# math - pydoc - phpman Help on built-in module math: ## NAME math ## DESCRIPTION This module provides access to the mathematical functions defined by the C standard. ## FUNCTIONS ### acos Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x. The result is between 0 and pi. ### acosh Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x. ### asin Return the arc sine (measured in radians) of x. The result is between -pi/2 and pi/2. ### asinh Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x. ### atan Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of x. The result is between -pi/2 and pi/2. ### atan2 Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of y/x. Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both x and y are considered. ### atanh Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x. ### ceil Return the ceiling of x as an Integral. This is the smallest integer >= x. ### comb Number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and without order. Evaluates to n! / (k! * (n - k)!) when k <= n and evaluates to zero when k > n. Also called the binomial coefficient because it is equivalent to the coefficient of k-th term in polynomial expansion of the expression (1 + x)**n. Raises TypeError if either of the arguments are not integers. Raises ValueError if either of the arguments are negative. ### copysign Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign of y. On platforms that support signed zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0) returns -1.0. ### cos Return the cosine of x (measured in radians). ### cosh Return the hyperbolic cosine of x. ### degrees Convert angle x from radians to degrees. ### dist Return the Euclidean distance between two points p and q. The points should be specified as sequences (or iterables) of coordinates. Both inputs must have the same dimension. Roughly equivalent to: sqrt(sum((px - qx) ** 2.0 for px, qx in zip(p, q))) ### erf Error function at x. ### erfc Complementary error function at x. ### exp Return e raised to the power of x. ### expm1 Return exp(x)-1. This function avoids the loss of precision involved in the direct evaluation of exp(x)-1 for small x. ### fabs Return the absolute value of the float x. ### factorial Find x!. Raise a ValueError if x is negative or non-integral. ### floor Return the floor of x as an Integral. This is the largest integer <= x. ### fmod Return fmod(x, y), according to platform C. x % y may differ. ### frexp Return the mantissa and exponent of x, as pair (m, e). m is a float and e is an int, such that x = m * 2.**e. If x is 0, m and e are both 0. Else 0.5 <= abs(m) < 1.0. ### fsum Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable seq. Assumes IEEE-754 floating point arithmetic. ### gamma Gamma function at x. ### gcd Greatest Common Divisor. ### hypot hypot(*coordinates) -> value Multidimensional Euclidean distance from the origin to a point. Roughly equivalent to: sqrt(sum(x**2 for x in coordinates)) For a two dimensional point (x, y), gives the hypotenuse using the Pythagorean theorem: sqrt(x*x + y*y). For example, the hypotenuse of a 3/4/5 right triangle is: >>> hypot(3.0, 4.0) 5.0 ### isclose Determine whether two floating point numbers are close in value. rel_tol maximum difference for being considered "close", relative to the magnitude of the input values abs_tol maximum difference for being considered "close", regardless of the magnitude of the input values Return True if a is close in value to b, and False otherwise. For the values to be considered close, the difference between them must be smaller than at least one of the tolerances. -inf, inf and NaN behave similarly to the IEEE 754 Standard. That is, NaN is not close to anything, even itself. inf and -inf are only close to themselves. ### isfinite Return True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwise. ### isinf Return True if x is a positive or negative infinity, and False otherwise. ### isnan Return True if x is a NaN (not a number), and False otherwise. ### isqrt Return the integer part of the square root of the input. ### lcm Least Common Multiple. ### ldexp Return x * (2**i). This is essentially the inverse of frexp(). ### lgamma Natural logarithm of absolute value of Gamma function at x. ### log log(x, [base=math.e]) Return the logarithm of x to the given base. If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x. ### log10 Return the base 10 logarithm of x. ### log1p Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e). The result is computed in a way which is accurate for x near zero. ### log2 Return the base 2 logarithm of x. ### modf Return the fractional and integer parts of x. Both results carry the sign of x and are floats. ### nextafter Return the next floating-point value after x towards y. ### perm Number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and with order. Evaluates to n! / (n - k)! when k <= n and evaluates to zero when k > n. If k is not specified or is None, then k defaults to n and the function returns n!. Raises TypeError if either of the arguments are not integers. Raises ValueError if either of the arguments are negative. ### pow Return x**y (x to the power of y). ### prod Calculate the product of all the elements in the input iterable. The default start value for the product is 1. When the iterable is empty, return the start value. This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may reject non-numeric types. ### radians Convert angle x from degrees to radians. ### remainder Difference between x and the closest integer multiple of y. Return x - n*y where n*y is the closest integer multiple of y. In the case where x is exactly halfway between two multiples of y, the nearest even value of n is used. The result is always exact. ### sin Return the sine of x (measured in radians). ### sinh Return the hyperbolic sine of x. ### sqrt Return the square root of x. ### tan Return the tangent of x (measured in radians). ### tanh Return the hyperbolic tangent of x. ### trunc Truncates the Real x to the nearest Integral toward 0. Uses the __trunc__ magic method. ### ulp Return the value of the least significant bit of the float x. ## DATA e = 2.718281828459045 inf = inf nan = nan pi = 3.141592653589793 tau = 6.283185307179586 ## FILE (built-in)