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Barcode::Code128(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation Barcode::Code128(3pm)
NAME
Barcode::Code128 - Generate CODE 128 bar codes
SYNOPSIS
use Barcode::Code128;
$code = new Barcode::Code128;
REQUIRES
Perl 5.004, Carp, Exporter, GD (optional)
EXPORTS
By default, nothing. However there are a number of constants that represent special
characters used in the CODE 128 symbology that you may wish to include. For example if
you are using the EAN-128 or UCC-128 code, the string to encode begins with the FNC1
character. To encode the EAN-128 string "00 0 0012345 555555555 8", you would do the
following:
use Barcode::Code128 'FNC1';
$code = new Barcode::Code128;
$code->text(FNC1.'00000123455555555558');
To have this module export one or more of these characters, specify them on the "use"
statement or use the special token ':all' instead to include all of them. Examples:
use Barcode::Code128 qw(FNC1 FNC2 FNC3 FNC4 Shift);
use Barcode::Code128 qw(:all);
Here is the complete list of the exportable characters. They are assigned to high-order
ASCII characters purely arbitrarily for the purposes of this module; the values used do
not reflect any part of the CODE 128 standard. Warning: Using the "CodeA", "CodeB",
"CodeC", "StartA", "StartB", "StartC", and "Stop" codes may cause your barcodes to be
invalid, and be rejected by scanners. They are inserted automatically as needed by this
module.
CodeA 0xf4 CodeB 0xf5 CodeC 0xf6
FNC1 0xf7 FNC2 0xf8 FNC3 0xf9
FNC4 0xfa Shift 0xfb StartA 0xfc
StartB 0xfd StartC 0xfe Stop 0xff
DESCRIPTION
Barcode::Code128 generates bar codes using the CODE 128 symbology. It can generate images
in PNG or GIF format using the GD package, or it can generate a text string representing
the barcode that you can render using some other technology if desired.
The intended use of this module is to create a web page with a bar code on it, which can
then be printed out and faxed or mailed to someone who will scan the bar code. The
application which spurred its creation was an expense report tool, where the employee
submitting the report would print out the web page and staple the receipts to it, and the
Accounts Payable clerk would scan the bar code to indicate that the receipts were
received.
The default settings for this module produce a large image that can safely be FAXed
several times and still scanned easily. If this requirement is not important you can
generate smaller image using optional parameters, described below.
If you wish to generate images with this module you must also have the GD module (written
by Lincoln Stein, and available from CPAN) installed. Using the libgd library, GD can
generate files in PNG (Portable Network Graphics) or GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
formats.
Starting with version 1.20, and ending with 2.0.28 (released July 21st, 2004), GD and the
underlying libgd library could not generate GIF files due to patent issues, but any modern
version of libgd (since 2004) can do GIF as the patent has expired. Most browsers have no
trouble with PNG files.
In order to ensure you have a sufficiently modern installation of the GD module to do both
GIF and PNG formats, we require version 2.18 of GD (which in turn requires libgd 2.0.28)
or higher.
If the GD module is not present, you can still use the module, but you will not be able to
use its functions for generating images. You can use the barcode() method to get a string
of "#" and " " (hash and space) characters, and use your own image-generating routine with
that as input.
To use the the GD module, you will need to install it along with this module. You can
obtain it from the CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) repository of your choice
under the directory "authors/id/LDS". Visit http://www.cpan.org/ for more information
about CPAN. The GD home page is: http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/GD/GD.html
METHODS
new Usage:
$object = new Barcode::Code128
Creates a new barcode object.
option
Sets or retreives various options. If called with only one parameter, retrieves the
value for that parameter. If called with more than one parameter, treats the
parameters as name/value pairs and sets those option values accordingly. If called
with no parameters, returns a hash consisting of the values of all the options (hash
ref in scalar context). When an option has not been set, its default value is
returned.
You can also set or retrieve any of these options by using it as a method name. For
example, to set the value of the padding option, you can use either of these:
$barcode->padding(10);
$barcode->option("padding", 10);
The valid options, and the default value and meaning of each, are:
width undef Width of the image (*)
height undef Height of the image (*)
border 2 Size of the black border around the barcode
scale 2 How many pixels for the smallest barcode stripe
font "large" Font (**) for the text at the bottom
show_text 1 True/False: display the text at the bottom?
font_margin 2 Pixels above, below, and to left of the text
font_align "left" Align the text ("left", "right", or "center")
transparent_text 1/0(***) True/False: use transparent background for text?
top_margin 0 No. of pixels above the barcode
bottom_margin 0 No. of pixels below the barcode (& text)
left_margin 0 No. of pixels to the left of the barcode
right_margin 0 No. of pixels to the right of the barcode
padding 20 Size of whitespace before & after barcode
* Width and height are the default values for the $x and $y arguments to the png, gif,
or gd_image method (q.v.)
** Font may be one of the following: "giant", "large", "medium", "small", or "tiny".
Or, it may be any valid GD font name, such as "gdMediumFont".
*** The "transparent_text" option is "1" (true) by default for GIF output, but "0"
(false) for PNG. This is because PNG transparency is not supported well by many
viewing software The background color is grey (#CCCCCC) when not transparent.
gif
png
gd_image
Usage:
$object->png($text)
$object->png($text, $x, $y)
$object->png($text, { options... })
$object->gif($text)
$object->gif($text, $x, $y)
$object->gif($text, { options... })
$object->gd_image($text)
$object->gd_image($text, $x, $y)
$object->gd_image($text, { options... })
These methods generate an image using the GD module. The gd_image() method returns a
GD object, which is useful if you want to do additional processing to it using the GD
object methods. The other two create actual images. NOTE: GIF files require an old
version of GD, and so you probably are not able to create them - see below.
The gif() and png() methods are wrappers around gd_image() that create the GD object
and then run the corresponding GD method to create output that can be displayed or
saved to a file. Note that only one of these two methods will work, depending on
which version of GD you have - see below. The return value from gif() or png() is a
binary file, so if you are working on an operating system (e.g. Microsoft Windows)
that makes a distinction between text and binary files be sure to call
binmode(FILEHANDLE) before writing the image to it, or the file may get corrupted.
Example:
open(PNG, ">code128.png") or die "Can't write code128.png: $!\n";
binmode(PNG);
print PNG $object->png("CODE 128");
close(PNG);
If you have GD version 1.20 or newer, the PNG file format is the only allowed option.
Conversely if you have GD version prior to 1.20, then the GIF format is the only
option. Check the $object->image_format() method to find out which you have (q.v.).
Note: All of the arguments to this function are optional. If you have previously
specified $text to the "barcode()", "encode()", or "text()" methods, you do not need
to specify it again. The $x and $y variables specify the size of the barcode within
the image in pixels. If size(s) are not specified, they will be set to the minimum
size, which is the length of the barcode plus 40 pixels horizontally, and 15% of the
length of the barcode vertically. See also the $object->width() and $object->height()
methods for another way of specifying this.
If instead of specifying $x and $y, you pass a reference to a hash of name/value
pairs, these will be used as the options, overriding anything set using the
$object->option() (or width/height) method (q.v.). However, this will not set the
options so any future barcodes using the same object will revert to the option list of
the object. If you want to set the options permanently use the option, width, and/or
height methods instead.
barcode
Usage:
$object->barcode($text)
Computes the bar code for the specified text. The result will be a string of '#' and
space characters representing the dark and light bands of the bar code. You can use
this if you have an alternate printing system besides using GD to create the images.
Note: The $text parameter is optional. If you have previously specified $text to the
"encode()" or "text()" methods, you do not need to specify it again.
Housekeeping Functions
The rest of the methods defined here are only for internal use, or if you really know what
you are doing. Some of them may be useful to authors of classes that inherit from this
one, or may be overridden by subclasses. If you just want to use this module to generate
bar codes, you can stop reading here.
encode
Usage:
$object->encode
$object->encode($text)
$object->encode($text, $preferred_code)
Do the encoding. If $text is supplied, will automatically call the text() method to
set that as the text value first. If $preferred_code is supplied, will try that code
first. Otherwise, the codes will be tried in the following manner:
1. If it is possible to use Code C for any of the text, use that for as much of it as
possible.
2. Check how many characters would be converted using codes A or B, and use that code
to convert them. If the amount is equal, code A is used.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the text string has been completely encoded.
text
Usage:
$object->text($text)
$text = $object->text
Set or retrieve the text for this barcode. This will be called automatically by
encode() or barcode() so typically this will not be used directly by the user.
start
Usage:
$object->start($code)
If the code (see code()) is already defined, then adds the CodeA, CodeB, or CodeC
character as appropriate to the encoded message inside the object. Typically for
internal use only.
stop
Usage:
$object->stop()
Computes the check character and appends it along with the Stop character, to the
encoded string. Typically for internal use only.
code
Usage:
$object->code($code)
$code = $object->code
Set or retrieve the code for this barcode. $code may be 'A', 'B', or 'C'. Typically
for internal use only. Not particularly meaningful unless called during the middle of
encoding.
CLASS VARIABLES
None.
DIAGNOSTICS
Unrecognized option ($opt) for $class
The specified option is not valid for the module. $class should be "Barcode::Code128"
but if it has been inherited into another module, that module will show instead. $opt
is the attempted option.
The gd_image() method of Barcode::Code128 requires the GD module
To call the "gd_image()", "png()", or "gif()" methods, the GD module must be present.
This module is used to create the actual image. Without it, you can only use the
"barcode()" method.
Scale must be a positive integer
The scale factor for the "gd_image()", "png()", or "gif()" methods must be a positive
integer.
Border ($border) must be a positive integer or zero
The border option cannot be a fractional or negative number.
Invalid font $font
The specified font is not valid. Note that this is tested using GD->can(), and so any
subroutine in GD.pm will pass this test - but only the fonts will actually work. See
the GD module documentation for more.
Image width $x is too small for bar code
You have specified an image width that does not allow enough space for the bar code to
be displayed. The minimum allowable is the size of the bar code itself plus 40
pixels. If in doubt, just omit the width value when calling "gd_image()", "png()", or
"gif()" and it will use the minimum.
Image height $y is too small for bar code
You have specified an image height that does not allow enough space for the bar code
to be displayed. The minimum allowable is 15% of the width of the bar code. If in
doubt, just omit the height value when calling "gd_image()", "png()", or "gif()" and
it will use the minimum.
Unable to create $x x $y image
An error occurred when initializing a GD::Image object for the specified size.
Perhaps $x and $y are too large for memory?
The gif() method of Barcode::Code128 requires the GD module
The gif() method of Barcode::Code128 requires version less than 1.20 of GD
The png() method of Barcode::Code128 requires the GD module
The png() method of Barcode::Code128 requires at least version 1.20 of GD
These errors indicate that the GD module, or the correct version of the GD module for
this method, was not present. You need to install GD version 1.20 or greater to
create PNG files, or a version of GD less than 1.20 to create GIF files.
No encoded text found
This message from "barcode()" typically means that there was no text message supplied
either during the current method call or in a previous method call on the same object.
This error occurs when you are trying to create a barcode by calling one of
"gd_image()", "png()", "gif()", or "barcode()" without having specified the text to be
encoded.
No text defined
This message from "encode()" typically means that there was no text message supplied
either during the current method call or in a previous method call on the same object.
Invalid preferred code ``$preferred_code''
This error means "encode()" was called with the $preferred_code optional parameter but
it was not one of ``A'', ``B'', or ``C''.
Sanity Check Overflow
This is a serious error in "encode()" that indicates a serious problem attempting to
encode the requested message. This means that an infinite loop was generated. If you
get this error please contact the author.
Unable to find encoding for ``$text''
Part or all of the message could not be encoded. This may mean that the message
contained characters not encodable in the CODE 128 character set, such as a character
with an ASCII value higher than 127 (except the special control characters defined in
this module).
Unable to switch from ``$old_code'' to ``$new_code''
This is a serious error in "start()" that indicates a serious problem occurred when
switching between the codes (A, B, or C) of CODE 128. If you get this error please
contact the author.
Unable to start with ``$new_code''
This is a serious error in "start()" that indicates a serious problem occurred when
starting encoding in one of the codes (A, B, or C) of CODE 128. If you get this error
please contact the author.
Unknown code ``$new_code'' (should be A, B, or C)
This is a serious error in "code()" that indicates an invalid argument was supplied.
Only the codes (A, B, or C) of CODE 128 may be supplied here. If you get this error
please contact the author.
BUGS
At least some Web browsers do not seem to handle PNG files with transparent backgrounds
correctly. As a result, the default for PNG is to generate barcodes without transparent
backgrounds - the background is grey instead.
AUTHOR
William R. Ward, wrw AT bayview.com
SEE ALSO
perl(1), GD
perl v5.26.2 2018-08-27 Barcode::Code128(3pm)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2026-01-11 05:51 @216.73.216.127 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)