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NAME
Gemfile - A format for describing gem dependencies for Ruby programs

SYNOPSIS
A Gemfile describes the gem dependencies required to execute associated Ruby code.

Place the Gemfile in the root of the directory containing the associated code. For instance,
in a Rails application, place the Gemfile in the same directory as the Rakefile.

SYNTAX
A Gemfile is evaluated as Ruby code, in a context which makes available a number of methods
used to describe the gem requirements.

GLOBAL SOURCES
At the top of the Gemfile, add a line for the Rubygems source that contains the gems listed
in the Gemfile.

source "https://rubygems.org"

It is possible, but not recommended as of Bundler 1.7, to add multiple global source lines.
Each of these sources MUST be a valid Rubygems repository.

Sources are checked for gems following the heuristics described in SOURCE PRIORITY. If a gem
is found in more than one global source, Bundler will print a warning after installing the
gem indicating which source was used, and listing the other sources where the gem is avail‐
able. A specific source can be selected for gems that need to use a non-standard repository,
suppressing this warning, by using the :source option or a source block.

CREDENTIALS
Some gem sources require a username and password. Use bundle config(1) bundle-config.1.html
to set the username and password for any of the sources that need it. The command must be run
once on each computer that will install the Gemfile, but this keeps the credentials from be‐
ing stored in plain text in version control.

bundle config gems.example.com user:password

For some sources, like a company Gemfury account, it may be easier to include the credentials
in the Gemfile as part of the source URL.

source "https://user:password AT gems.com"

Credentials in the source URL will take precedence over credentials set using config.

RUBY
If your application requires a specific Ruby version or engine, specify your requirements us‐
ing the ruby method, with the following arguments. All parameters are OPTIONAL unless other‐
wise specified.

VERSION (required)
The version of Ruby that your application requires. If your application requires an alternate
Ruby engine, such as JRuby, Rubinius or TruffleRuby, this should be the Ruby version that the
engine is compatible with.

ruby "1.9.3"

ENGINE
Each application may specify a Ruby engine. If an engine is specified, an engine version must
also be specified.

What exactly is an Engine? - A Ruby engine is an implementation of the Ruby language.

• For background: the reference or original implementation of the Ruby programming language
is called Matz´s Ruby Interpreter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_MRI, or MRI for
short. This is named after Ruby creator Yukihiro Matsumoto, also known as Matz. MRI is
also known as CRuby, because it is written in C. MRI is the most widely used Ruby engine.

• Other implementations https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/ of Ruby exist. Some of the more
well-known implementations include Rubinius https://rubinius.com/, and JRuby
http://jruby.org/. Rubinius is an alternative implementation of Ruby written in Ruby.
JRuby is an implementation of Ruby on the JVM, short for Java Virtual Machine.

ENGINE VERSION
Each application may specify a Ruby engine version. If an engine version is specified, an en‐
gine must also be specified. If the engine is "ruby" the engine version specified must match
the Ruby version.

ruby "1.8.7", :engine => "jruby", :engine_version => "1.6.7"

PATCHLEVEL
Each application may specify a Ruby patchlevel.

ruby "2.0.0", :patchlevel => "247"

GEMS
Specify gem requirements using the gem method, with the following arguments. All parameters
are OPTIONAL unless otherwise specified.

NAME (required)
For each gem requirement, list a single gem line.

gem "nokogiri"

VERSION
Each gem MAY have one or more version specifiers.

gem "nokogiri", ">= 1.4.2"
gem "RedCloth", ">= 4.1.0", "< 4.2.0"

REQUIRE AS
Each gem MAY specify files that should be used when autorequiring via Bundler.require. You
may pass an array with multiple files or true if the file you want required has the same name
as gem or false to prevent any file from being autorequired.

gem "redis", :require => ["redis/connection/hiredis", "redis"]
gem "webmock", :require => false
gem "byebug", :require => true

The argument defaults to the name of the gem. For example, these are identical:

gem "nokogiri"
gem "nokogiri", :require => "nokogiri"
gem "nokogiri", :require => true

GROUPS
Each gem MAY specify membership in one or more groups. Any gem that does not specify member‐
ship in any group is placed in the default group.

gem "rspec", :group => :test
gem "wirble", :groups => [:development, :test]

The Bundler runtime allows its two main methods, Bundler.setup and Bundler.require, to limit
their impact to particular groups.

# setup adds gems to Ruby´s load path
Bundler.setup # defaults to all groups
require "bundler/setup" # same as Bundler.setup
Bundler.setup(:default) # only set up the _default_ group
Bundler.setup(:test) # only set up the _test_ group (but `not` _default_)
Bundler.setup(:default, :test) # set up the _default_ and _test_ groups, but no others

# require requires all of the gems in the specified groups
Bundler.require # defaults to the _default_ group
Bundler.require(:default) # identical
Bundler.require(:default, :test) # requires the _default_ and _test_ groups
Bundler.require(:test) # requires the _test_ group

The Bundler CLI allows you to specify a list of groups whose gems bundle install should not
install with the without configuration.

To specify multiple groups to ignore, specify a list of groups separated by spaces.

bundle config set --local without test
bundle config set --local without development test

Also, calling Bundler.setup with no parameters, or calling require "bundler/setup" will setup
all groups except for the ones you excluded via --without (since they are not available).

Note that on bundle install, bundler downloads and evaluates all gems, in order to create a
single canonical list of all of the required gems and their dependencies. This means that you
cannot list different versions of the same gems in different groups. For more details, see
Understanding Bundler https://bundler.io/rationale.html.

PLATFORMS
If a gem should only be used in a particular platform or set of platforms, you can specify
them. Platforms are essentially identical to groups, except that you do not need to use the
--without install-time flag to exclude groups of gems for other platforms.

There are a number of Gemfile platforms:

ruby C Ruby (MRI), Rubinius or TruffleRuby, but NOT Windows

mri Same as ruby, but only C Ruby (MRI)

mingw Windows 32 bit ´mingw32´ platform (aka RubyInstaller)

x64_mingw
Windows 64 bit ´mingw32´ platform (aka RubyInstaller x64)

rbx Rubinius

jruby JRuby

truffleruby
TruffleRuby

mswin Windows

You can restrict further by platform and version for all platforms except for rbx, jruby,
truffleruby and mswin.

To specify a version in addition to a platform, append the version number without the delim‐
iter to the platform. For example, to specify that a gem should only be used on platforms
with Ruby 2.3, use:

ruby_23

The full list of platforms and supported versions includes:

ruby 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

mri 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

mingw 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

x64_mingw
2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

As with groups, you can specify one or more platforms:

gem "weakling", :platforms => :jruby
gem "ruby-debug", :platforms => :mri_18
gem "nokogiri", :platforms => [:mri_18, :jruby]

All operations involving groups (bundle install bundle-install.1.html, Bundler.setup,
Bundler.require) behave exactly the same as if any groups not matching the current platform
were explicitly excluded.

SOURCE
You can select an alternate Rubygems repository for a gem using the ´:source´ option.

gem "some_internal_gem", :source => "https://gems.example.com"

This forces the gem to be loaded from this source and ignores any global sources declared at
the top level of the file. If the gem does not exist in this source, it will not be in‐
stalled.

Bundler will search for child dependencies of this gem by first looking in the source se‐
lected for the parent, but if they are not found there, it will fall back on global sources
using the ordering described in SOURCE PRIORITY.

Selecting a specific source repository this way also suppresses the ambiguous gem warning de‐
scribed above in GLOBAL SOURCES (#source).

Using the :source option for an individual gem will also make that source available as a pos‐
sible global source for any other gems which do not specify explicit sources. Thus, when
adding gems with explicit sources, it is recommended that you also ensure all other gems in
the Gemfile are using explicit sources.

GIT
If necessary, you can specify that a gem is located at a particular git repository using the
:git parameter. The repository can be accessed via several protocols:

HTTP(S)
gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git"

SSH gem "rails", :git => "git AT github.com:rails/rails.git"

git gem "rails", :git => "git://github.com/rails/rails.git"

If using SSH, the user that you use to run bundle install MUST have the appropriate keys
available in their $HOME/.ssh.

NOTE: http:// and git:// URLs should be avoided if at all possible. These protocols are unau‐
thenticated, so a man-in-the-middle attacker can deliver malicious code and compromise your
system. HTTPS and SSH are strongly preferred.

The group, platforms, and require options are available and behave exactly the same as they
would for a normal gem.

A git repository SHOULD have at least one file, at the root of the directory containing the
gem, with the extension .gemspec. This file MUST contain a valid gem specification, as ex‐
pected by the gem build command.

If a git repository does not have a .gemspec, bundler will attempt to create one, but it will
not contain any dependencies, executables, or C extension compilation instructions. As a re‐
sult, it may fail to properly integrate into your application.

If a git repository does have a .gemspec for the gem you attached it to, a version specifier,
if provided, means that the git repository is only valid if the .gemspec specifies a version
matching the version specifier. If not, bundler will print a warning.

gem "rails", "2.3.8", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git"
# bundle install will fail, because the .gemspec in the rails
# repository´s master branch specifies version 3.0.0

If a git repository does not have a .gemspec for the gem you attached it to, a version speci‐
fier MUST be provided. Bundler will use this version in the simple .gemspec it creates.

Git repositories support a number of additional options.

branch, tag, and ref
You MUST only specify at most one of these options. The default is :branch => "mas‐‐
ter". For example:

gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git", :branch => "5-0-stable"

gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git", :tag => "v5.0.0"

gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git", :ref => "4aded"

submodules
For reference, a git submodule https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Submodules
lets you have another git repository within a subfolder of your repository. Specify
:submodules => true to cause bundler to expand any submodules included in the git
repository

If a git repository contains multiple .gemspecs, each .gemspec represents a gem located at
the same place in the file system as the .gemspec.

To install a gem located in a git repository, bundler changes to the directory containing the
gemspec, runs gem build name.gemspec and then installs the resulting gem. The gem build com‐
mand, which comes standard with Rubygems, evaluates the .gemspec in the context of the direc‐
tory in which it is located.

GIT SOURCE
A custom git source can be defined via the git_source method. Provide the source´s name as an
argument, and a block which receives a single argument and interpolates it into a string to
return the full repo address:

git_source(:stash){ |repo_name| "https://stash.corp.acme.pl/#{repo_name}.git" }
gem ´rails´, :stash => ´forks/rails´

In addition, if you wish to choose a specific branch:

gem "rails", :stash => "forks/rails", :branch => "branch_name"

GITHUB
NOTE: This shorthand should be avoided until Bundler 2.0, since it currently expands to an
insecure git:// URL. This allows a man-in-the-middle attacker to compromise your system.

If the git repository you want to use is hosted on GitHub and is public, you can use the
:github shorthand to specify the github username and repository name (without the trailing
".git"), separated by a slash. If both the username and repository name are the same, you can
omit one.

gem "rails", :github => "rails/rails"
gem "rails", :github => "rails"

Are both equivalent to

gem "rails", :git => "git://github.com/rails/rails.git"

Since the github method is a specialization of git_source, it accepts a :branch named argu‐
ment.

You can also directly pass a pull request URL:

gem "rails", :github => "https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/43753"

Which is equivalent to:

gem "rails", :github => "rails/rails", branch: "refs/pull/43753/head"

GIST
If the git repository you want to use is hosted as a GitHub Gist and is public, you can use
the :gist shorthand to specify the gist identifier (without the trailing ".git").

gem "the_hatch", :gist => "4815162342"

Is equivalent to:

gem "the_hatch", :git => "https://gist.github.com/4815162342.git"

Since the gist method is a specialization of git_source, it accepts a :branch named argument.

BITBUCKET
If the git repository you want to use is hosted on Bitbucket and is public, you can use the
:bitbucket shorthand to specify the bitbucket username and repository name (without the
trailing ".git"), separated by a slash. If both the username and repository name are the
same, you can omit one.

gem "rails", :bitbucket => "rails/rails"
gem "rails", :bitbucket => "rails"

Are both equivalent to

gem "rails", :git => "https://rails AT bitbucket.org/rails/rails.git"

Since the bitbucket method is a specialization of git_source, it accepts a :branch named ar‐
gument.

PATH
You can specify that a gem is located in a particular location on the file system. Relative
paths are resolved relative to the directory containing the Gemfile.

Similar to the semantics of the :git option, the :path option requires that the directory in
question either contains a .gemspec for the gem, or that you specify an explicit version that
bundler should use.

Unlike :git, bundler does not compile C extensions for gems specified as paths.

gem "rails", :path => "vendor/rails"

If you would like to use multiple local gems directly from the filesystem, you can set a
global path option to the path containing the gem´s files. This will automatically load gem‐
spec files from subdirectories.

path ´components´ do
gem ´admin_ui´
gem ´public_ui´
end

BLOCK FORM OF SOURCE, GIT, PATH, GROUP and PLATFORMS
The :source, :git, :path, :group, and :platforms options may be applied to a group of gems by
using block form.

source "https://gems.example.com" do
gem "some_internal_gem"
gem "another_internal_gem"
end

git "https://github.com/rails/rails.git" do
gem "activesupport"
gem "actionpack"
end

platforms :ruby do
gem "ruby-debug"
gem "sqlite3"
end

group :development, :optional => true do
gem "wirble"
gem "faker"
end

In the case of the group block form the :optional option can be given to prevent a group from
being installed unless listed in the --with option given to the bundle install command.

In the case of the git block form, the :ref, :branch, :tag, and :submodules options may be
passed to the git method, and all gems in the block will inherit those options.

The presence of a source block in a Gemfile also makes that source available as a possible
global source for any other gems which do not specify explicit sources. Thus, when defining
source blocks, it is recommended that you also ensure all other gems in the Gemfile are using
explicit sources, either via source blocks or :source directives on individual gems.

INSTALL_IF
The install_if method allows gems to be installed based on a proc or lambda. This is espe‐
cially useful for optional gems that can only be used if certain software is installed or
some other conditions are met.

install_if -> { RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/ } do
gem "pasteboard"
end

GEMSPEC
The .gemspec http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/ file is where you provide
metadata about your gem to Rubygems. Some required Gemspec attributes include the name, de‐
scription, and homepage of your gem. This is also where you specify the dependencies your gem
needs to run.

If you wish to use Bundler to help install dependencies for a gem while it is being devel‐
oped, use the gemspec method to pull in the dependencies listed in the .gemspec file.

The gemspec method adds any runtime dependencies as gem requirements in the default group. It
also adds development dependencies as gem requirements in the development group. Finally, it
adds a gem requirement on your project (:path => ´´.´´). In conjunction with Bundler.setup,
this allows you to require project files in your test code as you would if the project were
installed as a gem; you need not manipulate the load path manually or require project files
via relative paths.

The gemspec method supports optional :path, :glob, :name, and :development_group options,
which control where bundler looks for the .gemspec, the glob it uses to look for the gemspec
(defaults to: "{,,/*}.gemspec"), what named .gemspec it uses (if more than one is present),
and which group development dependencies are included in.

When a gemspec dependency encounters version conflicts during resolution, the local version
under development will always be selected -- even if there are remote versions that better
match other requirements for the gemspec gem.

SOURCE PRIORITY
When attempting to locate a gem to satisfy a gem requirement, bundler uses the following pri‐
ority order:

1. The source explicitly attached to the gem (using :source, :path, or :git)

2. For implicit gems (dependencies of explicit gems), any source, git, or path repository
declared on the parent. This results in bundler prioritizing the ActiveSupport gem from
the Rails git repository over ones from rubygems.org

3. The sources specified via global source lines, searching each source in your Gemfile from
last added to first added.

December 2021 GEMFILE(5)