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BASH-BUILTINS(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual BASH-BUILTINS(7) NAME bash-builtins - bash built-in commands, see bash(1) SYNOPSIS bash defines the following built-in commands: :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, case, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, if, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, until, wait, while. BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the options. The :, true, false, and test/[ builtins do not accept options and do not treat -- specially. The exit, logout, return, break, continue, let, and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning with - with‐ out requiring --. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with - as invalid options and require -- to prevent this interpretation. : [arguments] No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero. . filename [arguments] source filename [arguments] Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from filename. If filename does not con‐ tain a slash, filenames in PATH are used to find the directory containing filename, but filename does not need to be executable. The file searched for in PATH need not be executable. When bash is not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if no file is found in PATH. If the sourcepath option to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. If the -T option is enabled, . inherits any trap on DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap string is saved and restored around the call to ., and . unsets the DEBUG trap while it executes. If -T is not set, and the sourced file changes the DEBUG trap, the new value is retained when . completes. The return status is the sta‐ tus of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or cannot be read. alias [-p] [name[=value] ...] Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose value is given. A trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each name in the argument list for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. Alias returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been de‐ fined. bg [jobspec ...] Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it had been started with &. If jobspec is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. bg jobspec returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control en‐ abled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started without job control. bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX] bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq] bind [-m keymap] -f filename bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command bind readline-command-line Display current readline key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a readline initialization file such as .inputrc, but each bind‐ ing or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -m keymap Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also a synonym); emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. -l List the names of all readline functions. -p Display readline function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re- read. -P List current readline function names and bindings. -s Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be re-read. -S Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. -v Display readline variable names and values in such a way that they can be re- read. -V List current readline variable names and values. -f filename Read key bindings from filename. -q function Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function Unbind all keys bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove any current binding for keyseq. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is entered. When shell-com‐ mand is executed, the shell sets the READLINE_LINE variable to the contents of the readline line buffer and the READLINE_POINT and READLINE_MARK variables to the current location of the insertion point and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the READLINE_ARGUMENT variable. If there was no argument, that variable is not set. If the executed command changes the value of any of READLINE_LINE, READLINE_POINT, or READLINE_MARK, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. -X List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. break [n] Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, break n lev‐ els. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclos‐ ing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. builtin shell-builtin [arguments] Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, re‐ taining the functionality of the builtin within the function. The cd builtin is com‐ monly redefined this way. The return status is false if shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command. caller [expr] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script exe‐ cuted with the . or source builtins). Without expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup‐ plied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file cor‐ responding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra informa‐ tion may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] Change the current directory to dir. if dir is not supplied, the value of the HOME shell variable is the default. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing dir: each directory name in CDPATH is searched for dir. Alterna‐ tive directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.''. If dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P option causes cd to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing dir and before processing in‐ stances of .. in dir (see also the -P option to the set builtin command); the -L op‐ tion forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link after processing in‐ stances of .. in dir. If .. appears in dir, it is processed by removing the immedi‐ ately previous pathname component from dir, back to a slash or the beginning of dir. If the -e option is supplied with -P, and the current working directory cannot be suc‐ cessfully determined after a successful directory change, cd will return an unsuccess‐ ful status. On systems that support it, the -@ option presents the extended attrib‐ utes associated with a file as a directory. An argument of - is converted to $OLDPWD before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard output. If the directory change is successful, cd sets the value of the PWD environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the OLDPWD environment variable to the value of the current working directory before the change. The return value is true if the di‐ rectory was successfully changed; false otherwise. command [-pVv] command [arg ...] Run command with args suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin com‐ mands or commands found in the PATH are executed. If the -p option is given, the search for command is performed using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If either the -V or -v option is supplied, a de‐ scription of command is printed. The -v option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a more verbose description. If the -V or -v option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if command was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the command builtin is the exit status of command. compgen [option] [word] Generate possible completion matches for word according to the options, which may be any option accepted by the complete builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches to the standard output. When using the -F or -C options, the various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If word is specified, only those completions matching word will be displayed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were gen‐ erated. complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-DEI] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] name [name ...] complete -pr [-DEI] [name ...] Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specifica‐ tion for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifications. The -D option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to the ``de‐ fault'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. The -E option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -I option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ; or |, which is usually command name completion. If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence over -E, and both take precedence over -I. If any of -D, -E, or -I are supplied, any other name argu‐ ments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the option. The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is at‐ tempted is described in bash(1). Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the -P and -S options) should be quoted to pro‐ tect them from expansion before the complete builtin is invoked. -o comp-option The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. comp-option may be one of: bashdefault Perform the rest of the default bash completions if the compspec gen‐ erates no matches. default Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. dirnames Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. filenames Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. noquote Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). nosort Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabeti‐ cally. nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. plusdirs After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. -A action The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible comple‐ tions: alias Alias names. May also be specified as -a. arrayvar Array variable names. binding Readline key binding names. builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. command Command names. May also be specified as -c. directory Directory names. May also be specified as -d. disabled Names of disabled shell builtins. enabled Names of enabled shell builtins. export Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. file File names. May also be specified as -f. function Names of shell functions. group Group names. May also be specified as -g. helptopic Help topics as accepted by the help builtin. hostname Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HOSTFILE shell variable. job Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. running Names of running jobs, if job control is active. service Service names. May also be specified as -s. setopt Valid arguments for the -o option to the set builtin. shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin. signal Signal names. stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. user User names. May also be specified as -u. variable Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. -C command command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. Arguments are passed as with the -F option. -F function The shell function function is executed in the current shell environment. When the function is executed, the first argument ($1) is the name of the com‐ mand whose arguments are being completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY array variable. -G globpat The pathname expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate the possible completions. -P prefix prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied. -S suffix suffix is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. -W wordlist The wordlist is split using the characters in the IFS special variable as de‐ limiters, and each resultant word is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within wordlist, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IFS. The possible comple‐ tions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being com‐ pleted. -X filterpat filterpat is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching filterpat is removed from the list. A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. compopt [-o option] [-DEI] [+o option] [name] Modify completion options for each name according to the options, or for the cur‐ rently-executing completion if no names are supplied. If no options are given, dis‐ play the completion options for each name or the current completion. The possible values of option are those valid for the complete builtin described above. The -D op‐ tion indicates that other supplied options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. The -E option indicates that other supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -I option indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ; or |, which is usually command name completion. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a name for which no completion specification exists, or an out‐ put error occurs. continue [n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, resume at the nth enclosing loop. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is re‐ sumed. The return value is 0 unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no names are given then display the values of variables. The -p option will display the attributes and values of each name. When -p is used with name arguments, additional options, other than -f and -F, are ignored. When -p is supplied without name arguments, it will display the attrib‐ utes and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional op‐ tions. If no other options are supplied with -p, declare will display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The -f option will restrict the display to shell functions. The -F option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the func‐ tion name and attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt, the source file name and line number where each name is defined are displayed as well. The -F option implies -f. The -g option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even when declare is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The -I option causes local variables to inherit the attributes (except the nameref attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same name at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the local vari‐ able is initially unset. The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: -a Each name is an indexed array variable (see Arrays in bash(1)). -A Each name is an associative array variable (see Arrays in bash(1)). -f Use function names only. -i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION in bash(1)) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. -l When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. -n Give each name the nameref attribute, making it a name reference to another variable. That other variable is defined by the value of name. All refer‐ ences, assignments, and attribute modifications to name, except those using or changing the -n attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by name's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. -r Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. -t Give each name the trace attribute. Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RE‐ TURN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. -u When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. -x Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the environment. Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that +a and +A may not be used to destroy array variables and +r will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, declare and typeset make each name local, as with the local command, unless the -g option is supplied. If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable is set to value. When using -a or -A and the compound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 unless an invalid op‐ tion is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see Arrays in bash(1)), one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -f. dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n] Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes entries from the list. The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. -c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. -l Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. -p Print the directory stack with one entry per line. -v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +n Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -n Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ... | pid ... ] Without options, remove each jobspec from the table of active jobs. If jobspec is not present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is supplied, the current job is used. If the -h option is given, each jobspec is not removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP. If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a jobspec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job. echo [-neE] [arg ...] Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped charac‐ ters is enabled. The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape charac‐ ters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The xpg_echo shell op‐ tion may be used to dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default. echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. echo interprets the following escape sequences: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress further output \e \E an escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (zero to three octal digits) \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) \uHHHH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) \UHHHHHHHH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHH‐ HHHHH (one to eight hex digits) enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If -n is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are enabled. For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH instead of the shell builtin version, run ``en‐ able -n test''. The -f option means to load the new builtin command name from shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading. Bash will use the value of the BASH_LOADABLES_PATH variable as a colon-separated list of directories in which to search for filename. The default is system-dependent. The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p op‐ tion is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu‐ ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -n is supplied, only dis‐ abled builtins are printed. If -a is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. If -s is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX special builtins. If no options are supplied and a name is not a shell builtin, enable will attempt to load name from a shared ob‐ ject named name, as if the command were ``enable -f name name . The return value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eval [arg ...] The args are read and concatenated together into a single command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and its exit status is returned as the value of eval. If there are no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0. exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]] If command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process is created. The argu‐ ments become the arguments to command. If the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to command. This is what lo‐ gin(1) does. The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty environment. If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the zeroth argument to the executed com‐ mand. If command cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the execfail shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if exec fails. If command is not specified, any redirections take ef‐ fect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection er‐ ror, the return status is 1. exit [n] Cause the shell to exit with a status of n. If n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EXIT is executed before the shell terminates. export [-fn] [name[=word]] ... export -p The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is given, the names refer to functions. If no names are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of names of all exported variables is printed. The -n option causes the export property to be removed from each name. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to word. export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a function. fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd] The first form selects a range of commands from first to last from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. First and last may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an in‐ dex into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur‐ rent command number). When listing, a first or last of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to the current command (usually the fc command); otherwise 0 is equiva‐ lent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If last is not specified, it is set to the current com‐ mand for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to first oth‐ erwise. If first is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The -r option reverses the order of the commands. If the -l option is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set. If neither variable is set, vi is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance of pat is replaced by rep. Command is interpreted the same as first above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encoun‐ tered or first or last specify history lines out of range. If the -e option is sup‐ plied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an er‐ ror occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second form is used, the re‐ turn status is that of the command re-executed, unless cmd does not specify a valid history line, in which case fc returns failure. fg [jobspec] Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job. If jobspec is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not specify a valid job or job‐ spec specifies a job that was started without job control. getopts optstring name [arg ...] getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. optstring con‐ tains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, getopts places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell invoca‐ tion if a new set of parameters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?. getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are supplied as arg values, getopts parses those instead. getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. If getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent, a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If getopts is silent, then a colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG is set to the option character found. getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name] Each time hash is invoked, the full pathname of the command name is determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the -p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is used as the full filename of the command. The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option causes the shell to forget the remembered lo‐ cation of each name. If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found or an invalid option is supplied. help [-dms] [pattern] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If pattern is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. -d Display a short description of each pattern -m Display the description of each pattern in a manpage-like format -s Display only a short usage synopsis for each pattern The return status is 0 unless no command matches pattern. history [n] history -c history -d offset history -d start-end history -anrw [filename] history -p arg [arg ...] history -s arg [arg ...] With no options, display the command history list with line numbers. Lines listed with a * have been modified. An argument of n lists only the last n lines. If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp and the history line. If filename is supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, the value of HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. -d offset Delete the history entry at position offset. If offset is negative, it is in‐ terpreted as relative to one greater than the last history position, so nega‐ tive indices count back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current history -d command. -d start-end Delete the range of history entries between positions start and end, inclusive. Positive and negative values for start and end are interpreted as described above. -a Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bash session, but not already ap‐ pended to the history file. -n Read the history lines not already read from the history file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bash session. -r Read the contents of the history file and append them to the current history list. -w Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the history file's contents. -p Perform history substitution on the following args and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each arg must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. -s Store the args in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the history list is removed before the args are added. If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the history comment charac‐ ter. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment charac‐ ter followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an er‐ ror occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid offset or range is supplied as an argument to -d, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails. jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ] jobs -x command [ args ... ] The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following meanings: -l List process IDs in addition to the normal information. -n Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. -p List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. -r Display only running jobs. -s Display only stopped jobs. If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid jobspec is supplied. If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and executes command passing it args, returning its exit status. kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ... kill -l|-L [sigspec | exit_status] Send the signal named by sigspec or signum to the processes named by pid or jobspec. sigspec is either a case-insensitive signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or a signal number; signum is a signal number. If sigspec is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of -l lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -l is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The exit_status argument to -l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig‐ nal. The -L option is equivalent to -l. kill returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. let arg [arg ...] Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION in bash(1)). If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. local [option] [name[=value] ... | - ] For each argument, a local variable named name is created, and assigned value. The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. When local is used within a function, it causes the variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that func‐ tion and its children. If name is -, the set of shell options is made local to the function in which local is invoked: shell options changed using the set builtin inside the function are restored to their original values when the function returns. The re‐ store is effected as if a series of set commands were executed to restore the values that were in place before the function. With no operands, local writes a list of lo‐ cal variables to the standard output. It is an error to use local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless local is used outside a function, an invalid name is supplied, or name is a readonly variable. logout Exit a login shell. mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quan‐ tum] [array] Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, or from file descriptor fd if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE is the default ar‐ ray. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -d The first character of delim is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. If delim is the empty string, mapfile will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. -n Copy at most count lines. If count is 0, all lines are copied. -O Begin assigning to array at index origin. The default index is 0. -s Discard the first count lines read. -t Remove a trailing delim (default newline) from each line read. -u Read lines from file descriptor fd instead of the standard input. -C Evaluate callback each time quantum lines are read. The -c option specifies quantum. -c Specify the number of lines read between each call to callback. If -C is specified without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When callback is evalu‐ ated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element as additional arguments. callback is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear array before assigning to it. mapfile returns successfully unless an invalid option or option argument is supplied, array is invalid or unassignable, or if array is not an indexed array. popd [-n] [+n] [-n] Removes entries from the directory stack. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by dirs. With no arguments, popd removes the top direc‐ tory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +n Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, start‐ ing with zero, from the stack. For example: ``popd +0'' removes the first di‐ rectory, ``popd +1'' the second. -n Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, start‐ ing with zero. For example: ``popd -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the -n option was not sup‐ plied, popd uses the cd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the cd fails, popd returns a non-zero value. Otherwise, popd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified. If the popd command is successful, bash runs dirs to show the final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0. printf [-v var] format [arguments] Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the control of the format. The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable var rather than being printed to the standard output. The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain charac‐ ters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) format specifications, printf interprets the following extensions: %b causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argu‐ ment in the same way as echo -e. %q causes printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. %Q like %q, but applies any supplied precision to the argument before quoting it. %(datefmt)T causes printf to output the date-time string resulting from using datefmt as a format string for strftime(3). The corresponding argument is an integer repre‐ senting the number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an exception to the usual printf behavior. The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and precision arguments from the format specification and write that many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which usually contains more characters than the original. Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If the format re‐ quires more arguments than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. pushd [-n] [+n] [-n] pushd [-n] [dir] Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, pushd ex‐ changes the top two elements of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. -n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds dir to the directory stack at the top After the stack has been modified, if the -n option was not supplied, pushd uses the cd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the cd fails, pushd returns a non-zero value. Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, pushd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory stack, pushd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-existent directory stack element is specified. If the pushd command is successful, bash runs dirs to show the final contents of the directory stack. pwd [-LP] Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command is enabled. If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while read‐ ing the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. read [-ers] [-a aname] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...] One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, split into words as described in bash(1) under Word Splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, and so on. If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to the last name. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in IFS are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (described in bash(1) under Word Splitting). The backslash character (\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -a aname The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable aname, starting at 0. aname is unset before any new values are assigned. Other name arguments are ignored. -d delim The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. If delim is the empty string, read will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. -e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline (see READLINE in bash(1)) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings, but uses readline's default filename completion. -i text If readline is being used to read the line, text is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. -n nchars read returns after reading nchars characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer than nchars characters are read before the delimiter. -N nchars read returns after reading exactly nchars characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or read times out. Delimiter characters encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause read to return until nchars characters are read. The result is not split on the characters in IFS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see the -r option below). -p prompt Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a ter‐ minal. -r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line continuation. -s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed. -t timeout Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read within timeout seconds. timeout may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option is only effective if read is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If read times out, read saves any partial input read into the specified variable name. If timeout is 0, read returns immediately, without trying to read any data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified file de‐ scriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. -u fd Read input from file descriptor fd. If no names are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable REPLY. The exit status is zero, unless end- of-file is encountered, read times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. readonly [-aAf] [-p] [name[=word] ...] The given names are marked readonly; the values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the names are so marked. The -a option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -A option restricts the variables to associative arrays. If both options are sup‐ plied, -A takes precedence. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The -p option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to word. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell vari‐ able name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a function. return [n] Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by n to its caller. If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the func‐ tion body. If return is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to deter‐ mine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. If return is executed during a DEBUG trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before return was invoked. If return is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either n or the exit sta‐ tus of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If n is supplied, the return value is its least significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if return is supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a func‐ tion and not during execution of a script by . or source. Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [--] [-] [arg ...] set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o option-name] [--] [-] [arg ...] Without options, display the name and value of each shell variable in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read- only variables cannot be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, ... $n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: -a Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the export at‐ tribute and marked for export to the environment of subsequent commands. -b Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately, rather than be‐ fore the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is en‐ abled. -e Exit immediately if a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound command (see SHELL GRAMMAR in bash(1)), exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a while or until keyword, part of the test following the if or elif reserved words, part of any command executed in a && or || list except the command following the final && or ||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return value is being inverted with !. If a compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero status because a command failed while -e was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option ap‐ plies to the shell environment and each subshell environment separately (see COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT in bash(1)), and may cause subshells to exit be‐ fore executing all the commands in the subshell. If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where -e is be‐ ing ignored, none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body will be affected by the -e setting, even if -e is set and a com‐ mand returns a failure status. If a compound command or shell function sets -e while executing in a context where -e is ignored, that setting will not have any effect until the compound command or the command containing the func‐ tion call completes. -f Disable pathname expansion. -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. -k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environ‐ ment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for in‐ teractive shells on systems that support it (see JOB CONTROL in bash(1)). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status. -n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. -o option-name The option-name can be one of the following: allexport Same as -a. braceexpand Same as -B. emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with the --noediting option. This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. errexit Same as -e. errtrace Same as -E. functrace Same as -T. hashall Same as -h. histexpand Same as -H. history Enable command history, as described in bash(1) under HISTORY. This option is on by default in interactive shells. ignoreeof The effect is as if the shell command ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been exe‐ cuted (see Shell Variables in bash(1)). keyword Same as -k. monitor Same as -m. noclobber Same as -C. noexec Same as -n. noglob Same as -f. nolog Currently ignored. notify Same as -b. nounset Same as -u. onecmd Same as -t. physical Same as -P. pipefail If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. posix Change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (posix mode). See SEE ALSO in bash(1) for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. privileged Same as -p. verbose Same as -v. vi Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. xtrace Same as -x. If -o is supplied with no option-name, the values of the current options are printed. If +o is supplied with no option-name, a series of set commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on the standard output. -p Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the $ENV and $BASH_ENV files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, and the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH, and GLOBIGNORE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -p option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. -r Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be unset once it has been set. -t Exit after reading and executing one command. -u Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*", or array variables subscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when perform‐ ing parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. -v Print shell input lines as they are read. -x After expanding each simple command, for command, case command, select com‐ mand, or arithmetic for command, display the expanded value of PS4, followed by the command and its expanded arguments or associated word list. -B The shell performs brace expansion (see Brace Expansion in bash(1)). This is on by default. -C If set, bash does not overwrite an existing file with the >, >&, and <> redi‐ rection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redirection operator >| instead of >. -E If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions, command substitu‐ tions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. The ERR trap is nor‐ mally not inherited in such cases. -H Enable ! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. -P If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as cd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical direc‐ tory structure instead. By default, bash follows the logical chain of direc‐ tories when performing commands which change the current directory. -T If set, any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by shell functions, com‐ mand substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. The DE‐ BUG and RETURN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. -- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the args, even if some of them begin with a -. - Signal the end of options, cause all remaining args to be assigned to the po‐ sitional parameters. The -x and -v options are turned off. If there are no args, the positional parameters remain unchanged. The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the shell. The current set of options may be found in $-. The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered. shift [n] The positional parameters from n+1 ... are renamed to $1 .... Parameters represented by the numbers $# down to $#-n+1 are unset. n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $#. If n is 0, no parameters are changed. If n is not given, it is as‐ sumed to be 1. If n is greater than $#, the positional parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if n is greater than $# or less than zero; oth‐ erwise 0. shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the -o option is used, those available with the -o option to the set builtin command. With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; if optnames are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The -p op‐ tion causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op‐ tions have the following meanings: -s Enable (set) each optname. -u Disable (unset) each optname. -q Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the optname is set or unset. If multiple optname arguments are given with -q, the return status is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero otherwise. -o Restricts the values of optname to be those defined for the -o option to the set builtin. If either -s or -u is used with no optname arguments, shopt shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled (unset) by default. The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an optname is not a valid shell option. The list of shopt options is: assoc_expand_once If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array sub‐ scripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform variable assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. autocd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if it were the argument to the cd command. This option is only used by interactive shells. cdable_vars If set, an argument to the cd builtin command that is not a directory is as‐ sumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. cdspell If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a cd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a miss‐ ing character, and one character too many. If a correction is found, the cor‐ rected filename is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. checkhash If set, bash checks that a command found in the hash table exists before try‐ ing to execute it. If a hashed command no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. checkjobs If set, bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be de‐ ferred until a second exit is attempted without an intervening command (see JOB CONTROL in bash(1)). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. checkwinsize If set, bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of LINES and COLUMNS. This option is enabled by default. cmdhist If set, bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This op‐ tion is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command history is en‐ abled, as described in bash(1) under HISTORY. compat31 compat32 compat40 compat41 compat42 compat43 compat44 compat50 These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see SHELL COMPATIBIL‐ ITY MODE in bash(1)). complete_fullquote If set, bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bash removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be completed. This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. This is active only when bash is us‐ ing backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is set by de‐ fault, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. direxpand If set, bash replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. dirspell If set, bash attempts spelling correction on directory names during word com‐ pletion if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. dotglob If set, bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of path‐ name expansion. The filenames ``.'' and ``..'' must always be matched ex‐ plicitly, even if dotglob is set. execfail If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the exec builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if exec fails. expand_aliases If set, aliases are expanded as described in bash(1) under ALIASES. This op‐ tion is enabled by default for interactive shells. extdebug If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to the --debugger option. If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 1. The -F option to the declare builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argu‐ ment. 2. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. 3. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a value of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script executed by the . or source builtins), the shell simulates a call to return. 4. BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as described in their descriptions in bash(1)). 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps. 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the ERR trap. extglob If set, the extended pattern matching features described in bash(1) under Pathname Expansion are enabled. extquote If set, $'string' and $"string" quoting is performed within ${parameter} ex‐ pansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. failglob If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion re‐ sult in an expansion error. force_fignore If set, the suffixes specified by the FIGNORE shell variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possible completions. See SHELL VARIABLES in bash(1) for a description of FIGNORE. This option is enabled by default. globasciiranges If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see Pattern Matching in bash(1)) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into account, so b will not collate between A and B, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. globskipdots If set, pathname expansion will never match the filenames ``.'' and ``..'', even if the pattern begins with a ``.''. This option is enabled by default. globstar If set, the pattern ** used in a pathname expansion context will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the pattern is fol‐ lowed by a /, only directories and subdirectories match. gnu_errfmt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. histappend If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HISTFILE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. histreedit If set, and readline is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. histverify If set, and readline is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. hostcomplete If set, and readline is being used, bash will attempt to perform hostname com‐ pletion when a word containing a @ is being completed (see Completing under READLINE in bash(1)). This is enabled by default. huponexit If set, bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell ex‐ its. inherit_errexit If set, command substitution inherits the value of the errexit option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. interactive_comments If set, allow a word beginning with # to cause that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see COMMENTS in bash(1)). This option is enabled by default. lastpipe If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. lithist If set, and the cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. localvar_inherit If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref attribute is not inherited. localvar_unset If set, calling unset on local variables in previous function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current func‐ tion scope. login_shell The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see INVOCATION in bash(1)). The value may not be changed. mailwarn If set, and a file that bash is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in mailfile has been read'' is displayed. no_empty_cmd_completion If set, and readline is being used, bash will not attempt to search the PATH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nocaseglob If set, bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see Pathname Expansion in bash(1)). nocasematch If set, bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing case or [[ conditional commands, when performing pat‐ tern substitution word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. noexpand_translation If set, bash encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. nullglob If set, bash allows patterns which match no files (see Pathname Expansion in bash(1)) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. patsub_replacement If set, bash expands occurrences of & in the replacement string of pattern substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described under Parameter Expansion in bash(1). This option is enabled by default. progcomp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion in bash(1)) are enabled. This option is enabled by default. progcomp_alias If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bash treats a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts alias ex‐ pansion. If it has an alias, bash attempts programmable completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias. promptvars If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in PROMPTING in bash(1). This option is enabled by default. restricted_shell The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RESTRICTED SHELL in bash(1)). The value may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. shift_verbose If set, the shift builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parameters. sourcepath If set, the . (source) builtin uses the value of PATH to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by de‐ fault. varredir_close If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the {varname} redirection syntax (see REDIRECTION in bash(1)) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. xpg_echo If set, the echo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. suspend [-f] Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the -f option can be used to override this and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and -f is not supplied. test expr [ expr ] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of the condi‐ tional expression expr. Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Ex‐ pressions are composed of the primaries described in bash(1) under CONDITIONAL EXPRES‐ SIONS. test does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of -- as signifying the end of options. Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. Opera‐ tor precedence is used when there are five or more arguments. ! expr True if expr is false. ( expr ) Returns the value of expr. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. expr1 -a expr2 True if both expr1 and expr2 are true. expr1 -o expr2 True if either expr1 or expr2 is true. test and [ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. 0 arguments The expression is false. 1 argument The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !, the expression is true if and only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is one of the unary conditional opera‐ tors listed in bash(1) under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the second argu‐ ment is one of the binary conditional operators listed in bash(1) under CONDI‐ TIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the first and third arguments as operands. The -a and -o operators are considered binary operators when there are three arguments. If the first argument is !, the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly ( and the third argument is exactly ), the result is the one-argument test of the second argu‐ ment. Otherwise, the expression is false. 4 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the first argu‐ ment is !, the result is the negation of the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly ( and the fourth argument is ex‐ actly ), the result is the two-argument test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. When used with test or [, the < and > operators sort lexicographically using ASCII or‐ dering. times Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...] The command arg is to be read and executed when the shell receives signal(s) sigspec. If arg is absent (and there is a single sigspec) or -, each specified signal is reset to its original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell). If arg is the null string the signal specified by each sigspec is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If arg is not present and -p has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each sigspec are displayed. If no arguments are sup‐ plied or if only -p is given, trap prints the list of commands associated with each signal. The -l option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor‐ responding numbers. Each sigspec is either a signal name defined in <signal.h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a sigspec is EXIT (0) the command arg is executed on exit from the shell. If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed before every simple command, for com‐ mand, case command, select command, every arithmetic for command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see SHELL GRAMMAR in bash(1)). Refer to the de‐ scription of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin for details of its effect on the DEBUG trap. If a sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or source builtins finishes executing. If a sigspec is ERR, the command arg is executed whenever a pipeline (which may con‐ sist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The ERR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following a while or until key‐ word, part of the test in an if statement, part of a command executed in a && or || list except the command following the final && or ||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using !. These are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit (-e) option. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or sub‐ shell environment when one is created. The return status is false if any sigspec is invalid; otherwise trap returns true. type [-aftpP] name [name ...] With no options, indicate how each name would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the -t option is used, type prints a string which is one of alias, keyword, function, builtin, or file if name is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the name is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is returned. If the -p option is used, type ei‐ ther returns the name of the disk file that would be executed if name were specified as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not return file. The -P op‐ tion forces a PATH search for each name, even if ``type -t name'' would not return file. If a command is hashed, -p and -P print the hashed value, which is not neces‐ sarily the file that appears first in PATH. If the -a option is used, type prints all of the places that contain an executable named name. This includes aliases and func‐ tions, if and only if the -p option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not consulted when using -a. The -f option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the command builtin. type returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. ulimit [-HS] -a ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT [limit]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If neither -H nor -S is specified, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of limit can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values hard, soft, or unlimited, which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If limit is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the -H option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as follows: -a All current limits are reported; no limits are set -b The maximum socket buffer size -c The maximum size of core files created -d The maximum size of a process's data segment -e The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") -f The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children -i The maximum number of pending signals -k The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated -l The maximum size that may be locked into memory -m The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) -n The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) -p The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) -q The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues -r The maximum real-time scheduling priority -s The maximum stack size -t The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds -u The maximum number of processes available to a single user -v The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some sys‐ tems, to its children -x The maximum number of file locks -P The maximum number of pseudoterminals -R The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds -T The maximum number of threads If limit is given, and the -a option is not used, limit is the new value of the speci‐ fied resource. If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds; -R, which is in microseconds; -p, which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -P, -T, -b, -k, -n, and -u, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, -c and -f, which are in 512-byte increments. The re‐ turn status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. umask [-p] [-S] [mode] The user file-creation mask is set to mode. If mode begins with a digit, it is inter‐ preted as an octal number; otherwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by chmod(1). If mode is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. The -S option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -p option is supplied, and mode is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if no mode argument was supplied, and false otherwise. unalias [-a] [name ...] Remove each name from the list of defined aliases. If -a is supplied, all alias defi‐ nitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied name is not a defined alias. unset [-fv] [-n] [name ...] For each name, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the -v option is given, each name refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be unset. If -f is specified, each name refers to a shell function, and the function definition is removed. If the -n option is supplied, and name is a variable with the nameref attribute, name will be unset rather than the variable it references. -n has no effect if the -f option is supplied. If no options are sup‐ plied, each name refers to a variable; if there is no variable by that name, a func‐ tion with that name, if any, is unset. Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If any of BASH_ALIASES, BASH_ARGV0, BASH_CMDS, BASH_COMMAND, BASH_SUBSHELL, BASHPID, COMP_WORDBREAKS, DIRSTACK, EPOCHREALTIME, EPOCHSECONDS, FUNCNAME, GROUPS, HISTCMD, LINENO, RANDOM, SEC‐ ONDS, or SRANDOM are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub‐ sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a name is readonly or may not be un‐ set. wait [-fn] [-p varname] [id ...] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. Each id may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If id is not given, wait waits for all running back‐ ground jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as $!, and the return status is zero. If the -n option is supplied, wait waits for a single job from the list of ids or, if no ids are supplied, any job, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no arguments are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If the -p option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the variable varname named by the option argument. The variable will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful only when the -n option is supplied. Supplying the -f option, when job con‐ trol is enabled, forces wait to wait for id to terminate before returning its status, instead of returning when it changes status. If id specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. If wait is interrupted by a signal, the return sta‐ tus will be greater than 128, as described under SIGNALS in bash(1). Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a shell compatibility level, specified as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( compat31, compat32, compat40, compat41, and so on). There is only one current compatibility level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution. This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular version (e.g., set‐ ting compat32 means that quoting the rhs of the regexp matching operator quotes special reg‐ exp characters in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). If a user enables, say, compat32, it may affect the behavior of other compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed in that version of bash, but that behavior may have been present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with the [[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so en‐ abling compat32 will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be sufficient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the current behavior. Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BASH_COMPAT. The value assigned to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer corresponding to the compatNN option, like 42) determines the compatibility level. Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BASH_COMPAT. Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual shopt option for the pre‐ vious version. Users should use BASH_COMPAT on bash-5.0 and later versions. The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each compatibility level setting. The compatNN tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility level to NN us‐ ing one of the following mechanisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be set using the corresponding compatNN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and later versions, the BASH_COMPAT variable is preferred, and it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions. compat31 • quoting the rhs of the [[ command's regexp matching operator (=~) has no spe‐ cial effect compat32 • interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it received the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a list aborts the ex‐ ecution of the entire list) compat40 • the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). compat41 • in posix mode, time may be followed by options and still be recognized as a re‐ served word (this is POSIX interpretation 267) • in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single quotes occur in the word portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion and treats them spe‐ cially, so that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221) compat42 • the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2 • in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding the word portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion and can be used to quote a clos‐ ing brace or other special character (this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions compat43 • the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions warn that this usage is deprecated • word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail, even in posix mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit) • when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) is not re‐ set, so break or continue in that function will break or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to prevent this compat44 • the shell sets up the values used by BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC so they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en‐ abled • a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so break or continue will cause the subshell to exit. Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit • variable assignments preceding builtins like export and readonly that set at‐ tributes continue to affect variables with the same name in the calling envi‐ ronment even if the shell is not in posix mode compat50 • Bash-5.1 changed the way $RANDOM is generated to introduce slightly more ran‐ domness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to RANDOM will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 • If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that effect, even when producing output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -l option is sup‐ plied. compat51 • The unset builtin treats attempts to unset array subscripts @ and * differently depending on whether the array is indexed or associative, and differently than in previous versions. SEE ALSO bash(1), sh(1) GNU Bash-2.05a 2001 October 29 BASH-BUILTINS(7)
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