time - phpMan

File: time.info, Node: Top, Next: Resource Measurement, Up: (dir)

Time
****

This file documents the the GNU 'time' command for running programs and
summarizing the system resources they use. Version UNKNOWN, updated 25
March 2022

* Menu:

* Resource Measurement:: Measuring program resource use.
* Reporting bugs:: Sending bug reports and feature suggestions.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation.
* Concept index:: Index of concepts.

File: time.info, Node: Resource Measurement, Next: Reporting bugs, Prev: Top, Up: Top

1 Measuring Program Resource Use
********************************

The 'time' command runs another program, then displays information about
the resources used by that program, collected by the system while the
program was running. You can select which information is reported and
the format in which it is shown (*note Setting Format::), or have 'time'
save the information in a file instead of displaying it on the screen
(*note Redirecting::).

The resources that 'time' can report on fall into the general
categories of time, memory, and I/O and IPC calls. Some systems do not
provide much information about program resource use; 'time' reports
unavailable information as zero values (*note Accuracy::).

The format of the 'time' command is:

time [option...] COMMAND [ARG...]

'time' runs the program COMMAND, with any given arguments ARG....
When COMMAND finishes, 'time' displays information about resources used
by COMMAND.

Here is an example of using 'time' to measure the time and other
resources used by running the program 'grep':

eg$ time grep nobody /etc/aliases
nobody:/dev/null
etc-files:nobody
misc-group:nobody
0.07user 0.50system 0:06.69elapsed 8%CPU (0avgtext+489avgdata 324maxresident)k
46inputs+7outputs (43major+251minor)pagefaults 0swaps

Mail suggestions and bug reports for GNU 'time' to
'bug-time AT gnu.org'. Please include the version of 'time', which you can
get by running 'time --version', and the operating system and C compiler
you used.

* Menu:

* Setting Format:: Selecting the information reported by 'time'.
* Format String:: The information 'time' can report.
* Redirecting:: Writing the information to a file.
* Examples:: Examples of using 'time'.
* Accuracy:: Limitations on the accuracy of 'time' output.
* Invoking time:: Summary of the options to the 'time' command.

File: time.info, Node: Setting Format, Next: Format String, Up: Resource Measurement

1.1 Setting the Output Format
=============================

'time' uses a "format string" to determine which information to display
about the resources used by the command it runs. *Note Format String::,
for the interpretation of the format string contents.

You can specify a format string with the command line options listed
below. If no format is specified on the command line, but the 'TIME'
environment variable is set, its value is used as the format string.
Otherwise, the default format built into 'time' is used:

%Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU (%Xtext+%Ddata %Mmax)k
%Iinputs+%Ooutputs (%Fmajor+%Rminor)pagefaults %Wswaps

The command line options to set the format are:

'-f FORMAT'
'--format=FORMAT'
Use FORMAT as the format string.

'-p'
'--portability'
Use the following format string:

real %e
user %U
sys %S

The default output format of time differs widely between
implementations. This option (in its short form -p) is supported
by all POSIX-compliant 'time' implementations to retrieve basic
information in the described format.

'-v'
'--verbose'
Use the built-in verbose format, which displays each available
piece of information on the program's resource use on its own line,
with an English description of its meaning.

File: time.info, Node: Format String, Next: Redirecting, Prev: Setting Format, Up: Resource Measurement

1.2 The Format String
=====================

The "format string" controls the contents of the 'time' output. It
consists of "resource specifiers" and "escapes", interspersed with plain
text.

A backslash introduces an "escape", which is translated into a single
printing character upon output. The valid escapes are listed below. An
invalid escape is output as a question mark followed by a backslash.

'\t'
a tab character

'\n'
a newline

'\\'
a literal backslash

'time' always prints a newline after printing the resource use
information, so normally format strings do not end with a newline
character (or '\n').

A resource specifier consists of a percent sign followed by another
character. An invalid resource specifier is output as a question mark
followed by the invalid character. Use '%%' to output a literal percent
sign.

The resource specifiers, which are a superset of those recognized by
the 'tcsh' builtin 'time' command, are listed below. Not all resources
are measured by all versions of Unix, so some of the values might be
reported as zero (*note Accuracy::).

* Menu:

* Time Resources::
* Memory Resources::
* I/O Resources::
* Command Info::

File: time.info, Node: Time Resources, Next: Memory Resources, Up: Format String

1.2.1 Time Resources
--------------------

'E'
Elapsed real (wall clock) time used by the process, in
[hours:]minutes:seconds.

'e'
Elapsed real (wall clock) time used by the process, in seconds.

'S'
Total number of CPU-seconds used by the system on behalf of the
process (in kernel mode), in seconds.

'U'
Total number of CPU-seconds that the process used directly (in user
mode), in seconds.

'P'
Percentage of the CPU that this job got. This is just user +
system times divied by the total running time.

File: time.info, Node: Memory Resources, Next: I/O Resources, Prev: Time Resources, Up: Format String

1.2.2 Memory Resources
----------------------

'M'
Maximum resident set size of the process during its lifetime, in
Kilobytes.

't'
Average resident set size of the process, in Kilobytes.

'K'
Average total (data+stack+text) memory use of the process, in
Kilobytes.

'D'
Average size of the process's unshared data area, in Kilobytes.

'p'
Average size of the process's unshared stack, in Kilobytes.

'X'
Average size of the process's shared text, in Kilobytes.

'Z'
System's page size, in bytes. This is a per-system constant, but
varies between systems.

File: time.info, Node: I/O Resources, Next: Command Info, Prev: Memory Resources, Up: Format String

1.2.3 I/O Resources
-------------------

'F'
Number of major, or I/O-requiring, page faults that occurred while
the process was running. These are faults where the page has
actually migrated out of primary memory.

'R'
Number of minor, or recoverable, page faults. These are pages that
are not valid (so they fault) but which have not yet been claimed
by other virtual pages. Thus the data in the page is still valid
but the system tables must be updated.

'W'
Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory.

'c'
Number of times the process was context-switched involuntarily
(because the time slice expired).

'w'
Number of times that the program was context-switched voluntarily,
for instance while waiting for an I/O operation to complete.

'I'
Number of file system inputs by the process.

'O'
Number of file system outputs by the process.

'r'
Number of socket messages received by the process.

's'
Number of socket messages sent by the process.

'k'
Number of signals delivered to the process.

File: time.info, Node: Command Info, Prev: I/O Resources, Up: Format String

1.2.4 Command Info
------------------

'C'
Name and command line arguments of the command being timed.

'x'
Exit status of the command.

File: time.info, Node: Redirecting, Next: Examples, Prev: Format String, Up: Resource Measurement

1.3 Redirecting Output
======================

By default, 'time' writes the resource use statistics to the standard
error stream. The options below make it write the statistics to a file
instead. Doing this can be useful if the program you're running writes
to the standard error or you're running 'time' noninteractively or in
the background.

'-o FILE'
'--output=FILE'
Write the resource use statistics to FILE. By default, this
_overwrites_ the file, destroying the file's previous contents.

'-a'
'--append'
_Append_ the resource use information to the output file instead of
overwriting it. This option is only useful with the '-o' or
'--output' option.

File: time.info, Node: Examples, Next: Accuracy, Prev: Redirecting, Up: Resource Measurement

1.4 Examples
============

Run the command 'wc /etc/hosts' and show the default information:

eg$ time wc /etc/hosts
35 111 1134 /etc/hosts
0.00user 0.01system 0:00.04elapsed 25%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k
1inputs+1outputs (0major+0minor)pagefaults 0swaps

Run the command 'ls -Fs' and show just the user, system, and wall-clock
time:

eg$ time -f "\t%E real,\t%U user,\t%S sys" ls -Fs
total 16
1 account/ 1 db/ 1 mail/ 1 run/
1 backups/ 1 emacs/ 1 msgs/ 1 rwho/
1 crash/ 1 games/ 1 preserve/ 1 spool/
1 cron/ 1 log/ 1 quotas/ 1 tmp/
0:00.03 real, 0.00 user, 0.01 sys

Edit the file '.bashrc' and have 'time' append the elapsed time and
number of signals to the file 'log', reading the format string from the
environment variable 'TIME':

eg$ export TIME="\t%E,\t%k" # If using bash or ksh
eg$ setenv TIME "\t%E,\t%k" # If using csh or tcsh
eg$ time -a -o log emacs .bashrc
eg$ cat log
0:16.55, 726

Run the command 'sleep 4' and show all of the information about it
verbosely:

eg$ time -v sleep 4
Command being timed: "sleep 4"
User time (seconds): 0.00
System time (seconds): 0.05
Percent of CPU this job got: 1%
Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:04.26
Average shared text size (kbytes): 36
Average unshared data size (kbytes): 24
Average stack size (kbytes): 0
Average total size (kbytes): 60
Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 32
Average resident set size (kbytes): 24
Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 3
Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 0
Voluntary context switches: 11
Involuntary context switches: 0
Swaps: 0
File system inputs: 3
File system outputs: 1
Socket messages sent: 0
Socket messages received: 0
Signals delivered: 1
Page size (bytes): 4096
Exit status: 0

File: time.info, Node: Accuracy, Next: Invoking time, Prev: Examples, Up: Resource Measurement

1.5 Accuracy
============

The elapsed time is not collected atomically with the execution of the
program; as a result, in bizarre circumstances (if the 'time' command
gets stopped or swapped out in between when the program being timed
exits and when 'time' calculates how long it took to run), it could be
much larger than the actual execution time.

When the running time of a command is very nearly zero, some values
(e.g., the percentage of CPU used) may be reported as either zero (which
is wrong) or a question mark.

Most information shown by 'time' is derived from the 'wait3' system
call. The numbers are only as good as those returned by 'wait3'. Many
systems do not measure all of the resources that 'time' can report on;
those resources are reported as zero. The systems that measure most or
all of the resources are based on 4.2 or 4.3BSD. Later BSD releases use
different memory management code that measures fewer resources.

On systems that do not have a 'wait3' call that returns status
information, the 'times' system call is used instead. It provides much
less information than 'wait3', so on those systems 'time' reports most
of the resources as zero.

The '%I' and '%O' values are allegedly only "real" input and output
and do not include those supplied by caching devices. The meaning of
"real" I/O reported by '%I' and '%O' may be muddled for workstations,
especially diskless ones.

File: time.info, Node: Invoking time, Prev: Accuracy, Up: Resource Measurement

1.6 Running the 'time' Command
==============================

The format of the 'time' command is:

time [option...] COMMAND [ARG...]

'time' runs the program COMMAND, with any given arguments ARG....
When COMMAND finishes, 'time' displays information about resources used
by COMMAND (on the standard error output, by default). If COMMAND exits
with non-zero status or is terminated by a signal, 'time' displays a
warning message and the exit status or signal number.

Options to 'time' must appear on the command line before COMMAND.
Anything on the command line after COMMAND is passed as arguments to
COMMAND.

'-o FILE'
'--output=FILE'
Write the resource use statistics to FILE.

'-a'
'--append'
_Append_ the resource use information to the output file instead of
overwriting it.

'-f FORMAT'
'--format=FORMAT'
Use FORMAT as the format string.

'--help'
Print a summary of the command line options to 'time' and exit.

'-p'
'--portability'
Use the POSIX format.

'-v'
'--verbose'
Use the built-in verbose format.

'-V'
'--version'
Print the version number of 'time' and exit.

File: time.info, Node: Reporting bugs, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Resource Measurement, Up: Top

2 Reporting bugs
****************

To report bugs, suggest enhancements or otherwise discuss GNU Datamash,
please send electronic mail to <bug-time.org>.

For bug reports, please include enough information for the
maintainers to reproduce the problem. Generally speaking, that means:

* The version numbers of Datamash (which you can find by running
'time --version') and any other program(s) or manual(s) involved.
* Hardware and operating system names and versions.
* The contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug.
* The expected behavior and/or output.
* A description of the problem and samples of any erroneous output.
* Options you gave to 'configure' other than specifying installation
directories.
* Anything else that you think would be helpful.

When in doubt whether something is needed or not, include it. It's
better to include too much than to leave out something important.

Patches are welcome; if possible, please make them with 'diff -c'
(*note Overview: (diff)Top.) and include 'ChangeLog' entries (*note
(emacs)Change Log::). Please follow the existing coding style.

File: time.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Reporting bugs, Up: Top

Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
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8. TRANSLATION

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Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.

File: time.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top

Concept index
*************

* Menu:

* bug reporting: Reporting bugs. (line 6)
* checklist for bug reports: Reporting bugs. (line 9)
* format: Setting Format. (line 39)
* format <1>: Format String. (line 6)
* format <2>: Invoking time. (line 42)
* patches, contributing: Reporting bugs. (line 25)
* problems: Reporting bugs. (line 6)
* reporting bugs: Reporting bugs. (line 6)
* version number: Invoking time. (line 46)

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