] [--export-all] [--timeout=<n>] [--init-timeout=<n>] [--max-connections=<n>] [--strict-paths] [--base-path=<path>] [--base-path-relaxed] [--user-path | --user-path=<path>] [--interpolated-path=<pathtemplate>] [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=<file>] [--enable=<service>] [--disable=<service>] [--allow-override=<service>] [--forbid-override=<service>] [--access-hook=<path>] [--[no-]informative-errors] [--inetd | [--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>] [--port=<n>] [--user=<user> [--group=<group>]]] [--log-destination=(stderr|syslog|none)] [<directory>...] DESCRIPTION A really simple TCP Git daemon that normally listens on port "DEFAULT_GIT_PORT" aka 9418. It waits for a connection asking for a service, and will serve that service if it is enabled. It verifies that the directory has the magic file "git-daemon-export-ok", and it will refuse to export any Git directory that hasn’t explicitly been marked for export this way (unless the --export-all parameter is specified). If you pass some directory paths as git daemon arguments, you can further restrict the offers to a whitelist comprising of those. By default, only upload-pack service is enabled, which serves git fetch-pack and git ls-remote clients, which are invoked from git fetch, git pull, and git clone. This is ideally suited for read-only updates, i.e., pulling from Git repositories. An upload-archive also exists to serve git archive. OPTIONS --strict-paths Match paths exactly (i.e. don’t allow "/foo/repo" when the real path is "/foo/repo.git" or "/foo/repo/.git") and don’t do user-relative paths. git daemon will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no whitelist is specified. --base-path=<path> Remap all the path requests as relative to the given path. This is sort of "Git root" - if you run git daemon with --base-path=/srv/git on example.com, then if you later try to pull git://example.com/hello.git, git daemon will interpret the path as /srv/git/hello.git. --base-path-relaxed If --base-path is enabled and repo lookup fails, with this option git daemon will attempt to lookup without prefixing the base path. This is useful for switching to --base-path usage, while still allowing the old paths. --interpolated-path=<pathtemplate> To support virtual hosting, an interpolated path template can be used to dynamically construct alternate paths. The template supports %H for the target hostname as supplied by the client but converted to all lowercase, %CH for the canonical hostname, %IP for the server’s IP address, %P for the port number, and %D for the absolute path of the named repository. After interpolation, the path is validated against the directory whitelist. --export-all Allow pulling from all directories that look like Git repositories (have the objects and refs subdirectories), even if they do not have the git-daemon-export-ok file. --inetd Have the server run as an inetd service. Implies --syslog (may be overridden with --log-destination=). Incompatible with --detach, --port, --listen, --user and --group options. --listen=<host_or_ipaddr> Listen on a specific IP address or hostname. IP addresses can be either an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address if supported. If IPv6 is not supported, then --listen=hostname is also not supported and --listen must be given an IPv4 address. Can be given more than once. Incompatible with --inetd option. --port=<n> Listen on an alternative port. Incompatible with --inetd option. --init-timeout=<n> Timeout (in seconds) between the moment the connection is established and the client request is received (typically a rather low value, since that should be basically immediate). --timeout=<n> Timeout (in seconds) for specific client sub-requests. This includes the time it takes for the server to process the sub-request and the time spent waiting for the next client’s request. --max-connections=<n> Maximum number of concurrent clients, defaults to 32. Set it to zero for no limit. --syslog Short for --log-destination=syslog. --log-destination=<destination> Send log messages to the specified destination. Note that this option does not imply --verbose, thus by default only error conditions will be logged. The <destination> must be one of: stderr Write to standard error. Note that if --detach is specified, the process disconnects from the real standard error, making this destination effectively equivalent to none. syslog Write to syslog, using the git-daemon identifier. none Disable all logging. The default destination is syslog if --inetd or --detach is specified, otherwise stderr. --user-path, --user-path=<path> Allow ~user notation to be used in requests. When specified with no parameter, requests to git://host/~alice/foo is taken as a request to access foo repository in the home directory of user alice. If --user-path=path is specified, the same request is taken as a request to access path/foo repository in the home directory of user alice. --verbose Log details about the incoming connections and requested files. --reuseaddr Use SO_REUSEADDR when binding the listening socket. This allows the server to restart without waiting for old connections to time out. --detach Detach from the shell. Implies --syslog. --pid-file=<file> Save the process id in file. Ignored when the daemon is run under --inetd. --user=<user>, --group=<group> Change daemon’s uid and gid before entering the service loop. When only --user is given without --group, the primary group ID for the user is used. The values of the option are given to getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) and numeric IDs are not supported. Giving these options is an error when used with --inetd; use the facility of inet daemon to achieve the same before spawning git daemon if needed. Like many programs that switch user id, the daemon does not reset environment variables such as $HOME when it runs git programs, e.g. upload-pack and receive-pack. When using this option, you may also want to set and export HOME to point at the home directory of <user> before starting the daemon, and make sure any Git configuration files in that directory are readable by <user>. --enable=<service>, --disable=<service> Enable/disable the service site-wide per default. Note that a service disabled site-wide can still be enabled per repository if it is marked overridable and the repository enables the service with a configuration item. --allow-override=<service>, --forbid-override=<service> Allow/forbid overriding the site-wide default with per repository configuration. By default, all the services may be overridden. --[no-]informative-errors When informative errors are turned on, git-daemon will report more verbose errors to the client, differentiating conditions like "no such repository" from "repository not exported". This is more convenient for clients, but may leak information about the existence of unexported repositories. When informative errors are not enabled, all errors report "access denied" to the client. The default is --no-informative-errors. --access-hook=<path> Every time a client connects, first run an external command specified by the <path> with service name (e.g. "upload-pack"), path to the repository, hostname (%H), canonical hostname (%CH), IP address (%IP), and TCP port (%P) as its command-line arguments. The external command can decide to decline the service by exiting with a non-zero status (or to allow it by exiting with a zero status). It can also look at the $REMOTE_ADDR and $REMOTE_PORT environment variables to learn about the requestor when making this decision. The external command can optionally write a single line to its standard output to be sent to the requestor as an error message when it declines the service. <directory> A directory to add to the whitelist of allowed directories. Unless --strict-paths is specified this will also include subdirectories of each named directory. SERVICES These services can be globally enabled/disabled using the command-line options of this command. If finer-grained control is desired (e.g. to allow git archive to be run against only in a few selected repositories the daemon serves), the per-repository configuration file can be used to enable or disable them. upload-pack This serves git fetch-pack and git ls-remote clients. It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it by setting daemon.uploadpack configuration item to false. upload-archive This serves git archive --remote. It is disabled by default, but a repository can enable it by setting daemon.uploadarch configuration item to true. receive-pack This serves git send-pack clients, allowing anonymous push. It is disabled by default, as there is no authentication in the protocol (in other words, anybody can push anything into the repository, including removal of refs). This is solely meant for a closed LAN setting where everybody is friendly. This service can be enabled by setting daemon.receivepack configuration item to true. EXAMPLES We assume the following in /etc/services $ grep 9418 /etc/services git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System git daemon as inetd server To set up git daemon as an inetd service that handles any repository under the whitelisted set of directories, /pub/foo and /pub/bar, place an entry like the following into /etc/inetd all on one line: git stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git git daemon --inetd --verbose --export-all /pub/foo /pub/bar git daemon as inetd server for virtual hosts To set up git daemon as an inetd service that handles repositories for different virtual hosts, www.example.com and www.example.org, place an entry like the following into /etc/inetd all on one line: git stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git git daemon --inetd --verbose --export-all --interpolated-path=/pub/%H%D /pub/www.example.org/software /pub/www.example.com/software /software In this example, the root-level directory /pub will contain a subdirectory for each virtual host name supported. Further, both hosts advertise repositories simply as git://www.example.com/software/repo.git. For pre-1.4.0 clients, a symlink from /software into the appropriate default repository could be made as well. git daemon as regular daemon for virtual hosts To set up git daemon as a regular, non-inetd service that handles repositories for multiple virtual hosts based on their IP addresses, start the daemon like this: git daemon --verbose --export-all --interpolated-path=/pub/%IP/%D /pub/192.168.1.200/software /pub/10.10.220.23/software In this example, the root-level directory /pub will contain a subdirectory for each virtual host IP address supported. Repositories can still be accessed by hostname though, assuming they correspond to these IP addresses. selectively enable/disable services per repository To enable git archive --remote and disable git fetch against a repository, have the following in the configuration file in the repository (that is the file config next to HEAD, refs and objects). [daemon] uploadpack = false uploadarch = true ENVIRONMENT git daemon will set REMOTE_ADDR to the IP address of the client that connected to it, if the IP address is available. REMOTE_ADDR will be available in the environment of hooks called when services are performed. GIT Part of the git(1) suite Git 2.34.1 02/26/2026 GIT-DAEMON(1)
Generated by phpman local Author: Che Dong Under GNU General Public License
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