man > EXIFTOOL(1p)

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⚡ TLDR: EXIFTOOL (tldr-pages)

Read and write meta information in files.

Print the EXIF metadata for a given file
exiftool {{path/to/file}}
Remove all EXIF metadata from the given files
exiftool -All= {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Remove GPS EXIF metadata from given image files
exiftool "-gps*=" {{path/to/image1 path/to/image2 ...}}
Remove all EXIF metadata from the given image files, then re-add metadata for color and orientation
exiftool -All= -tagsfromfile @ -colorspacetags -orientation {{path/to/image1 path/to/image2 ...}}
Move the date at which all photos in a directory were taken 1 hour forward
exiftool "-AllDates+=0:0:0 1:0:0" {{path/to/directory}}
Move the date at which all JPEG photos in the current directory were taken 1 day and 2 hours backward
exiftool "-AllDates-=0:0:1 2:0:0" {{-ext|-extension}} jpg
Only change the `DateTimeOriginal` field subtracting 1.5 hours, without keeping backups
exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-=1.5 -overwrite_original
Recursively rename all JPEG photos in a directory based on the `DateTimeOriginal` field
exiftool '-filename<DateTimeOriginal' {{-d|-dateFormat}} %Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S%%lc.%%e {{path/to/directory}} {{-r|-recurse}} {{-ext|-extension}} jpg

EXIFTOOL(1p) User Contributed Perl Documentation EXIFTOOL(1p)

NAME
exiftool - Read and write meta information in files

SYNOPSIS
Reading
exiftool [OPTIONS] [-TAG...] [--TAG...] FILE...

Writing
exiftool [OPTIONS] -TAG[+-<]=[VALUE]... FILE...

Copying
exiftool [OPTIONS] -tagsFromFile SRCFILE [-[DSTTAG<]SRCTAG...] FILE...

Other
exiftool [ -ver | -list[w|f|r|wf|g[NUM]|d|x] ]

For specific examples, see the EXAMPLES sections below.

This documentation is displayed if exiftool is run without an input FILE when one is
expected.

DESCRIPTION
A command-line interface to Image::ExifTool, used for reading and writing meta information in
a variety of file types. FILE is one or more source file names, directory names, or "-" for
the standard input. Metadata is read from source files and printed in readable form to the
console (or written to output text files with -w).

To write or delete metadata, tag values are assigned using -TAG=[VALUE], and/or the -geotag,
-csv= or -json= options. To copy or move metadata, the -tagsFromFile feature is used. By
default the original files are preserved with "_original" appended to their names -- be sure
to verify that the new files are OK before erasing the originals. Once in write mode,
exiftool will ignore any read-specific options.

Note: If FILE is a directory name then only supported file types in the directory are
processed (in write mode only writable types are processed). However, files may be specified
by name, or the -ext option may be used to force processing of files with any extension.
Hidden files in the directory are also processed. Adding the -r option causes subdirectories
to be processed recursively, but subdirectories with names beginning with "." are skipped
unless -r. is used.

Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently supported by ExifTool (r
= read, w = write, c = create):

OPTIONS
Case is not significant for any command-line option (including tag and group names), except
for single-character options when the corresponding upper-case option exists. Many single-
character options have equivalent long-name versions (shown in brackets), and some options
have inverses which are invoked with a leading double-dash. Unrecognized options are
interpreted as tag names (for this reason, multiple single-character options may NOT be
combined into one argument). Contrary to standard practice, options may appear after source
file names on the exiftool command line.

Option Overview
Tag operations

-TAG or --TAG Extract or exclude specified tag
-TAG[+-^]=[VALUE] Write new value for tag
-TAG[+-]<=DATFILE Write tag value from contents of file
-[+]TAG[+-]<SRCTAG Copy tag value (see -tagsFromFile)

-tagsFromFile SRCFILE Copy tag values from file
-x TAG (-exclude) Exclude specified tag

Input-output text formatting

-args (-argFormat) Format metadata as exiftool arguments
-b (-binary) Output metadata in binary format
-c FMT (-coordFormat) Set format for GPS coordinates
-charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET] Specify encoding for special characters
-csv[[+]=CSVFILE] Export/import tags in CSV format
-csvDelim STR Set delimiter for CSV file
-d FMT (-dateFormat) Set format for date/time values
-D (-decimal) Show tag ID numbers in decimal
-E,-ex,-ec (-escape(HTML|XML|C))Escape tag values for HTML, XML or C
-f (-forcePrint) Force printing of all specified tags
-g[NUM...] (-groupHeadings) Organize output by tag group
-G[NUM...] (-groupNames) Print group name for each tag
-h (-htmlFormat) Use HTML formatting for output
-H (-hex) Show tag ID numbers in hexadecimal
-htmlDump[OFFSET] Generate HTML-format binary dump
-j[[+]=JSONFILE] (-json) Export/import tags in JSON format
-l (-long) Use long 2-line output format
-L (-latin) Use Windows Latin1 encoding
-lang [LANG] Set current language
-listItem INDEX Extract specific item from a list
-n (--printConv) No print conversion
-p[-] STR (-printFormat) Print output in specified format
-php Export tags as a PHP Array
-s[NUM] (-short) Short output format (-s for tag names)
-S (-veryShort) Very short output format
-sep STR (-separator) Set separator string for list items
-sort Sort output alphabetically
-struct Enable output of structured information
-t (-tab) Output in tab-delimited list format
-T (-table) Output in tabular format
-v[NUM] (-verbose) Print verbose messages
-w[+|!] EXT (-textOut) Write (or overwrite!) output text files
-W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut) Write output text file for each tag
-Wext EXT (-tagOutExt) Write only specified file types with -W
-X (-xmlFormat) Use RDF/XML output format

Processing control

-a (-duplicates) Allow duplicate tags to be extracted
-e (--composite) Do not generate composite tags
-ee[NUM] (-extractEmbedded) Extract information from embedded files
-ext[+] EXT (-extension) Process files with specified extension
-F[OFFSET] (-fixBase) Fix the base for maker notes offsets
-fast[NUM] Increase speed when extracting metadata
-fileOrder[NUM] [-]TAG Set file processing order
-i DIR (-ignore) Ignore specified directory name
-if[NUM] EXPR Conditionally process files
-m (-ignoreMinorErrors) Ignore minor errors and warnings
-o OUTFILE (-out) Set output file or directory name
-overwrite_original Overwrite original by renaming tmp file
-overwrite_original_in_place Overwrite original by copying tmp file
-P (-preserve) Preserve file modification date/time
-password PASSWD Password for processing protected files
-progress[NUM][:[TITLE]] Show file progress count
-q (-quiet) Quiet processing
-r[.] (-recurse) Recursively process subdirectories
-scanForXMP Brute force XMP scan
-u (-unknown) Extract unknown tags
-U (-unknown2) Extract unknown binary tags too
-wm MODE (-writeMode) Set mode for writing/creating tags
-z (-zip) Read/write compressed information

Other options

-@ ARGFILE Read command-line arguments from file
-k (-pause) Pause before terminating
-list[w|f|wf|g[NUM]|d|x] List various exiftool capabilities
-ver Print exiftool version number
-- End of options

Special features

-geotag TRKFILE Geotag images from specified GPS log
-globalTimeShift SHIFT Shift all formatted date/time values
-use MODULE Add features from plug-in module

Utilities

-delete_original[!] Delete "_original" backups
-restore_original Restore from "_original" backups

Advanced options

-api OPT[[^]=[VAL]] Set ExifTool API option
-common_args Define common arguments
-config CFGFILE Specify configuration file name
-echo[NUM] TEXT Echo text to stdout or stderr
-efile[NUM][!] ERRFILE Save names of files with errors
-execute[NUM] Execute multiple commands on one line
-fileNUM ALTFILE Load tags from alternate file
-list_dir List directories, not their contents
-srcfile FMT Process a different source file
-stay_open FLAG Keep reading -@ argfile even after EOF
-userParam PARAM[[^]=[VAL]] Set user parameter (API UserParam opt)

Option Details
Tag operations

-TAG Extract information for the specified tag (eg. "-CreateDate"). Multiple tags may be
specified in a single command. A tag name is the handle by which a piece of information
is referenced. See Image::ExifTool::TagNames for documentation on available tag names.
A tag name may include leading group names separated by colons (eg. "-EXIF:CreateDate",
or "-Doc1:XMP:Creator"), and each group name may be prefixed by a digit to specify
family number (eg. "-1IPTC:City"). (Note that the API SavePath and SaveFormat options
must be used for the family 5 and 6 groups respectively to be available.) Use the
-listg option to list available group names by family.

A special tag name of "All" may be used to indicate all meta information (ie. -All).
This is particularly useful when a group name is specified to extract all information in
a group (but beware that unless the -a option is also used, some tags in the group may
be suppressed by same-named tags in other groups). The wildcard characters "?" and "*"
may be used in a tag name to match any single character and zero or more characters
respectively. These may not be used in a group name, with the exception that a group
name of "*" (or "All") may be used to extract all instances of a tag (as if -a was
used). Note that arguments containing wildcards must be quoted on the command line of
most systems to prevent shell globbing.

A "#" may be appended to the tag name to disable the print conversion on a per-tag basis
(see the -n option). This may also be used when writing or copying tags.

If no tags are specified, all available information is extracted (as if "-All" had been
specified).

Note: Descriptions, not tag names, are shown by default when extracting information.
Use the -s option to see the tag names instead.

--TAG
Exclude specified tag from extracted information. Same as the -x option. Group names
and wildcards are permitted as described above for -TAG. Once excluded from the output,
a tag may not be re-included by a subsequent option. May also be used following a
-tagsFromFile option to exclude tags from being copied (when redirecting to another tag,
it is the source tag that should be excluded), or to exclude groups from being deleted
when deleting all information (eg. "-all= --exif:all" deletes all but EXIF information).
But note that this will not exclude individual tags from a group delete (unless a family
2 group is specified, see note 4 below). Instead, individual tags may be recovered
using the -tagsFromFile option (eg. "-all= -tagsfromfile @ -artist").

To speed processing when reading XMP, exclusions in XMP groups also bypass processing of
the corresponding XMP property and any contained properties. For example,
"--xmp-crs:all" may speed processing significantly in cases where a large number of XMP-
crs tags exist. To use this feature to bypass processing of a specific XMP property,
the property name must be used instead of the ExifTool tag name (eg. "--xmp-crs:dabs").
Also, "XMP-all" may be used to to indicate any XMP namespace (eg. "--xmp-all:dabs").

-TAG[+-^]=[VALUE]
Write a new value for the specified tag (eg. "-comment=wow"), or delete the tag if no
VALUE is given (eg. "-comment="). "+=" and "-=" are used to add or remove existing
entries from a list, or to shift date/time values (see Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl and
note 6 below for more details). "+=" may also be used to increment numerical values (or
decrement if VALUE is negative), and "-=" may be used to conditionally delete or replace
a tag (see "WRITING EXAMPLES" for examples). "^=" is used to write an empty string
instead of deleting the tag when no VALUE is given, but otherwise it is equivalent to
"=". (Note that the caret must be quoted on the Windows command line.)

TAG may contain one or more leading family 0, 1, 2 or 7 group names, prefixed by
optional family numbers, and separated colons. If no group name is specified, the tag
is created in the preferred group, and updated in any other location where a same-named
tag already exists. The preferred group in JPEG and TIFF-format images is the first
group in the following list where TAG is valid: 1) EXIF, 2) IPTC, 3) XMP.

The wildcards "*" and "?" may be used in tag names to assign the same value to multiple
tags. When specified with wildcards, "Unsafe" tags are not written. A tag name of
"All" is equivalent to "*" (except that it doesn't require quoting, while arguments with
wildcards do on systems with shell globbing), and is often used when deleting all
metadata (ie. "-All=") or an entire group (eg. "-XMP-dc:All=", see note 4 below). Note
that not all groups are deletable, and that the JPEG APP14 "Adobe" group is not removed
by default with "-All=" because it may affect the appearance of the image. However,
color space information is removed, so the colors may be affected (but this may be
avoided by copying back the tags defined by the ColorSpaceTags shortcut). Use the
-listd option for a complete list of deletable groups, and see note 5 below regarding
the "APP" groups. Also, within an image some groups may be contained within others, and
these groups are removed if the containing group is deleted:

JPEG Image:
- Deleting EXIF or IFD0 also deletes ExifIFD, GlobParamIFD,
GPS, IFD1, InteropIFD, MakerNotes, PrintIM and SubIFD.
- Deleting ExifIFD also deletes InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
- Deleting Photoshop also deletes IPTC.

TIFF Image:
- Deleting EXIF only removes ExifIFD which also deletes
InteropIFD and MakerNotes.

MOV/MP4 Video:
- Deleting ItemList also deletes Keys tags.

Notes:

1) Many tag values may be assigned in a single command. If two assignments affect the
same tag, the latter takes precedence (except for list-type tags, for which both values
are written).

2) In general, MakerNotes tags are considered "Permanent", and may be edited but not
created or deleted individually. This avoids many potential problems, including the
inevitable compatibility problems with OEM software which may be very inflexible about
the information it expects to find in the maker notes.

3) Changes to PDF files by ExifTool are reversible (by deleting the update with
"-PDF-update:all=") because the original information is never actually deleted from the
file. So ExifTool alone may not be used to securely edit metadata in PDF files.

4) Specifying "-GROUP:all=" deletes the entire group as a block only if a single family
0 or 1 group is specified. Otherwise all deletable tags in the specified group(s) are
removed individually, and in this case is it possible to exclude individual tags from a
mass delete. For example, "-time:all --Exif:Time:All" removes all deletable Time tags
except those in the EXIF. This difference also applies if family 2 is specified when
deleting all groups. For example, "-2all:all=" deletes tags individually, while
"-all:all=" deletes entire blocks.

5) The "APP" group names ("APP0" through "APP15") are used to delete JPEG application
segments which are not associated with another deletable group. For example, specifying
"-APP14:All=" will NOT delete the APP14 "Adobe" segment because this is accomplished
with "-Adobe:All". But note that these unnamed APP segments may not be excluded with
"--APPxx:all" when deleting all information.

6) When shifting a value, the shift is applied to the original value of the tag,
overriding any other values previously assigned to the tag on the same command line. To
shift a date/time value and copy it to another tag in the same operation, use the
-globalTimeShift option.

Special feature: Integer values may be specified in hexadecimal with a leading "0x",
and simple rational values may be specified as fractions.

-TAG<=DATFILE or -TAG<=FMT
Set the value of a tag from the contents of file DATFILE. The file name may also be
given by a FMT string where %d, %f and %e represent the directory, file name and
extension of the original FILE (see the -w option for more details). Note that quotes
are required around this argument to prevent shell redirection since it contains a "<"
symbol. If DATFILE/FMT is not provided, the effect is the same as "-TAG=", and the tag
is simply deleted. "+<=" or "-<=" may also be used to add or delete specific list
entries, or to shift date/time values.

-tagsFromFile SRCFILE or FMT
Copy tag values from SRCFILE to FILE. Tag names on the command line after this option
specify the tags to be copied, or excluded from the copy. Wildcards are permitted in
these tag names. If no tags are specified, then all possible tags (see note 1 below)
from the source file are copied to same-named tags in the preferred location of the
output file (the same as specifying "-all"). More than one -tagsFromFile option may be
used to copy tags from multiple files.

By default, this option will update any existing and writable same-named tags in the
output FILE, but will create new tags only in their preferred groups. This allows some
information to be automatically transferred to the appropriate group when copying
between images of different formats. However, if a group name is specified for a tag
then the information is written only to this group (unless redirected to another group,
see below). If "All" is used as a group name, then the specified tag(s) are written to
the same family 1 group they had in the source file (ie. the same specific location,
like ExifIFD or XMP-dc). For example, the common operation of copying all writable tags
to the same specific locations in the output FILE is achieved by adding "-all:all". A
different family may be specified by adding a leading family number to the group name
(eg. "-0all:all" preserves the same general location, like EXIF or XMP).

SRCFILE may be the same as FILE to move information around within a single file. In
this case, "@" may be used to represent the source file (ie. "-tagsFromFile @"),
permitting this feature to be used for batch processing multiple files. Specified tags
are then copied from each file in turn as it is rewritten. For advanced batch use, the
source file name may also be specified using a FMT string in which %d, %f and %e
represent the directory, file name and extension of FILE. (eg. the current FILE would
be represented by "%d%f.%e", with the same effect as "@"). See the -w option for FMT
string examples.

A powerful redirection feature allows a destination tag to be specified for each copied
tag. With this feature, information may be written to a tag with a different name or
group. This is done using "'-DSTTAG<SRCTAG'" or "'-SRCTAG>DSTTAG'" on the command line
after -tagsFromFile, and causes the value of SRCTAG to be copied from SRCFILE and
written to DSTTAG in FILE. Has no effect unless SRCTAG exists in SRCFILE. Note that
this argument must be quoted to prevent shell redirection, and there is no "=" sign as
when assigning new values. Source and/or destination tags may be prefixed by a group
name and/or suffixed by "#". Wildcards are allowed in both the source and destination
tag names. A destination group and/or tag name of "All" or "*" writes to the same
family 1 group and/or tag name as the source (but the family may be specified by adding
a leading number to the group name, eg. "0All" writes to the same family 0 group as the
source). If no destination group is specified, the information is written to the
preferred group. Whitespace around the ">" or "<" is ignored. As a convenience,
"-tagsFromFile @" is assumed for any redirected tags which are specified without a prior
-tagsFromFile option. Copied tags may also be added or deleted from a list with
arguments of the form "'-SRCTAG+<DSTTAG'" or "'-SRCTAG-<DSTTAG'" (but see Note 5 below).

An extension of the redirection feature allows strings involving tag names to be used on
the right hand side of the "<" symbol with the syntax "'-DSTTAG<STR'", where tag names
in STR are prefixed with a "$" symbol. See the -p option and the "Advanced formatting
feature" section for more details about this syntax. Strings starting with a "=" sign
must insert a single space after the "<" to avoid confusion with the "<=" operator which
sets the tag value from the contents of a file. A single space at the start of the
string is removed if it exists, but all other whitespace in the string is preserved.
See note 8 below about using the redirection feature with list-type stags, shortcuts or
when using wildcards in tag names.

See "COPYING EXAMPLES" for examples using -tagsFromFile.

Notes:

1) Some tags (generally tags which may affect the appearance of the image) are
considered "Unsafe" to write, and are only copied if specified explicitly (ie. no
wildcards). See the tag name documentation for more details about "Unsafe" tags.

2) Be aware of the difference between excluding a tag from being copied (--TAG), and
deleting a tag (-TAG=). Excluding a tag prevents it from being copied to the
destination image, but deleting will remove a pre-existing tag from the image.

3) The maker note information is copied as a block, so it isn't affected like other
information by subsequent tag assignments on the command line, and individual makernote
tags may not be excluded from a block copy. Also, since the PreviewImage referenced
from the maker notes may be rather large, it is not copied, and must be transferred
separately if desired.

4) The order of operations is to copy all specified tags at the point of the
-tagsFromFile option in the command line. Any tag assignment to the right of the
-tagsFromFile option is made after all tags are copied. For example, new tag values are
set in the order One, Two, Three then Four with this command:

exiftool -One=1 -tagsFromFile s.jpg -Two -Four=4 -Three d.jpg

This is significant in the case where an overlap exists between the copied and assigned
tags because later operations may override earlier ones.

5) The normal behaviour of copied tags differs from that of assigned tags for list-type
tags and conditional replacements because each copy operation on a tag overrides any
previous operations. While this avoids duplicate list items when copying groups of tags
from a file containing redundant information, it also prevents values of different tags
from being copied into the same list when this is the intent. To accumulate values from
different operations into the same list, add a "+" after the initial "-" of the
argument. For example:

exiftool -tagsfromfile @ '-subject<make' '-+subject<model' ...

Similarly, "-+DSTTAG" must be used when conditionally replacing a tag to prevent
overriding earlier conditions.

6) The -a option (allow duplicate tags) is always in effect when copying tags from
SRCFILE, but the highest priority tag is always copied last so it takes precedence.

7) Structured tags are copied by default when copying tags. See the -struct option for
details.

8) With the redirection feature, copying a tag directly (ie. "'-DSTTAG<SRCTAG'") is not
the same as interpolating its value inside a string (ie. "'-DSTTAG<$SRCTAG'") for source
tags which are list-type tags, shortcut tags, tag names containing wildcards, or
UserParam variables. When copying directly, the values of each matching source tag are
copied individually to the destination tag (as if they were separate assignments).
However, when interpolated inside a string, list items and the values of shortcut tags
are concatenated (with a separator set by the -sep option), and wildcards are not
allowed. Also, UserParam variables are available only when interpolated in a string.
Another difference is that a minor warning is generated if a tag doesn't exist when
interpolating its value in a string (with "$"), but isn't when copying the tag directly.

Finally, the behaviour is different when a destination tag or group of "All" is used.
When copying directly, a destination group and/or tag name of "All" writes to the same
family 1 group and/or tag name as the source. But when interpolated in a string, the
identity of the source tags are lost and the value is written to all possible
groups/tags. For example, the string form must be used in the following command since
the intent is to set the value of all existing date/time tags from "CreateDate":

exiftool '-time:all<$createdate' -wm w FILE

-x TAG (-exclude)
Exclude the specified tag. There may be multiple -x options. This has the same effect
as --TAG on the command line. See the --TAG documentation above for a complete
description.

Input-output text formatting

Note that trailing spaces are removed from extracted values for most output text formats.
The exceptions are -b, -csv, -j and -X.

-args (-argFormat)
Output information in the form of exiftool arguments, suitable for use with the -@
option when writing. May be combined with the -G option to include group names. This
feature may be used to effectively copy tags between images, but allows the metadata to
be altered by editing the intermediate file ("out.args" in this example):

exiftool -args -G1 --filename --directory src.jpg > out.args
exiftool -@ out.args -sep ', ' dst.jpg

Note: Be careful when copying information with this technique since it is easy to write
tags which are normally considered "Unsafe". For instance, the FileName and Directory
tags are excluded in the example above to avoid renaming and moving the destination
file. Also note that the second command above will produce warning messages for any
tags which are not writable.

As well, the -sep option should be used as in the second command above to maintain
separate list items when writing metadata back to image files, and the -struct option
may be used when extracting to preserve structured XMP information.

-b, --b (-binary, --binary)
Output requested metadata in binary format without tag names or descriptions (-b or
-binary). This option is mainly used for extracting embedded images or other binary
data, but it may also be useful for some text strings since control characters (such as
newlines) are not replaced by '.' as they are in the default output. By default, list
items are separated by a newline when extracted with the -b option, but this may be
changed (see the -sep option for details). May be combined with -j, -php or -X to
extract binary data in JSON, PHP or XML format, but note that "Unsafe" tags are not
extracted as binary unless they are specified explicitly or the API RequestAll option is
set to 3 or higher.

With a leading double dash (--b or --binary), tags which contain binary data are
suppressed in the output when reading.

-c FMT (-coordFormat)
Set the print format for GPS coordinates. FMT uses the same syntax as a "printf" format
string. The specifiers correspond to degrees, minutes and seconds in that order, but
minutes and seconds are optional. For example, the following table gives the output for
the same coordinate using various formats:

FMT Output
------------------- ------------------
"%d deg %d' %.2f"\" 54 deg 59' 22.80" (default for reading)
"%d %d %.8f" 54 59 22.80000000 (default for copying)
"%d deg %.4f min" 54 deg 59.3800 min
"%.6f degrees" 54.989667 degrees

Notes:

1) To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is different when copying
tags using the -tagsFromFile option.

2) If the hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or W) is appended to each
printed coordinate, but adding a "+" to the format specifier (eg. "%+.6f") prints a
signed coordinate instead.

3) This print formatting may be disabled with the -n option to extract coordinates as
signed decimal degrees.

-charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]
If TYPE is "ExifTool" or not specified, this option sets the ExifTool character encoding
for output tag values when reading and input values when writing, with a default of
"UTF8". If no CHARSET is given, a list of available character sets is returned. Valid
CHARSET values are:

CHARSET Alias(es) Description
---------- --------------- ----------------------------------
UTF8 cp65001, UTF-8 UTF-8 characters (default)
Latin cp1252, Latin1 Windows Latin1 (West European)
Latin2 cp1250 Windows Latin2 (Central European)
Cyrillic cp1251, Russian Windows Cyrillic
Greek cp1253 Windows Greek
Turkish cp1254 Windows Turkish
Hebrew cp1255 Windows Hebrew
Arabic cp1256 Windows Arabic
Baltic cp1257 Windows Baltic
Vietnam cp1258 Windows Vietnamese
Thai cp874 Windows Thai
DOSLatinUS cp437 DOS Latin US
DOSLatin1 cp850 DOS Latin1
DOSCyrillic cp866 DOS Cyrillic
MacRoman cp10000, Roman Macintosh Roman
MacLatin2 cp10029 Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
MacCyrillic cp10007 Macintosh Cyrillic
MacGreek cp10006 Macintosh Greek
MacTurkish cp10081 Macintosh Turkish
MacRomanian cp10010 Macintosh Romanian
MacIceland cp10079 Macintosh Icelandic
MacCroatian cp10082 Macintosh Croatian

TYPE may be "FileName" to specify the encoding of file names on the command line (ie.
FILE arguments). In Windows, this triggers use of wide-character i/o routines, thus
providing support for Unicode file names. See the "WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES" section
below for details.

Other values of TYPE listed below are used to specify the internal encoding of various
meta information formats.

TYPE Description Default
--------- ------------------------------------------- -------
EXIF Internal encoding of EXIF "ASCII" strings (none)
ID3 Internal encoding of ID3v1 information Latin
IPTC Internal IPTC encoding to assume when Latin
IPTC:CodedCharacterSet is not defined
Photoshop Internal encoding of Photoshop IRB strings Latin
QuickTime Internal encoding of QuickTime strings MacRoman
RIFF Internal encoding of RIFF strings 0

See <https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q10> for more information about coded character sets,
and the Image::ExifTool Options for more details about the -charset settings.

-csv[[+]=CSVFILE]
Export information in CSV format, or import information if CSVFILE is specified. When
importing, the CSV file must be in exactly the same format as the exported file. The
first row of the CSVFILE must be the ExifTool tag names (with optional group names) for
each column of the file, and values must be separated by commas. A special "SourceFile"
column specifies the files associated with each row of information (and a SourceFile of
"*" may be used to define default tags to be imported for all files which are combined
with any tags specified for the specific SourceFile processed). The -csvDelim option may
be used to change the input/output field delimiter if something other than a comma is
required.

The following examples demonstrate basic use of the -csv option:

# generate CSV file with common tags from all images in a directory
exiftool -common -csv dir > out.csv

# update metadata for all images in a directory from CSV file
exiftool -csv=a.csv dir

When importing, empty values are ignored unless the -f option is used and the API
MissingTagValue is set to an empty string (in which case the tag is deleted). Also,
FileName and Directory columns are ignored if they exist (ie. ExifTool will not attempt
to write these tags with a CSV import), but all other columns are imported. To force a
tag to be deleted, use the -f option and set the value to "-" in the CSV file (or to the
MissingTagValue if this API option was used). Multiple databases may be imported in a
single command.

When exporting a CSV file, the -g or -G option adds group names to the tag headings. If
the -a option is used to allow duplicate tag names, the duplicate tags are only included
in the CSV output if the column headings are unique. Adding the -G4 option ensures a
unique column heading for each tag. The -b option may be added to output binary data,
encoded in base64 if necessary (indicated by ASCII "base64:" as the first 7 bytes of the
value). Values may also be encoded in base64 if the -charset option is used and the
value contains invalid characters.

When exporting specific tags, the CSV columns are arranged in the same order as the
specified tags provided the column headings exactly match the specified tag names,
otherwise the columns are sorted in alphabetical order.

When importing from a CSV file, only files specified on the command line are processed.
Any extra entries in the CSV file are ignored.

List-type tags are stored as simple strings in a CSV file, but the -sep option may be
used to split them back into separate items when importing.

Special feature: -csv+=CSVFILE may be used to add items to existing lists. This
affects only list-type tags. Also applies to the -j option.

Note that this option is fundamentally different than all other output format options
because it requires information from all input files to be buffered in memory before the
output is written. This may result in excessive memory usage when processing a very
large number of files with a single command. Also, it makes this option incompatible
with the -w and -W options. When processing a large number of files, it is recommended
to either use the JSON (-j) or XML (-X) output format, or use -p to generate a fixed-
column CSV file instead of using the -csv option.

-csvDelim STR
Set the delimiter for separating CSV entries for CSV file input/output via the -csv
option. STR may contain "\t", "\n", "\r" and "\\" to represent TAB, LF, CR and '\'
respectively. A double quote is not allowed in the delimiter. Default is ','.

-d FMT (-dateFormat)
Set the format for date/time tag values. The FMT string may contain formatting codes
beginning with a percent character ("%") to represent the various components of a
date/time value. The specifics of the FMT syntax are system dependent -- consult the
"strftime" man page on your system for details. The default format is equivalent to
"%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S". This option has no effect on date-only or time-only tags and
ignores timezone information if present. ExifTool adds a %f format code to represent
fractional seconds, and supports an optional width to specify the number of digits after
the decimal point (eg. %3f would give something like .437), and a minus sign to drop the
decimal point (eg. "%-3f" would give 437). Only one -d option may be used per command.
Requires POSIX::strptime or Time::Piece for the inversion conversion when writing.

-D (-decimal)
Show tag ID number in decimal when extracting information.

-E, -ex, -ec (-escapeHTML, -escapeXML, -escapeC)
Escape characters in output tag values for HTML (-E), XML (-ex) or C (-ec). For HTML,
all characters with Unicode code points above U+007F are escaped as well as the
following 5 characters: & (&amp;) ' (&#39;) " (&quot;) > (&gt;) and < (&lt;). For XML,
only these 5 characters are escaped. The -E option is implied with -h, and -ex is
implied with -X. For C, all control characters and the backslash are escaped. The
inverse conversion is applied when writing tags.

-f (-forcePrint)
Force printing of tags even if they don't exist. This option applies to tags specified
on the command line, or with the -p, -if or -tagsFromFile options. When -f is used, the
value of any missing tag is set to a dash ("-") by default, but this may be configured
via the API MissingTagValue option. -f is also used to add a 'flags' attribute to the
-listx output, or to allow tags to be deleted when writing with the -csv=CSVFILE
feature.

-g[NUM][:NUM...] (-groupHeadings)
Organize output by tag group. NUM specifies a group family number, and may be 0
(general location), 1 (specific location), 2 (category), 3 (document number), 4
(instance number), 5 (metadata path), 6 (EXIF/TIFF format), 7 (tag ID) or 8 (file
number). -g0 is assumed if a family number is not specified. May be combined with
other options to add group names to the output. Multiple families may be specified by
separating them with colons. By default the resulting group name is simplified by
removing any leading "Main:" and collapsing adjacent identical group names, but this can
be avoided by placing a colon before the first family number (eg. -g:3:1). Use the
-listg option to list group names for a specified family. The API SavePath and
SaveFormat options are automatically enabled if the respective family 5 or 6 group names
are requested. See the API GetGroup documentation for more information.

-G[NUM][:NUM...] (-groupNames)
Same as -g but print group name for each tag. -G0 is assumed if NUM is not specified.
May be combined with a number of other options to add group names to the output. Note
that NUM may be added wherever -G is mentioned in the documentation. See the -g option
above for details.

-h (-htmlFormat)
Use HTML table formatting for output. Implies the -E option. The formatting options
-D, -H, -g, -G, -l and -s may be used in combination with -h to influence the HTML
format.

-H (-hex)
Show tag ID number in hexadecimal when extracting information.

-htmlDump[OFFSET]
Generate a dynamic web page containing a hex dump of the EXIF information. This can be
a very powerful tool for low-level analysis of EXIF information. The -htmlDump option
is also invoked if the -v and -h options are used together. The verbose level controls
the maximum length of the blocks dumped. An OFFSET may be given to specify the base for
displayed offsets. If not provided, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is used. Use -htmlDump0
for absolute offsets. Currently only EXIF/TIFF and JPEG information is dumped, but the
-u option can be used to give a raw hex dump of other file formats.

-j[[+]=JSONFILE] (-json)
Use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formatting for console output, or import JSON file
if JSONFILE is specified. This option may be combined with -g to organize the output
into objects by group, or -G to add group names to each tag. List-type tags with
multiple items are output as JSON arrays unless -sep is used. By default XMP structures
are flattened into individual tags in the JSON output, but the original structure may be
preserved with the -struct option (this also causes all list-type XMP tags to be output
as JSON arrays, otherwise single-item lists would be output as simple strings). The -a
option is implied when -json is used, but entries with identical JSON names are
suppressed in the output. (-G4 may be used to ensure that all tags have unique JSON
names.) Adding the -D or -H option changes tag values to JSON objects with "val" and
"id" fields, and adding -l adds a "desc" field, and a "num" field if the numerical value
is different from the converted "val". The -b option may be added to output binary
data, encoded in base64 if necessary (indicated by ASCII "base64:" as the first 7 bytes
of the value), and -t may be added to include tag table information (see -t for
details). The JSON output is UTF-8 regardless of any -L or -charset option setting, but
the UTF-8 validation is disabled if a character set other than UTF-8 is specified. Note
that ExifTool quotes JSON values only if they don't look like numbers (regardless of the
original storage format or the relevant metadata specification).

If JSONFILE is specified, the file is imported and the tag definitions from the file are
used to set tag values on a per-file basis. The special "SourceFile" entry in each JSON
object associates the information with a specific target file. An object with a missing
SourceFile or a SourceFile of "*" defines default tags for all target files which are
combined with any tags specified for the specific SourceFile processed. The imported
JSON file must have the same format as the exported JSON files with the exception that
options exporting JSON objects instead of simple values are not compatible with the
import file format (ie. export with -D, -H, -l, or -T is not compatible, and use -G
instead of -g). Additionally, tag names in the input JSON file may be suffixed with a
"#" to disable print conversion.

Unlike CSV import, empty values are not ignored, and will cause an empty value to be
written if supported by the specific metadata type. Tags are deleted by using the -f
option and setting the tag value to "-" (or to the MissingTagValue setting if this API
option was used). Importing with -j+=JSONFILE causes new values to be added to existing
lists.

-l (-long)
Use long 2-line Canon-style output format. Adds a description and unconverted value (if
it is different from the converted value) to the XML, JSON or PHP output when -X, -j or
-php is used. May also be combined with -listf, -listr or -listwf to add descriptions
of the file types.

-L (-latin)
Use Windows Latin1 encoding (cp1252) for output tag values instead of the default UTF-8.
When writing, -L specifies that input text values are Latin1 instead of UTF-8.
Equivalent to "-charset latin".

-lang [LANG]
Set current language for tag descriptions and converted values. LANG is "de", "fr",
"ja", etc. Use -lang with no other arguments to get a list of available languages. The
default language is "en" if -lang is not specified. Note that tag/group names are
always English, independent of the -lang setting, and translation of warning/error
messages has not yet been implemented. May also be combined with -listx to output
descriptions in one language only.

By default, ExifTool uses UTF-8 encoding for special characters, but the -L or -charset
option may be used to invoke other encodings. Note that ExifTool uses
Unicode::LineBreak if available to help preserve the column alignment of the plain text
output for languages with a variable-width character set.

Currently, the language support is not complete, but users are welcome to help improve
this by submitting their own translations. To submit a translation, follow these steps
(you must have Perl installed for this):

1. Download and unpack the latest Image-ExifTool full distribution.

2. 'cd' into the Image-ExifTool directory.

3. Run this command to make an XML file of the desired tags (eg. EXIF):

./exiftool -listx -exif:all > out.xml

4. Copy this text into a file called 'import.pl' in the exiftool directory:

push @INC, 'lib';
require Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML;
my $file = shift or die "Expected XML file name\n";
$Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::makeMissing = shift;
Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::BuildLangModules($file,8);

5. Run the 'import.pl' script to Import the XML file, generating the 'MISSING' entries
for your language (eg. Russian):

perl import.pl out.xml ru

6. Edit the generated language module lib/Image/ExifTool/Lang/ru.pm, and search and
replace all 'MISSING' strings in the file with your translations.

7. Email the module ('ru.pm' in this example) to philharvey66 at gmail.com

8. Thank you!!

-listItem INDEX
For list-type tags, this causes only the item with the specified index to be extracted.
INDEX is 0 for the first item in the list. Negative indices may also be used to
reference items from the end of the list. Has no effect on single-valued tags. Also
applies to tag values when copying from a tag, and in -if conditions.

-n (--printConv)
Disable print conversion for all tags. By default, extracted values are converted to a
more human-readable format, but the -n option disables this conversion, revealing the
machine-readable values. For example:

> exiftool -Orientation -S a.jpg
Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
> exiftool -Orientation -S -n a.jpg
Orientation: 6

The print conversion may also be disabled on a per-tag basis by suffixing the tag name
with a "#" character:

> exiftool -Orientation# -Orientation -S a.jpg
Orientation: 6
Orientation: Rotate 90 CW

These techniques may also be used to disable the inverse print conversion when writing.
For example, the following commands all have the same effect:

> exiftool -Orientation='Rotate 90 CW' a.jpg
> exiftool -Orientation=6 -n a.jpg
> exiftool -Orientation#=6 a.jpg

-p[-] STR or FMTFILE (-printFormat)
Print output in the format specified by the given string or file. The argument is
interpreted as a string unless a file of that name exists, in which case the string is
loaded from the contents of the file. Tag names in the format string or file begin with
a "$" symbol and may contain leading group names and/or a trailing "#" (to disable print
conversion). Case is not significant. Braces "{}" may be used around the tag name to
separate it from subsequent text (and must be used if subsequent text begins with an
alphanumeric character, hyphen, underline, colon or number sign). Use $$ to represent a
"$" symbol, and $/ for a newline. When the string argument is used (ie. STR), a newline
is added to the end of the string unless -p- is specified.

Multiple -p options may be used. Lines beginning with "#[HEAD]" and "#[TAIL]" are
output before the first processed file and after the last processed file respectively.
Lines beginning with "#[SECT]" and "#[ENDS]" are output before and after each section of
files. A section is defined as a group of consecutive files with the same section
header (eg. files are grouped by directory if "#[SECT]" contains $directory). Lines
beginning with "#[BODY]" and lines not beginning with "#" are output for each processed
file. Lines beginning with "#[IF]" are not output, but all BODY lines are skipped if
any tag on an IF line doesn't exist. Other lines beginning with "#" are ignored. (To
output a line beginning with "#", use "#[BODY]#".) For example, this format file:

# this is a comment line
#[HEAD]-- Generated by ExifTool $exifToolVersion --
File: $FileName - $DateTimeOriginal
(f/$Aperture, ${ShutterSpeed}s, ISO $EXIF:ISO)
#[TAIL]-- end --

with this command:

exiftool -p test.fmt a.jpg b.jpg

produces output like this:

-- Generated by ExifTool 12.76 --
File: a.jpg - 2003:10:31 15:44:19
(f/5.6, 1/60s, ISO 100)
File: b.jpg - 2006:05:23 11:57:38
(f/8.0, 1/13s, ISO 100)
-- end --

The values of List-type tags with multiple items, Shortcut tags representing multiple
tags, and matching tags when the "All" group is specified are joined according the -sep
option setting when interpolated in the string. (Note that when "All" is used as a
group name, dupicate tags are included regardless of the Duplicates option setting.)
When "All" is used as a tag name, a value of 1 is returned if any tag exists in the
specified group, or 0 otherwise (unless the "All" group is also specified, in which case
the values of all matching tags are joined).

When -ee (-extractEmbedded) is combined with -p, embedded documents are effectively
processed as separate input files.

If a specified tag does not exist, a minor warning is issued and the line with the
missing tag is not printed. However, the -f option may be used to set the value of
missing tags to '-' (but this may be configured via the API MissingTagValue option), or
the -m option may be used to ignore minor warnings and leave the missing values empty.
Alternatively, -q -q may be used to simply suppress the warning messages.

The "Advanced formatting feature" may be used to modify the values of individual tags
within the -p option string.

Note that the API RequestTags option is automatically set for all tags used in the
FMTFILE or STR. This allows all other tags to be ignored using -API IgnoreTags=all,
resulting in reduced memory usage and increased speed.

-php Format output as a PHP Array. The -g, -G, -D, -H, -l, -sep and -struct options combine
with -php, and duplicate tags are handled in the same way as with the -json option. As
well, the -b option may be added to output binary data, and -t may be added to include
tag table information (see -t for details). Here is a simple example showing how this
could be used in a PHP script:

<?php
eval('$array=' . `exiftool -php -q image.jpg`);
print_r($array);
?>

-s[NUM] (-short)
Short output format. Prints tag names instead of descriptions. Add NUM or up to 3 -s
options for even shorter formats:

-s1 or -s - print tag names instead of descriptions
-s2 or -s -s - no extra spaces to column-align values
-s3 or -s -s -s - print values only (no tag names)

Also effective when combined with -t, -h, -X or -listx options.

-S (-veryShort)
Very short format. The same as -s2 or two -s options. Tag names are printed instead of
descriptions, and no extra spaces are added to column-align values.

-sep STR (-separator)
Specify separator string for items in list-type tags. When reading, the default is to
join list items with ", ". When writing, this option causes values assigned to list-
type tags to be split into individual items at each substring matching STR (otherwise
they are not split by default). Space characters in STR match zero or more whitespace
characters in the value.

Note that an empty separator ("") is allowed, and will join items with no separator when
reading, or split the value into individual characters when writing.

For pure binary output (-b used without -j, -php or -X), the first -sep option specifies
a list-item separator, and a second -sep option specifies a terminator for the end of
the list (or after each value if not a list). In these strings, "\n", "\r" and "\t" may
be used to represent a newline, carriage return and tab respectively. By default,
binary list items are separated by a newline, and no terminator is added.

-sort, --sort
Sort output by tag description, or by tag name if the -s option is used. When sorting
by description, the sort order will depend on the -lang option setting. Without the
-sort option, tags appear in the order they were specified on the command line, or if
not specified, the order they were extracted from the file. By default, tags are
organized by groups when combined with the -g or -G option, but this grouping may be
disabled with --sort.

-struct, --struct
Output structured XMP information instead of flattening to individual tags. This option
works well when combined with the XML (-X) and JSON (-j) output formats. For other
output formats, XMP structures and lists are serialized into the same format as when
writing structured information (see <https://exiftool.org/struct.html> for details).
When copying, structured tags are copied by default unless --struct is used to disable
this feature (although flattened tags may still be copied by specifying them
individually unless -struct is used). These options have no effect when assigning new
values since both flattened and structured tags may always be used when writing.

-t (-tab)
Output a tab-delimited list of description/values (useful for database import). May be
combined with -s to print tag names instead of descriptions, or -S to print tag values
only, tab-delimited on a single line. The -t option may be combined with -j, -php or -X
to add tag table information ("table", tag "id", and "index" for cases where multiple
conditional tags exist with the same ID).

-T (-table)
Output tag values in table form. Equivalent to -t -S -q -f.

-v[NUM] (-verbose)
Print verbose messages. NUM specifies the level of verbosity in the range 0-5, with
higher numbers being more verbose. If NUM is not given, then each -v option increases
the level of verbosity by 1. With any level greater than 0, most other options are
ignored and normal console output is suppressed unless specific tags are extracted.
Using -v0 causes the console output buffer to be flushed after each line (which may be
useful to avoid delays when piping exiftool output), and prints the name of each
processed file when writing and the new file name when renaming, moving or copying.
Verbose levels above -v0 do not flush after each line. Also see the -progress option.

-w[+|!] EXT or FMT (-textOut)
Write console output to files with names ending in EXT, one for each source file. The
output file name is obtained by replacing the source file extension (including the '.')
with the specified extension (and a '.' is added to the start of EXT if it doesn't
already contain one). Alternatively, a FMT string may be used to give more control over
the output file name and directory. In the format string, %d, %f and %e represent the
directory, filename and extension of the source file, and %c represents a copy number
which is automatically incremented if the file already exists. %d includes the trailing
'/' if necessary, but %e does not include the leading '.'. For example:

-w %d%f.txt # same effect as "-w txt"
-w dir/%f_%e.out # write files to "dir" as "FILE_EXT.out"
-w dir2/%d%f.txt # write to "dir2", keeping dir structure
-w a%c.txt # write to "a.txt" or "a1.txt" or "a2.txt"...

Existing files will not be changed unless an exclamation point is added to the option
name (ie. -w! or -textOut!) to overwrite the file, or a plus sign (ie. -w+ or -textOut+)
to append to the existing file. Both may be used (ie. -w+! or -textOut+!) to overwrite
output files that didn't exist before the command was run, and append the output from
multiple source files. For example, to write one output file for all source files in
each directory:

exiftool -filename -createdate -T -w+! %d/out.txt -r DIR

Capitalized format codes %D, %F, %E and %C provide slightly different alternatives to
the lower case versions. %D does not include the trailing '/', %F is the full filename
including extension, %E includes the leading '.', and %C increments the count for each
processed file (see below).

Notes:

1) In a Windows BAT file the "%" character is represented by "%%", so an argument like
"%d%f.txt" is written as "%%d%%f.txt".

2) If the argument for -w does not contain a valid format code (eg. %f), then it is
interpreted as a file extension, but there are three different ways to create a single
output file from multiple source files:

# 1. Shell redirection
exiftool FILE1 FILE2 ... > out.txt

# 2. With the -w option and a zero-width format code
exiftool -w+! %0fout.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...

# 3. With the -W option (see the -W option below)
exiftool -W+! out.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...

Advanced features:

A substring of the original file name, directory or extension may be taken by specifying
a field width immediately following the '%' character. If the width is negative, the
substring is taken from the end. The substring position (characters to ignore at the
start or end of the string) may be given by a second optional value after a decimal
point. For example:

Input File Name Format Specifier Output File Name
---------------- ---------------- ----------------
Picture-123.jpg %7f.txt Picture.txt
Picture-123.jpg %-.4f.out Picture.out
Picture-123.jpg %7f.%-3f Picture.123
Picture-123a.jpg Meta%-3.1f.txt Meta123.txt

(Note that special characters may have a width of greater than one.)

For %d and %D, the field width/position specifiers may be applied to the directory
levels instead of substring position by using a colon instead of a decimal point in the
format specifier. For example:

Source Dir Format Result Notes
------------ ------ ---------- ------------------
pics/2012/02 %2:d pics/2012/ take top 2 levels
pics/2012/02 %-:1d pics/2012/ up one directory level
pics/2012/02 %:1d 2012/02/ ignore top level
pics/2012/02 %1:1d 2012/ take 1 level after top
pics/2012/02 %-1:D 02 bottom level folder name
/Users/phil %:2d phil/ ignore top 2 levels

(Note that the root directory counts as one level when an absolute path is used as in
the last example above.)

For %c, these modifiers have a different effects. If a field width is given, the copy
number is padded with zeros to the specified width. A leading '-' adds a dash before
the copy number, and a '+' adds an underline. By default, the copy number is omitted
from the first file of a given name, but this can be changed by adding a decimal point
to the modifier. For example:

-w A%-cZ.txt # AZ.txt, A-1Z.txt, A-2Z.txt ...
-w B%5c.txt # B.txt, B00001.txt, B00002.txt ...
-w C%.c.txt # C0.txt, C1.txt, C2.txt ...
-w D%-.c.txt # D-0.txt, D-1.txt, D-2.txt ...
-w E%-.4c.txt # E-0000.txt, E-0001.txt, E-0002.txt ...
-w F%-.4nc.txt # F-0001.txt, F-0002.txt, F-0003.txt ...
-w G%+c.txt # G.txt, G_1.txt G_2.txt ...
-w H%-lc.txt # H.txt, H-b.txt, H-c.txt ...
-w I.%.3uc.txt # I.AAA.txt, I.AAB.txt, I.AAC.txt ...

A special feature allows the copy number to be incremented for each processed file by
using %C (upper case) instead of %c. This allows a sequential number to be added to
output file names, even if the names are different. For %C, a copy number of zero is
not omitted as it is with %c. A leading '-' causes the number to be reset at the start
of each new directory, and '+' has no effect. The number before the decimal place gives
the starting index, the number after the decimal place gives the field width. The
following examples show the output filenames when used with the command "exiftool
rose.jpg star.jpg jet.jpg ...":

-w %C%f.txt # 0rose.txt, 1star.txt, 2jet.txt
-w %f-%10C.txt # rose-10.txt, star-11.txt, jet-12.txt
-w %.3C-%f.txt # 000-rose.txt, 001-star.txt, 002-jet.txt
-w %57.4C%f.txt # 0057rose.txt, 0058star.txt, 0059jet.txt

All format codes may be modified by 'l' or 'u' to specify lower or upper case
respectively (ie. %le for a lower case file extension). When used to modify %c or %C,
the numbers are changed to an alphabetical base (see example H above). Also, %c and %C
may be modified by 'n' to count using natural numbers starting from 1, instead of 0 (see
example F above).

This same FMT syntax is used with the -o and -tagsFromFile options, although %c and %C
are only valid for output file names.

-W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut)
This enhanced version of the -w option allows a separate output file to be created for
each extracted tag. See the -w option documentation above for details of the basic
functionality. Listed here are the differences between -W and -w:

1) With -W, a new output file is created for each extracted tag.

2) -W supports four additional format codes: %t, %g and %s represent the tag name,
group name, and suggested extension for the output file (based on the format of the
data), and %o represents the value of the OriginalRawFileName or OriginalFileName tag
from the input file (including extension). The %g code may be followed by a single
digit to specify the group family number (eg. %g1), otherwise family 0 is assumed. The
substring width/position/case specifiers may be used with these format codes in exactly
the same way as with %f and %e.

3) The argument for -W is interpreted as a file name if it contains no format codes.
(For -w, this would be a file extension.) This change allows a simple file name to be
specified, which, when combined with the append feature, provides a method to write
metadata from multiple source files to a single output file without the need for shell
redirection. For example, the following pairs of commands give the same result:

# overwriting existing text file
exiftool test.jpg > out.txt # shell redirection
exiftool test.jpg -W+! out.txt # equivalent -W option

# append to existing text file
exiftool test.jpg >> out.txt # shell redirection
exiftool test.jpg -W+ out.txt # equivalent -W option

4) Adding the -v option to -W sends a list of the tags and output file names to the
console instead of giving a verbose dump of the entire file. (Unless appending all
output to one file for each source file by using -W+ with an output file FMT that does
not contain %t, %g, %s or %o.)

5) Individual list items are stored in separate files when -W is combined with -b, but
note that for separate files to be created %c or %C must be used in FMT to give the
files unique names.

-Wext EXT, --Wext EXT (-tagOutExt)
This option is used to specify the type of output file(s) written by the -W option. An
output file is written only if the suggested extension matches EXT. Multiple -Wext
options may be used to write more than one type of file. Use --Wext to write all but
the specified type(s).

-X (-xmlFormat)
Use ExifTool-specific RDF/XML formatting for console output. Implies the -a option, so
duplicate tags are extracted. The formatting options -b, -D, -H, -l, -s, -sep, -struct
and -t may be used in combination with -X to affect the output, but note that the tag ID
(-D, -H and -t), binary data (-b) and structured output (-struct) options are not
effective for the short output (-s). Another restriction of -s is that only one tag with
a given group and name may appear in the output. Note that the tag ID options (-D, -H
and -t) will produce non-standard RDF/XML unless the -l option is also used.

By default, -X outputs flattened tags, so -struct should be added if required to
preserve XMP structures. List-type tags with multiple values are formatted as an RDF
Bag, but they are combined into a single string when -s or -sep is used. Using -L
changes the XML encoding from "UTF-8" to "windows-1252". Other -charset settings change
the encoding only if there is a corresponding standard XML character set. The -b option
causes binary data values to be written, encoded in base64 if necessary. The -t option
adds tag table information to the output (see -t for details).

Note: This output is NOT the same as XMP because it uses dynamically-generated property
names corresponding to the ExifTool tag names with ExifTool family 1 group names as
namespaces, and not the standard XMP properties and namespaces. To write XMP instead,
use the -o option with an XMP extension for the output file.

Processing control

-a, --a (-duplicates, --duplicates)
Allow (-a) or suppress (--a) duplicate tag names to be extracted. By default, duplicate
tags are suppressed when reading unless the -ee or -X options are used or the Duplicates
option is enabled in the configuration file. When writing, this option allows multiple
Warning messages to be shown. Duplicate tags are always extracted when copying.

-e (--composite)
Extract existing tags only -- don't generate composite tags.

-ee[NUM] (-extractEmbedded)
Extract information from embedded documents in EPS files, embedded EPS information and
JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in PDF files, embedded MPF images in JPEG and MPO files,
streaming metadata in AVCHD videos, and the resource fork of Mac OS files. Implies the
-a option. Use -g3 or -G3 to identify the originating document for extracted
information. Embedded documents containing sub-documents are indicated with dashes in
the family 3 group name. (eg. "Doc2-3" is the 3rd sub-document of the 2nd embedded
document.) Note that this option may increase processing time substantially, especially
for PDF files with many embedded images or videos with streaming metadata.

When used with -ee, the -p option is evaluated for each embedded document as if it were
a separate input file. This allows, for example, generation of GPS track logs from
timed metadata in videos. See <https://exiftool.org/geotag.html#Inverse> for examples.

Setting NUM to 2 causes the H264 video stream in MP4 videos to be parsed until the first
Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message is decoded, or 3 to parse the entire
H624 stream and decode all SEI information. For M2TS videos, a setting of 3 causes the
entire file to be parsed in search of unlisted programs which may contain timed GPS.

-ext[+] EXT, --ext EXT (-extension)
Process only files with (-ext) or without (--ext) a specified extension. There may be
multiple -ext and --ext options. A plus sign may be added (ie. -ext+) to add the
specified extension to the normally processed files. EXT may begin with a leading '.',
which is ignored. Case is not significant. "*" may be used to process files with any
extension (or none at all), as in the last three examples:

exiftool -ext JPG DIR # process only JPG files
exiftool --ext cr2 --ext dng DIR # supported files but CR2/DNG
exiftool -ext+ txt DIR # supported files plus TXT
exiftool -ext "*" DIR # process all files
exiftool -ext "*" --ext xml DIR # process all but XML files
exiftool -ext "*" --ext . DIR # all but those with no ext

Using this option has two main advantages over specifying "*.EXT" on the command line:
1) It applies to files in subdirectories when combined with the -r option. 2) The -ext
option is case-insensitive, which is useful when processing files on case-sensitive
filesystems.

Note that all files specified on the command line will be processed regardless of
extension unless the -ext option is used.

-F[OFFSET] (-fixBase)
Fix the base for maker notes offsets. A common problem with some image editors is that
offsets in the maker notes are not adjusted properly when the file is modified. This
may cause the wrong values to be extracted for some maker note entries when reading the
edited file. This option allows an integer OFFSET to be specified for adjusting the
maker notes base offset. If no OFFSET is given, ExifTool takes its best guess at the
correct base. Note that exiftool will automatically fix the offsets for images which
store original offset information (eg. newer Canon models). Offsets are fixed
permanently if -F is used when writing EXIF to an image. eg)

exiftool -F -exif:resolutionunit=inches image.jpg

-fast[NUM]
Increase speed of extracting information. With -fast (or -fast1), ExifTool will not
scan to the end of a JPEG image to check for an AFCP or PreviewImage trailer, or past
the first comment in GIF images or the audio/video data in WAV/AVI files to search for
additional metadata. These speed benefits are small when reading images directly from
disk, but can be substantial if piping images through a network connection. For more
substantial speed benefits, -fast2 also causes exiftool to avoid extracting any EXIF
MakerNote information, and to stop processing at the IDAT chunk of PNG images and the
mdat atom of QuickTime-format files (but note that some files may store metadata after
this). -fast3 avoids extracting metadata from the file, and returns only pseudo System
tags, but still reads the file header to obtain an educated guess at FileType. -fast4
doesn't even read the file header, and returns only System tags and a FileType based on
the file extension. -fast5 also disables generation of the Composite tags (like -e).
Has no effect when writing.

Note that a separate -fast setting may be used for evaluation of a -if condition, or
when ordering files with the -fileOrder option. See the -if and -fileOrder options for
details.

-fileOrder[NUM] [-]TAG
Set file processing order according to the sorted value of the specified TAG. For
example, to process files in order of date:

exiftool -fileOrder DateTimeOriginal DIR

Additional -fileOrder options may be added for secondary sort keys. Numbers are sorted
numerically, and all other values are sorted alphabetically. Files missing the
specified tag are sorted last. The sort order may be reversed by prefixing the tag name
with a "-" (eg. "-fileOrder -createdate"). Print conversion of the sorted values is
disabled with the -n option, or a "#" appended to the tag name. Other formatting
options (eg. -d) have no effect on the sorted values. Note that the -fileOrder option
can incur large performance penalty since it involves an additional initial processing
pass of all files, but this impact may be reduced by specifying a NUM to effectively set
the -fast level for the initial pass. For example, -fileOrder4 may be used if TAG is a
pseudo System tag. If multiple -fileOrder options are used, the extraction is done at
the lowest -fast level. Note that files are sorted across directory boundaries if
multiple input directories are specified.

-i DIR (-ignore)
Ignore specified directory name. DIR may be either an individual folder name, or a full
path. If a full path is specified, it must match the Directory tag exactly to be
ignored. Use multiple -i options to ignore more than one directory name. A special DIR
value of "SYMLINKS" (case sensitive) may be specified to avoid recursing into
directories which are symbolic links when the -r option is used. As well, a value of
"HIDDEN" (case sensitive) may be used to ignore files with names that start with a "."
(ie. hidden files on Unix systems) when scanning a directory.

-if[NUM] EXPR
Specify a condition to be evaluated before processing each FILE. EXPR is a Perl-like
logic expression containing tag names prefixed by "$" symbols. It is evaluated with the
tags from each FILE in turn, and the file is processed only if the expression returns
true. Unlike Perl variable names, tag names are not case sensitive and may contain a
hyphen. As well, tag names may have a leading group names separated by colons, and/or a
trailing "#" character to disable print conversion. The expression $GROUP:all evaluates
to 1 if any tag exists in the specified "GROUP", or 0 otherwise (see note 2 below).
When multiple -if options are used, all conditions must be satisfied to process the
file. Returns an exit status of 2 if all files fail the condition. Below are a few
examples:

# extract shutterspeed from all Canon images in a directory
exiftool -shutterspeed -if '$make eq "Canon"' dir

# add one hour to all images created on or after Apr. 2, 2006
exiftool -alldates+=1 -if '$CreateDate ge "2006:04:02"' dir

# set EXIF ISO value if possible, unless it is set already
exiftool '-exif:iso<iso' -if 'not $exif:iso' dir

# find images containing a specific keyword (case insensitive)
exiftool -if '$keywords =~ /harvey/i' -filename dir

Adding NUM to the -if option causes a separate processing pass to be executed for
evaluating EXPR at a -fast level given by NUM (see the -fast option documentation for
details). Without NUM, only one processing pass is done at the level specified by the
-fast option. For example, using -if5 is possible if EXPR uses only pseudo System tags,
and may significantly speed processing if enough files fail the condition.

The expression has access to the current ExifTool object through $self, and the
following special functions are available to allow short-circuiting of the file
processing. Both functions have a return value of 1. Case is significant for function
names.

End() - end processing after this file
EndDir() - end processing of files in the current directory
after this file (not compatible with -fileOrder)

Notes:

1) The -n and -b options also apply to tags used in EXPR.

2) Some binary data blocks are not extracted unless specified explicitly. These tags
are not available for use in the -if condition unless they are also specified on the
command line. The alternative is to use the $GROUP:all syntax. (eg. Use $exif:all
instead of $exif in EXPR to test for the existence of EXIF tags.)

3) Tags in the string are interpolated in a similar way to -p before the expression is
evaluated. In this interpolation, $/ is converted to a newline and $$ represents a
single "$" symbol. So Perl variables, if used, require a double "$", and regular
expressions ending in $/ must use $$/ instead.

4) The condition accesses only tags from the file being processed unless the -fileNUM
option is used to read an alternate file and the corresponding family 8 group name is
specified for the tag. See the -fileNUM option details for more information.

5) The -a option has no effect on the evaluation of the expression, and the values of
duplicate tags are accessible only by specifying a group name (such as a family 4
instance number, eg. $Copy1:TAG, $Copy2:TAG, etc).

6) A special "OK" UserParam is available to test the success of the previous command
when -execute was used, and may be used like any other tag in the condition (ie. "$OK").

7) The API RequestTags option is automatically set for all tags used in the -if
condition.

-m (-ignoreMinorErrors)
Ignore minor errors and warnings. This enables writing to files with minor errors and
disables some validation checks which could result in minor warnings. Generally, minor
errors/warnings indicate a problem which usually won't result in loss of metadata if
ignored. However, there are exceptions, so ExifTool leaves it up to you to make the
final decision. Minor errors and warnings are indicated by "[minor]" at the start of
the message. Warnings which affect processing when ignored are indicated by "[Minor]"
(with a capital "M"). Note that this causes missing values in -tagsFromFile, -p and -if
strings to be set to an empty string rather than an undefined value.

-o OUTFILE or FMT (-out)
Set the output file or directory name when writing information. Without this option,
when any "real" tags are written the original file is renamed to "FILE_original" and
output is written to FILE. When writing only FileName and/or Directory "pseudo" tags,
-o causes the file to be copied instead of moved, but directories specified for either
of these tags take precedence over that specified by the -o option.

OUTFILE may be "-" to write to stdout. The output file name may also be specified using
a FMT string in which %d, %f and %e represent the directory, file name and extension of
FILE. Also, %c may be used to add a copy number. See the -w option for FMT string
examples.

The output file is taken to be a directory name if it already exists as a directory or
if the name ends with '/'. Output directories are created if necessary. Existing files
will not be overwritten. Combining the -overwrite_original option with -o causes the
original source file to be erased after the output file is successfully written.

A special feature of this option allows the creation of certain types of files from
scratch, or with the metadata from another type of file. The following file types may
be created using this technique:

XMP, EXIF, EXV, MIE, ICC/ICM, VRD, DR4

The output file type is determined by the extension of OUTFILE (specified as "-.EXT"
when writing to stdout). The output file is then created from a combination of
information in FILE (as if the -tagsFromFile option was used), and tag values assigned
on the command line. If no FILE is specified, the output file may be created from
scratch using only tags assigned on the command line.

-overwrite_original
Overwrite the original FILE (instead of preserving it by adding "_original" to the file
name) when writing information to an image. Caution: This option should only be used if
you already have separate backup copies of your image files. The overwrite is
implemented by renaming a temporary file to replace the original. This deletes the
original file and replaces it with the edited version in a single operation. When
combined with -o, this option causes the original file to be deleted if the output file
was successfully written (ie. the file is moved instead of copied).

-overwrite_original_in_place
Similar to -overwrite_original except that an extra step is added to allow the original
file attributes to be preserved. For example, on a Mac this causes the original file
creation date, type, creator, label color, icon, Finder tags, other extended attributes
and hard links to the file to be preserved (but note that the Mac OS resource fork is
always preserved unless specifically deleted with "-rsrc:all="). This is implemented by
opening the original file in update mode and replacing its data with a copy of a
temporary file before deleting the temporary. The extra step results in slower
performance, so the -overwrite_original option should be used instead unless necessary.

Note that this option reverts to the behaviour of the -overwrite_original option when
also writing the FileName and/or Directory tags.

-P (-preserve)
Preserve the filesystem modification date/time ("FileModifyDate") of the original file
when writing. Note that some filesystems store a creation date (ie. "FileCreateDate" on
Windows and Mac systems) which is not affected by this option. This creation date is
preserved on Windows systems where Win32API::File and Win32::API are available
regardless of this setting. For other systems, the -overwrite_original_in_place option
may be used if necessary to preserve the creation date. The -P option is superseded by
any value written to the FileModifyDate tag.

-password PASSWD
Specify password to allow processing of password-protected PDF documents. If a password
is required but not given, a warning is issued and the document is not processed. This
option is ignored if a password is not required.

-progress[NUM][:[TITLE]]
Show the progress when processing files. Without a colon, the -progress option adds a
progress count in brackets after the name of each processed file, giving the current
file number and the total number of files to be processed. Implies the -v0 option,
causing the names of processed files to also be printed when writing. When combined
with the -if option, the total count includes all files before the condition is applied,
but files that fail the condition will not have their names printed. If NUM is
specified, the progress is shown every NUM input files.

If followed by a colon (ie. -progress:), the console window title is set according to
the specified TITLE string. If no TITLE is given, a default TITLE string of "ExifTool
%p%%" is assumed. In the string, %f represents the file name, %p is the progress as a
percent, %r is the progress as a ratio, %##b is a progress bar of width "##" (where "##"
is an integer specifying the bar width in characters, or 20 characters by default if
"##" is omitted), and %% is a % character. May be combined with the normal -progress
option to also show the progress count in console messages. (Note: For this feature to
function correctly on Mac/Linux, stderr must go to the console.)

-q (-quiet)
Quiet processing. One -q suppresses normal informational messages, and a second -q
suppresses warnings as well. Error messages can not be suppressed, although minor
errors may be downgraded to warnings with the -m option, which may then be suppressed
with "-q -q".

-r[.] (-recurse)
Recursively process files in subdirectories. Only meaningful if FILE is a directory
name. Subdirectories with names beginning with "." are not processed unless "." is
added to the option name (ie. -r. or -recurse.). By default, exiftool will also follow
symbolic links to directories if supported by the system, but this may be disabled with
"-i SYMLINKS" (see the -i option for details). Combine this with -ext options to
control the types of files processed.

-scanForXMP
Scan all files (even unsupported formats) for XMP information unless found already.
When combined with the -fast option, only unsupported file types are scanned. Warning:
It can be time consuming to scan large files.

-u (-unknown)
Extract values of unknown tags. Add another -u to also extract unknown information from
binary data blocks. This option applies to tags with numerical tag ID's, and causes tag
names like "Exif_0xc5d9" to be generated for unknown information. It has no effect on
information types which have human-readable tag ID's (such as XMP), since unknown tags
are extracted automatically from these formats.

-U (-unknown2)
Extract values of unknown tags as well as unknown information from some binary data
blocks. This is the same as two -u options.

-wm MODE (-writeMode)
Set mode for writing/creating tags. MODE is a string of one or more characters from the
list below. The default write mode is "wcg".

w - Write existing tags
c - Create new tags
g - create new Groups as necessary

For example, use "-wm cg" to only create new tags (and avoid editing existing ones).

The level of the group is the SubDirectory level in the metadata structure. For XMP or
IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC block (the family 0 group), but for EXIF this is the
individual IFD (the family 1 group).

-z (-zip)
When reading, causes information to be extracted from .gz and .bz2 compressed images
(only one image per archive; requires gzip and bzip2 to be available). When writing,
causes compressed information to be written if supported by the metadata format (eg. PNG
supports compressed textual metadata, JXL supports compressed EXIF and XML, and MIE
supports any compressed metadata), disables the recommended padding in embedded XMP
(saving 2424 bytes when writing XMP in a file), and writes XMP in shorthand format --
the equivalent of setting the API Compress=1 and Compact="NoPadding,Shorthand".

Other options

-@ ARGFILE
Read command-line arguments from the specified file. The file contains one argument per
line (NOT one option per line -- some options require additional arguments, and all
arguments must be placed on separate lines). Blank lines and lines beginning with "#"
are ignored (unless they start with "#[CSTR]", in which case the rest of the line is
treated as a C string, allowing standard C escape sequences such as "\n" for a newline).
White space at the start of a line is removed. Normal shell processing of arguments is
not performed, which among other things means that arguments should not be quoted and
spaces are treated as any other character. ARGFILE may exist relative to either the
current directory or the exiftool directory unless an absolute pathname is given.

For example, the following ARGFILE will set the value of Copyright to "Copyright YYYY,
Phil Harvey", where "YYYY" is the year of CreateDate:

-d
%Y
-copyright<Copyright $createdate, Phil Harvey

Arguments in ARGFILE behave exactly the same as if they were entered at the location of
the -@ option on the command line, with the exception that the -config and -common_args
options may not be used in an ARGFILE.

-k (-pause)
Pause with the message "-- press any key --" or "-- press RETURN --" (depending on your
system) before terminating. This option is used to prevent the command window from
closing when run as a Windows drag and drop application.

-list, -listw, -listf, -listr, -listwf, -listg[NUM], -listd, -listx
Print a list of all valid tag names (-list), all writable tag names (-listw), all
supported file extensions (-listf), all recognized file extensions (-listr), all
writable file extensions (-listwf), all tag groups [in a specified family]
(-listg[NUM]), all deletable tag groups (-listd), or an XML database of tag details
including language translations (-listx). The -list, -listw and -listx options may be
followed by an additional argument of the form "-GROUP:All" to list only tags in a
specific group, where "GROUP" is one or more family 0-2 group names (excepting EXIF IFD
groups) separated by colons. With -listg, NUM may be given to specify the group family,
otherwise family 0 is assumed. The -l option may be combined with -listf, -listr or
-listwf to add file descriptions to the list. The -lang option may be combined with
-listx to output descriptions in a single language. Here are some examples:

-list # list all tag names
-list -EXIF:All # list all EXIF tags
-list -xmp:time:all # list all XMP tags relating to time
-listw -XMP-dc:All # list all writable XMP-dc tags
-listf # list all supported file extensions
-listr # list all recognized file extensions
-listwf # list all writable file extensions
-listg1 # list all groups in family 1
-listd # list all deletable groups
-listx -EXIF:All # list database of EXIF tags in XML format
-listx -XMP:All -s # list short XML database of XMP tags

When combined with -listx, the -s option shortens the output by omitting the
descriptions and values (as in the last example above), and -f adds 'flags' and 'struct'
attributes if applicable. The flags are formatted as a comma-separated list of the
following possible values: Avoid, Binary, List, Mandatory, Permanent, Protected, Unknown
and Unsafe (see the Tag Name documentation). For XMP List tags, the list type (Alt, Bag
or Seq) is added to the flags, and flattened structure tags are indicated by a Flattened
flag with 'struct' giving the ID of the parent structure.

Note that none of the -list options require an input FILE.

-ver Print exiftool version number. The -v option may be added to print addition system
information (see the README file of the full distribution for more details about
optional libraries), or -v2 to also list the Perl include directories.

-- Indicates the end of options. Any remaining arguments are treated as file names, even
if they begin with a dash ("-").

Special features

-geotag TRKFILE
Geotag images from the specified GPS track log file. Using the -geotag option is
equivalent to writing a value to the "Geotag" tag. The GPS position is interpolated
from the track at a time specified by the value written to the "Geotime" tag. If
"Geotime" is not specified, the value is copied from "DateTimeOriginal#" (the "#" is
added to copy the unformatted value, avoiding potential conflicts with the -d option).
For example, the following two commands are equivalent:

exiftool -geotag trk.log image.jpg
exiftool -geotag trk.log "-Geotime<DateTimeOriginal#" image.jpg

When the "Geotime" value is converted to UTC, the local system timezone is assumed
unless the date/time value contains a timezone. Writing "Geotime" causes the following
tags to be written (provided they can be calculated from the track log, and they are
supported by the destination metadata format): GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef,
GPSLongitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSAltitude, GPSAltitudeRef, GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp,
GPSDateTime, GPSTrack, GPSTrackRef, GPSSpeed, GPSSpeedRef, GPSImgDirection,
GPSImgDirectionRef, GPSPitch, GPSRoll, GPSCoordinates, AmbientTemperature and
CameraElevationAngle. By default, in image files tags are created in EXIF, and updated
in XMP only if they already exist. In QuickTime-format files GPSCoordinates is created
in the preferred location (ItemList by default) as well as in XMP. However,
"EXIF:Geotime", "XMP:Geotime" or "QuickTime:Geotime" may be specified to write to write
only to one group. Also, "ItemList:Geotime", "Keys:Geotime" or "UserData:Geotime" may
be used to write to a specific location in QuickTime-format files. Note that GPSPitch
and GPSRoll are non-standard, and require user-defined tags in order to be written.

The "Geosync" tag may be used to specify a time correction which is applied to each
"Geotime" value for synchronization with GPS time. For example, the following command
compensates for image times which are 1 minute and 20 seconds behind GPS:

exiftool -geosync=+1:20 -geotag a.log DIR

Advanced "Geosync" features allow a piecewise linear time drift correction and
synchronization from previously geotagged images. See "geotag.html" in the full
ExifTool distribution for more information.

Multiple -geotag options may be used to concatenate GPS track log data. Also, a single
-geotag option may be used to load multiple track log files by using wildcards in the
TRKFILE name, but note that in this case TRKFILE must be quoted on most systems (with
the notable exception of Windows) to prevent filename expansion. For example:

exiftool -geotag "TRACKDIR/*.log" IMAGEDIR

Currently supported track file formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL, KML, IGC, Garmin XML
and TCX, Magellan PMGNTRK, Honeywell PTNTHPR, Bramor gEO, Winplus Beacon TXT, and
GPS/IMU CSV files. See "GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES" for examples. Also see "geotag.html" in
the full ExifTool distribution and the Image::ExifTool Options for more details and for
information about geotag configuration options.

-globalTimeShift SHIFT
Shift all formatted date/time values by the specified amount when reading. Does not
apply to unformatted (-n) output. SHIFT takes the same form as the date/time shift when
writing (see Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details), with a negative shift being
indicated with a minus sign ("-") at the start of the SHIFT string. For example:

# return all date/times, shifted back by 1 hour
exiftool -globalTimeShift -1 -time:all a.jpg

# set the file name from the shifted CreateDate (-1 day) for
# all images in a directory
exiftool "-filename<createdate" -globaltimeshift "-0:0:1 0:0:0" \
-d %Y%m%d-%H%M%S.%%e dir

-use MODULE
Add features from specified plug-in MODULE. Currently, the MWG module is the only plug-
in module distributed with exiftool. This module adds read/write support for tags as
recommended by the Metadata Working Group. As a convenience, "-use MWG" is assumed if
the group name prefix starts with "MWG:" exactly for any requested tag. See the MWG
Tags documentation for more details. Note that this option is not reversible, and
remains in effect until the application terminates, even across the -execute option.

Utilities

-restore_original
-delete_original[!]
These utility options automate the maintenance of the "_original" files created by
exiftool. They have no effect on files without an "_original" copy. The
-restore_original option restores the specified files from their original copies by
renaming the "_original" files to replace the edited versions. For example, the
following command restores the originals of all JPG images in directory "DIR":

exiftool -restore_original -ext jpg DIR

The -delete_original option deletes the "_original" copies of all files specified on the
command line. Without a trailing "!" this option prompts for confirmation before
continuing. For example, the following command deletes "a.jpg_original" if it exists,
after asking "Are you sure?":

exiftool -delete_original a.jpg

These options may not be used with other options to read or write tag values in the same
command, but may be combined with options such -ext, -if, -r, -q and -v.

Advanced options

Among other things, the advanced options allow complex processing to be performed from a
single command without the need for additional scripting. This may be particularly useful
for implementations such as Windows drag-and-drop applications. These options may also be
used to improve performance in multi-pass processing by reducing the overhead required to
load exiftool for each invocation.

-api [OPT[[^]=[VAL]]]
Set ExifTool API option. OPT is an API option name. The option value is set to 1 if
=VAL is omitted. If VAL is omitted, the option value is set to undef if "=" is used, or
an empty string with "^=". If OPT is not specified a list of available options is
returned. The option name is not case senstive, but the option values are. See
Image::ExifTool Options for option details. This overrides API options set via the
config file. Note that the exiftool app sets some API options internally, and attempts
to change these via the command line will have no effect.

-common_args
Specifies that all arguments following this option are common to all executed commands
when -execute is used. This and the -config option are the only options that may not be
used inside a -@ ARGFILE. Note that by definition this option and its arguments MUST
come after all other options on the command line.

-config CFGFILE
Load specified configuration file instead of the default ".ExifTool_config". If used,
this option must come before all other arguments on the command line and applies to all
-execute'd commands. This file is used to create user-defined tags as well as set
default ExifTool options. The CFGFILE must exist relative to the current working
directory or the exiftool application directory unless an absolute path is specified.
Loading of the default config file may be disabled by setting CFGFILE to an empty string
(ie. ""). See <https://exiftool.org/config.html> and config_files/example.config in the
full ExifTool distribution for details about the configuration file syntax.

-echo[NUM] TEXT
Echo TEXT to stdout (-echo or -echo1) or stderr (-echo2). Text is output as the command
line is parsed, before the processing of any input files. NUM may also be 3 or 4 to
output text (to stdout or stderr respectively) after processing is complete. For -echo3
and -echo4, "${status}" may be used in the TEXT string to represent the numerical exit
status of the command (see "EXIT STATUS").

-efile[NUM][!] ERRFILE
Save the names of files giving errors (NUM missing or 1), files that were unchanged (NUM
is 2), files that fail the -if condition (NUM is 4), files that were updated (NUM is 8),
files that were created (NUM is 16), or any combination thereof by summing NUM (eg.
-efile3 is the same has having both -efile and -efile2 options with the same ERRFILE).
By default, file names are appended to any existing ERRFILE, but ERRFILE is overwritten
if an exclamation point is added to the option (eg. -efile!). Saves the name of the
file specified by the -srcfile option if applicable.

-execute[NUM]
Execute command for all arguments up to this point on the command line (plus any
arguments specified by -common_args). The result is as if the commands were executed as
separate command lines (with the exception of the -config and -use options which remain
in effect for subsequent commands). Allows multiple commands to be executed from a
single command line. NUM is an optional number that is echoed in the "{ready}" message
when using the -stay_open feature. If a NUM is specified, the -q option no longer
suppresses the output "{readyNUM}" message.

-fileNUM ALTFILE
Read tags from an alternate source file. Among other things, this allows tags from
different files to be compared and combined using the -if and -p options. NUM is any
string of digits. Tags from alternate files are accessed via the corresponding family 8
group name (eg. "File1:TAG" for the -file1 option, "File2:TAG" for -file2, etc).
ALTFILE may contain filename formatting codes like the -w option (%d, %f, etc), and/or
tag names with a leading "$" symbol to access tags from the source file in the same way
as the -p option (so any other dollar symbol in the file name must be doubled, eg.
"money$$.jpg"). For example, assuming that the OriginalFileName tag has been set in the
edited file, a command to copy Rights from the original file could look like this:

exiftool -file1 '$originalfilename' '-rights<file1:rights' edited.jpg

Subtle note: If a -tagsFromFile option is used, tags in the ALTFILE argument come from
the SRCFILE that applies to the first argument accessing tags from the corresponding
"FileNUM" group.

User-defined Composite tags may access tags from alternate files using the appropriate
(case-sensitive) family 8 group name.

-list_dir
List directories themselves instead of their contents. This option effectively causes
directories to be treated as normal files when reading and writing. For example, with
this option the output of the "ls -la" command on Mac/Linux may be approximated by this
exiftool command:

exiftool -list_dir -T -ls-l -api systemtags -fast5 .* *

(The -T option formats the output in tab-separated columns, -ls-l is a shortcut tag, the
API SystemTags option is required to extract some necessary tags, and the -fast5 option
is added for speed since only system tags are being extracted.)

-srcfile FMT
Specify a different source file to be processed based on the name of the original FILE.
This may be useful in some special situations for processing related preview images or
sidecar files. See the -w option for a description of the FMT syntax. Note that file
name FMT strings for all options are based on the original FILE specified from the
command line, not the name of the source file specified by -srcfile.

For example, to copy metadata from NEF files to the corresponding JPG previews in a
directory where other JPG images may exist:

exiftool -ext nef -tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f.jpg dir

If more than one -srcfile option is specified, the files are tested in order and the
first existing source file is processed. If none of the source files already exist,
then exiftool uses the first -srcfile specified.

A FMT of "@" may be used to represent the original FILE, which may be useful when
specifying multiple -srcfile options (eg. to fall back to processing the original FILE
if no sidecar exists).

When this option is used, two special UserParam tags (OriginalFileName and
OriginalDirectory) are generated to allow access to the original FILE name and
directory.

-stay_open FLAG
If FLAG is 1 or "True" (case insensitive), causes exiftool keep reading from the -@
ARGFILE even after reaching the end of file. This feature allows calling applications
to pre-load exiftool, thus avoiding the overhead of loading exiftool for each command.
The procedure is as follows:

1) Execute "exiftool -stay_open True -@ ARGFILE", where ARGFILE is the name of an
existing (possibly empty) argument file or "-" to pipe arguments from the standard
input.

2) Write exiftool command-line arguments to ARGFILE, one argument per line (see the -@
option for details).

3) Write "-execute\n" to ARGFILE, where "\n" represents a newline sequence. (Note: You
may need to flush your write buffers here if using buffered output.) ExifTool will then
execute the command with the arguments received up to this point, send a "{ready}"
message to stdout when done (unless the -q or -T option is used), and continue trying to
read arguments for the next command from ARGFILE. To aid in command/response
synchronization, any number appended to the -execute option is echoed in the "{ready}"
message. For example, "-execute613" results in "{ready613}". When this number is
added, -q no longer suppresses the "{ready}" message. (Also, see the -echo3 and -echo4
options for additional ways to pass signals back to your application.)

4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each command.

5) Write "-stay_open\nFalse\n" (or "-stay_open\n0\n") to ARGFILE when done. This will
cause exiftool to process any remaining command-line arguments then exit normally.

The input ARGFILE may be changed at any time before step 5 above by writing the
following lines to the currently open ARGFILE:

-stay_open
True
-@
NEWARGFILE

This causes ARGFILE to be closed, and NEWARGFILE to be kept open. (Without the
-stay_open here, exiftool would have returned to reading arguments from ARGFILE after
reaching the end of NEWARGFILE.)

Note: When writing arguments to a disk file there is a delay of up to 0.01 seconds
after writing "-execute\n" before exiftool starts processing the command. This delay
may be avoided by sending a CONT signal to the exiftool process immediately after
writing "-execute\n". (There is no associated delay when writing arguments via a pipe
with "-@ -", so the signal is not necessary when using this technique.)

-userParam PARAM[[^]=[VAL]]
Set user parameter. PARAM is an arbitrary user parameter name. This is an interface to
the API UserParam option (see the Image::ExifTool Options documentation), and provides a
method to access user-defined parameters in arguments to the -if and -p options as if
they were any other tag. Appending a hash tag ("#") to PARAM (eg. "-userParam
MyTag#=yes") also causes the parameter to be extracted as a normal tag in the UserParam
group. Similar to the -api option, the parameter value is set to 1 if =VAL is omitted,
undef if just VAL is omitted with "=", or an empty string if VAL is omitted with "^=".

exiftool -p '$test from $filename' -userparam test=Hello FILE

Advanced formatting feature

An advanced formatting feature allows modification of the value of any tag interpolated
within a -if or -p option argument, or a -tagsFromFile redirection string. Tag names within
these strings are prefixed by a "$" symbol, and an arbitrary Perl expression may be applied
to the tag value by placing braces around the tag name and inserting the expression after the
name, separated by a semicolon (ie. "${TAG;EXPR}"). The expression acts on the value of the
tag through the default input variable ($_), and has access to the full ExifTool API through
the current ExifTool object ($self) and the tag key ($tag). It may contain any valid Perl
code, including translation ("tr///") and substitution ("s///") operations, but note that
braces within the expression must be balanced. The example below prints the camera Make with
spaces translated to underlines, and multiple consecutive underlines replaced by a single
underline:

exiftool -p '${make;tr/ /_/;s/__+/_/g}' image.jpg

An "@" may be added after the tag name to make the expression act on individual list items
for list-type tags, simplifying list processing. Set $_ to undef to remove an item from the
list. As an example, the following command returns all subjects not containing the string
"xxx":

exiftool -p '${subject@;$_=undef if /xxx/}' image.jpg

A default expression of "tr(/\\?*:|"<>\0)()d" is assumed if the expression is empty (ie.
"${TAG;}"). This removes the characters / \ ? * : | < > and null from the printed value.
(These characters are illegal in Windows file names, so this feature is useful if tag values
are used in file names.)

Helper functions

"DateFmt"

Simplifies reformatting of individual date/time values. This function acts on a standard
EXIF-formatted date/time value in $_ and formats it according to the specified format string
(see the -d option). To avoid trying to reformat an already-formatted date/time value, a "#"
must be added to the tag name (as in the example below) if the -d option is also used. For
example:

exiftool -p '${createdate#;DateFmt("%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S")}' a.jpg

"ShiftTime"

Shifts EXIF-formatted date/time string by a specified amount. Start with a leading minus
sign to shift backwards in time. See Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details about shift
syntax. For example, to shift a date/time value back by one year:

exiftool -p '${createdate;ShiftTime("-1:0:0 0")}' a.jpg

"NoDups"

Removes duplicate items from a list with a separator specified by the -sep option. This
function is most useful when copying list-type tags. For example, the following command may
be used to remove duplicate Keywords:

exiftool -sep '##' '-keywords<${keywords;NoDups}' a.jpg

The -sep option is necessary to split the string back into individual list items when writing
to a list-type tag.

An optional flag argument may be set to 1 to cause "NoDups" to set $_ to undef if no
duplicates existed, thus preventing the file from being rewritten unnecessarily:

exiftool -sep '##' '-keywords<${keywords;NoDups(1)}' a.jpg

Note that function names are case sensitive.

ExifTool 12.64 adds an API NoDups option which makes the NoDups helper function largely
redundant, with all the functionality except the ability to avoid rewriting the file if there
are no duplicates, but with the advantage the duplicates may be removed when accumulating
list items from multiple sources. An equivalent to the above commands using this feature
would be:

exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -keywords -api nodups a.jpg

WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES
In Windows, command-line arguments are specified using the current code page and are recoded
automatically to the system code page. This recoding is not done for arguments in ExifTool
arg files, so by default filenames in arg files use the system code page. Unfortunately,
these code pages are not complete character sets, so not all file names may be represented.

ExifTool 9.79 and later allow the file name encoding to be specified with "-charset
filename=CHARSET", where "CHARSET" is the name of a valid ExifTool character set, preferably
"UTF8" (see the -charset option for a complete list). Setting this triggers the use of
Windows wide-character i/o routines, thus providing support for most Unicode file names (see
note 4). But note that it is not trivial to pass properly encoded file names on the Windows
command line (see <https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q18> for details), so placing them in a
UTF-8 encoded -@ argfile and using "-charset filename=utf8" is recommended if possible.

A warning is issued if a specified filename contains special characters and the filename
character set was not provided. However, the warning may be disabled by setting "-charset
filename=""", and ExifTool may still function correctly if the system code page matches the
character set used for the file names.

When a directory name is provided, the file name encoding need not be specified (unless the
directory name contains special characters), and ExifTool will automatically use wide-
character routines to scan the directory.

The filename character set applies to the FILE arguments as well as filename arguments of -@,
-geotag, -o, -p, -srcfile, -tagsFromFile, -csv=, -j= and -TAG<=. However, it does not apply
to the -config filename, which always uses the system character set. The "-charset
filename=" option must come before the -@ option to be effective, but the order doesn't
matter with respect to other options.

Notes:

1) FileName and Directory tag values still use the same encoding as other tag values, and are
converted to/from the filename character set when writing/reading if specified.

2) Unicode support is not yet implemented for other Windows-based systems like Cygwin.

3) See "WRITING READ-ONLY FILES" below for a note about editing read-only files with Unicode
names.

4) Unicode file names with surrogate pairs (code points over U+FFFF) still cause problems.

WRITING READ-ONLY FILES
In general, ExifTool may be used to write metadata to read-only files provided that the user
has write permission in the directory. However, there are three cases where file write
permission is also required:

1) When using the -overwrite_original_in_place option.

2) When writing only pseudo System tags (eg. FileModifyDate).

3) On Windows if the file has Unicode characters in its name, and a) the -overwrite_original
option is used, or b) the "_original" backup already exists.

Hidden files in Windows behave as read-only files when attempting to write any real tags to
the file -- an error is generated when using the -overwrite_original_in_place, otherwise
writing should be successful and the hidden attribute will be removed. But the -if option
may be used to avoid processing hidden files (provided Win32API::File is available):

exiftool -if "$fileattributes !~ /Hidden/" ...

READING EXAMPLES
Note: Beware when cutting and pasting these examples into your terminal! Some characters
such as single and double quotes and hyphens may have been changed into similar-looking yet
functionally-different characters by the text formatter used to display this documentation.
Also note that Windows users must use double quotes instead of single quotes as below around
arguments containing special characters.

exiftool -a -u -g1 a.jpg
Print all meta information in an image, including duplicate and unknown tags, sorted by
group (for family 1). For performance reasons, this command may not extract all
available metadata. (Metadata in embedded documents, metadata extracted by external
utilities, and metadata requiring excessive processing time may not be extracted). Add
"-ee3" and "-api RequestAll=3" to the command to extract absolutely everything
available.

exiftool -common dir
Print common meta information for all images in "dir". "-common" is a shortcut tag
representing common EXIF meta information.

exiftool -T -createdate -aperture -shutterspeed -iso dir > out.txt
List specified meta information in tab-delimited column form for all images in "dir" to
an output text file named "out.txt".

exiftool -s -ImageSize -ExposureTime b.jpg
Print ImageSize and ExposureTime tag names and values.

exiftool -l -canon c.jpg d.jpg
Print standard Canon information from two image files.

exiftool -r -w .txt -common pictures
Recursively extract common meta information from files in "pictures" directory, writing
text output to ".txt" files with the same names.

exiftool -b -ThumbnailImage image.jpg > thumbnail.jpg
Save thumbnail image from "image.jpg" to a file called "thumbnail.jpg".

exiftool -b -JpgFromRaw -w _JFR.JPG -ext NEF -r .
Recursively extract JPG image from all Nikon NEF files in the current directory, adding
"_JFR.JPG" for the name of the output JPG files.

exiftool -a -b -W %d%f_%t%-c.%s -preview:all dir
Extract all types of preview images (ThumbnailImage, PreviewImage, JpgFromRaw, etc.)
from files in directory "dir", adding the tag name to the output preview image file
names.

exiftool -d '%r %a, %B %e, %Y' -DateTimeOriginal -S -s -ext jpg .
Print formatted date/time for all JPG files in the current directory.

exiftool -IFD1:XResolution -IFD1:YResolution image.jpg
Extract image resolution from EXIF IFD1 information (thumbnail image IFD).

exiftool '-*resolution*' image.jpg
Extract all tags with names containing the word "Resolution" from an image.

exiftool -xmp:author:all -a image.jpg
Extract all author-related XMP information from an image.

exiftool -xmp -b a.jpg > out.xmp
Extract complete XMP data record intact from "a.jpg" and write it to "out.xmp" using the
special "XMP" tag (see the Extra tags in Image::ExifTool::TagNames).

exiftool -p '$filename has date $dateTimeOriginal' -q -f dir
Print one line of output containing the file name and DateTimeOriginal for each image in
directory "dir".

exiftool -ee3 -p '$gpslatitude, $gpslongitude, $gpstimestamp' a.m2ts
Extract all GPS positions from an AVCHD video.

exiftool -icc_profile -b -w icc image.jpg
Save complete ICC_Profile from an image to an output file with the same name and an
extension of ".icc".

exiftool -htmldump -w tmp/%f_%e.html t/images
Generate HTML pages from a hex dump of EXIF information in all images from the
"t/images" directory. The output HTML files are written to the "tmp" directory (which
is created if it didn't exist), with names of the form 'FILENAME_EXT.html'.

exiftool -a -b -ee -embeddedimage -W Image_%.3g3.%s file.pdf
Extract embedded JPG and JP2 images from a PDF file. The output images will have file
names like "Image_#.jpg" or "Image_#.jp2", where "#" is the ExifTool family 3 embedded
document number for the image.

WRITING EXAMPLES
Note that quotes are necessary around arguments which contain certain special characters such
as ">", "<" or any white space. These quoting techniques are shell dependent, but the
examples below will work for most Unix shells. With the Windows cmd shell however, double
quotes should be used (eg. -Comment="This is a new comment").

exiftool -Comment='This is a new comment' dst.jpg
Write new comment to a JPG image (replaces any existing comment).

exiftool -comment= -o newdir -ext jpg .
Remove comment from all JPG images in the current directory, writing the modified images
to a new directory.

exiftool -keywords=EXIF -keywords=editor dst.jpg
Replace existing keyword list with two new keywords ("EXIF" and "editor").

exiftool -Keywords+=word -o newfile.jpg src.jpg
Copy a source image to a new file, and add a keyword ("word") to the current list of
keywords.

exiftool -exposurecompensation+=-0.5 a.jpg
Decrement the value of ExposureCompensation by 0.5 EV. Note that += with a negative
value is used for decrementing because the -= operator is used for conditional deletion
(see next example).

exiftool -credit-=xxx dir
Delete Credit information from all files in a directory where the Credit value was
"xxx".

exiftool -xmp:description-de='k&uuml;hl' -E dst.jpg
Write alternate language for XMP:Description, using HTML character escaping to input
special characters.

exiftool -all= dst.jpg
Delete all meta information from an image. Note: You should NOT do this to RAW images
(except DNG) since proprietary RAW image formats often contain information in the
makernotes that is necessary for converting the image.

exiftool -all= -comment='lonely' dst.jpg
Delete all meta information from an image and add a comment back in. (Note that the
order is important: "-comment='lonely' -all=" would also delete the new comment.)

exiftool -all= --jfif:all dst.jpg
Delete all meta information except JFIF group from an image.

exiftool -Photoshop:All= dst.jpg
Delete Photoshop meta information from an image (note that the Photoshop information
also includes IPTC).

exiftool -r -XMP-crss:all= DIR
Recursively delete all XMP-crss information from images in a directory.

exiftool '-ThumbnailImage<=thumb.jpg' dst.jpg
Set the thumbnail image from specified file (Note: The quotes are necessary to prevent
shell redirection).

exiftool '-JpgFromRaw<=%d%f_JFR.JPG' -ext NEF -r .
Recursively write JPEG images with filenames ending in "_JFR.JPG" to the JpgFromRaw tag
of like-named files with extension ".NEF" in the current directory. (This is the
inverse of the "-JpgFromRaw" command of the "READING EXAMPLES" section above.)

exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-='0:0:0 1:30:0' dir
Adjust original date/time of all images in directory "dir" by subtracting one hour and
30 minutes. (This is equivalent to "-DateTimeOriginal-=1.5". See
Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details.)

exiftool -createdate+=3 -modifydate+=3 a.jpg b.jpg
Add 3 hours to the CreateDate and ModifyDate timestamps of two images.

exiftool -AllDates+=1:30 -if '$make eq "Canon"' dir
Shift the values of DateTimeOriginal, CreateDate and ModifyDate forward by 1 hour and 30
minutes for all Canon images in a directory. (The AllDates tag is provided as a
shortcut for these three tags, allowing them to be accessed via a single tag.)

exiftool -xmp:city=Kingston image1.jpg image2.nef
Write a tag to the XMP group of two images. (Without the "xmp:" this tag would get
written to the IPTC group since "City" exists in both, and IPTC is preferred by
default.)

exiftool -LightSource-='Unknown (0)' dst.tiff
Delete "LightSource" tag only if it is unknown with a value of 0.

exiftool -whitebalance-=auto -WhiteBalance=tung dst.jpg
Set "WhiteBalance" to "Tungsten" only if it was previously "Auto".

exiftool -comment-= -comment='new comment' a.jpg
Write a new comment only if the image doesn't have one already.

exiftool -o %d%f.xmp dir
Create XMP meta information data files for all images in "dir".

exiftool -o test.xmp -owner=Phil -title='XMP File'
Create an XMP data file only from tags defined on the command line.

exiftool '-ICC_Profile<=%d%f.icc' image.jpg
Write ICC_Profile to an image from a ".icc" file of the same name.

exiftool -hierarchicalkeywords='{keyword=one,children={keyword=B}}'
Write structured XMP information. See <https://exiftool.org/struct.html> for more
details.

exiftool -trailer:all= image.jpg
Delete any trailer found after the end of image (EOI) in a JPEG file. A number of
digital cameras store a large PreviewImage after the JPEG EOI, and the file size may be
reduced significantly by deleting this trailer. See the JPEG Tags documentation for a
list of recognized JPEG trailers.

COPYING EXAMPLES
These examples demonstrate the ability to copy tag values between files.

exiftool -tagsFromFile src.cr2 dst.jpg
Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.cr2" to "dst.jpg", writing the
information to same-named tags in the preferred groups.

exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg
Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.jpg" to "dst.jpg", preserving the
original tag groups.

exiftool -all= -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all dst.jpg
Erase all meta information from "dst.jpg" image, then copy EXIF tags from "src.jpg".

exiftool -exif:all= -tagsfromfile @ -all:all -unsafe bad.jpg
Rebuild all EXIF meta information from scratch in an image. This technique can be used
in JPEG images to repair corrupted EXIF information which otherwise could not be written
due to errors. The "Unsafe" tag is a shortcut for unsafe EXIF tags in JPEG images which
are not normally copied. See the tag name documentation for more details about unsafe
tags.

exiftool -Tagsfromfile a.jpg out.xmp
Copy meta information from "a.jpg" to an XMP data file. If the XMP data file "out.xmp"
already exists, it will be updated with the new information. Otherwise the XMP data
file will be created. Only metadata-only files may be created like this (files
containing images may be edited but not created). See "WRITING EXAMPLES" above for
another technique to generate XMP files.

exiftool -tagsFromFile a.jpg -XMP:All= -ThumbnailImage= -m b.jpg
Copy all meta information from "a.jpg" to "b.jpg", deleting all XMP information and the
thumbnail image from the destination.

exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -title -author=Phil dst.jpg
Copy title from one image to another and set a new author name.

exiftool -TagsFromFile a.jpg -ISO -TagsFromFile b.jpg -comment dst.jpg
Copy ISO from one image and Comment from another image to a destination image.

exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all --subifd:all dst.jpg
Copy only the EXIF information from one image to another, excluding SubIFD tags.

exiftool '-FileModifyDate<DateTimeOriginal' dir
Use the original date from the meta information to set the same file's filesystem
modification date for all images in a directory. (Note that "-TagsFromFile @" is
assumed if no other -TagsFromFile is specified when redirecting information as in this
example.)

exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg '-xmp:all<all' dst.jpg
Copy all possible information from "src.jpg" and write in XMP format to "dst.jpg".

exiftool '-Description<${FileName;s/\.[^.]*$//}' dir
Set the image Description from the file name after removing the extension. This example
uses the "Advanced formatting feature" to perform a substitution operation to remove the
last dot and subsequent characters from the file name.

exiftool -@ iptc2xmp.args -iptc:all= a.jpg
Translate IPTC information to XMP with appropriate tag name conversions, and delete the
original IPTC information from an image. This example uses iptc2xmp.args, which is a
file included with the ExifTool distribution that contains the required arguments to
convert IPTC information to XMP format. Also included with the distribution are
xmp2iptc.args (which performs the inverse conversion) and a few more .args files for
other conversions between EXIF, IPTC and XMP.

exiftool -tagsfromfile %d%f.CR2 -r -ext JPG dir
Recursively rewrite all "JPG" images in "dir" with information copied from the
corresponding "CR2" images in the same directories.

exiftool '-keywords+<make' image.jpg
Add camera make to list of keywords.

exiftool '-comment<ISO=$exif:iso Exposure=${shutterspeed}' dir
Set the Comment tag of all images in "dir" from the values of the EXIF:ISO and
ShutterSpeed tags. The resulting comment will be in the form "ISO=100 Exposure=1/60".

exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -icc_profile dst.jpg
Copy ICC_Profile from one image to another.

exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.mie
Copy all meta information in its original form from a JPEG image to a MIE file. The MIE
file will be created if it doesn't exist. This technique can be used to store the
metadata of an image so it can be inserted back into the image (with the inverse
command) later in a workflow.

exiftool -o dst.mie -all:all src.jpg
This command performs exactly the same task as the command above, except that the -o
option will not write to an output file that already exists.

exiftool -b -jpgfromraw -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute -b -previewimage -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute
-tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f_%ue.jpg -overwrite_original -common_args --ext jpg DIR
[Advanced] Extract JpgFromRaw or PreviewImage from all but JPG files in DIR, saving them
with file names like "image_EXT.jpg", then add all meta information from the original
files to the extracted images. Here, the command line is broken into three sections
(separated by -execute options), and each is executed as if it were a separate command.
The -common_args option causes the "--ext jpg DIR" arguments to be applied to all three
commands, and the -srcfile option allows the extracted JPG image to be the source file
for the third command (whereas the RAW files are the source files for the other two
commands).

RENAMING EXAMPLES
By writing the "FileName" and "Directory" tags, files are renamed and/or moved to new
directories. This can be particularly useful and powerful for organizing files by date when
combined with the -d option. New directories are created as necessary, but existing files
will not be overwritten. The format codes %d, %f and %e may be used in the new file name to
represent the directory, name and extension of the original file, and %c may be used to add a
copy number if the file already exists (see the -w option for details). Note that if used
within a date format string, an extra '%' must be added to pass these codes through the
date/time parser. (And further note that in a Windows batch file, all '%' characters must
also be escaped, so in this extreme case '%%%%f' is necessary to pass a simple '%f' through
the two levels of parsing.) See <https://exiftool.org/filename.html> for additional
documentation and examples.

exiftool -filename=new.jpg dir/old.jpg
Rename "old.jpg" to "new.jpg" in directory "dir".

exiftool -directory=%e dir
Move all files from directory "dir" into directories named by the original file
extensions.

exiftool '-Directory<DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir
Move all files in "dir" into a directory hierarchy based on year, month and day of
"DateTimeOriginal". eg) This command would move the file "dir/image.jpg" with a
"DateTimeOriginal" of "2005:10:12 16:05:56" to "2005/10/12/image.jpg".

exiftool -o . '-Directory<DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir
Same effect as above except files are copied instead of moved.

exiftool '-filename<%f_${model;}.%e' dir
Rename all files in "dir" by adding the camera model name to the file name. The
semicolon after the tag name inside the braces causes characters which are invalid in
Windows file names to be deleted from the tag value (see the "Advanced formatting
feature" for an explanation).

exiftool '-FileName<CreateDate' -d %Y%m%d_%H%M%S%%-c.%%e dir
Rename all images in "dir" according to the "CreateDate" date and time, adding a copy
number with leading '-' if the file already exists ("%-c"), and preserving the original
file extension (%e). Note the extra '%' necessary to escape the filename codes (%c and
%e) in the date format string.

exiftool -r '-FileName<CreateDate' -d %Y-%m-%d/%H%M_%%f.%%e dir
Both the directory and the filename may be changed together via the "FileName" tag if
the new "FileName" contains a '/'. The example above recursively renames all images in
a directory by adding a "CreateDate" timestamp to the start of the filename, then moves
them into new directories named by date.

exiftool '-FileName<${CreateDate}_$filenumber.jpg' -d %Y%m%d -ext jpg .
Set the filename of all JPG images in the current directory from the CreateDate and
FileNumber tags, in the form "20060507_118-1861.jpg".

GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES
ExifTool implements geotagging from GPS log files via 3 special tags: Geotag (which for
convenience is also implemented as an exiftool option), Geosync and Geotime. The examples
below highlight some geotagging features. See <https://exiftool.org/geotag.html> for
additional documentation. (Note that geotagging from known GPS coordinates is done by
writing the GPS tags directly rather than using the -geotag option.)

exiftool -geotag track.log a.jpg
Geotag an image ("a.jpg") from position information in a GPS track log ("track.log").
Since the "Geotime" tag is not specified, the value of DateTimeOriginal is used for
geotagging. Local system time is assumed unless DateTimeOriginal contains a timezone.

exiftool -geotag t.log -geotime='2009:04:02 13:41:12-05:00' a.jpg
Geotag an image with the GPS position for a specific time.

exiftool -geotag log.gpx '-xmp:geotime<createdate' dir
Geotag all images in directory "dir" with XMP tags instead of EXIF tags, based on the
image CreateDate.

exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=-20 dir
Geotag images in directory "dir", accounting for image timestamps which were 20 seconds
ahead of GPS.

exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=1.jpg -geosync=2.jpg dir
Geotag images using time synchronization from two previously geotagged images (1.jpg and
2.jpg), synchronizing the image and GPS times using a linear time drift correction.

exiftool -geotag a.log '-geotime<${createdate}+01:00' dir
Geotag images in "dir" using CreateDate with the specified timezone. If CreateDate
already contained a timezone, then the timezone specified on the command line is
ignored.

exiftool -geotag= a.jpg
Delete GPS tags which may have been added by the geotag feature. Note that this does
not remove all GPS tags -- to do this instead use "-gps:all=".

exiftool -xmp:geotag= a.jpg
Delete XMP GPS tags which were added by the geotag feature.

exiftool -xmp:geotag=track.log a.jpg
Geotag an image with XMP tags, using the time from DateTimeOriginal.

exiftool -geotag a.log -geotag b.log -r dir
Combine multiple track logs and geotag an entire directory tree of images.

exiftool -geotag 'tracks/*.log' -r dir
Read all track logs from the "tracks" directory.

exiftool -p gpx.fmt dir > out.gpx
Generate a GPX track log from all images in directory "dir". This example uses the
"gpx.fmt" file included in the full ExifTool distribution package and assumes that the
images in "dir" have all been previously geotagged.

PIPING EXAMPLES
cat a.jpg | exiftool -
Extract information from stdin.

exiftool image.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -
Extract information from an embedded thumbnail image.

cat a.jpg | exiftool -iptc:keywords+=fantastic - > b.jpg
Add an IPTC keyword in a pipeline, saving output to a new file.

curl -s http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg | exiftool -fast -
Extract information from an image over the internet using the cURL utility. The -fast
option prevents exiftool from scanning for trailer information, so only the meta
information header is transferred.

exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -comment=wow - | exiftool a.jpg
-thumbnailimage'<=-'
Add a comment to an embedded thumbnail image. (Why anyone would want to do this I don't
know, but I've included this as an example to illustrate the flexibility of ExifTool.)

INTERRUPTING EXIFTOOL
Interrupting exiftool with a CTRL-C or SIGINT will not result in partially written files or
temporary files remaining on the hard disk. The exiftool application traps SIGINT and defers
it until the end of critical processes if necessary, then does a proper cleanup before
exiting.

EXIT STATUS
The exiftool application exits with a status of 0 on success, or 1 if an error occurred, or 2
if all files failed the -if condition (for any of the commands if -execute was used).

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself.

SEE ALSO
Image::ExifTool(3pm), Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm), Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm),
Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl

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