# phpman > perldoc > make

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq2.pod
  I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
    Read the INSTALL file, which is part of the source distribution. It
    describes in detail how to cope with most idiosyncrasies that the
    "Configure" script can't work around for any given system or
    architecture.

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq3.pod
  How can I make my Perl program run faster?
    The best way to do this is to come up with a better algorithm. This can
    often make a dramatic difference. Jon Bentley's book *Programming
    Pearls* (that's not a misspelling!) has some good tips on optimization,
    too. Advice on benchmarking boils down to: benchmark and profile to make
    sure you're optimizing the right part, look for better algorithms
    instead of microtuning your code, and when all else fails consider just
    buying faster hardware. You will probably want to read the answer to the
    earlier question "How do I profile my Perl programs?" if you haven't
    done so already.

    A different approach is to autoload seldom-used Perl code. See the
    AutoSplit and AutoLoader modules in the standard distribution for that.
    Or you could locate the bottleneck and think about writing just that
    part in C, the way we used to take bottlenecks in C code and write them
    in assembler. Similar to rewriting in C, modules that have critical
    sections can be written in C (for instance, the PDL module from CPAN).

    If you're currently linking your perl executable to a shared *libc.so*,
    you can often gain a 10-25% performance benefit by rebuilding it to link
    with a static libc.a instead. This will make a bigger perl executable,
    but your Perl programs (and programmers) may thank you for it. See the
    INSTALL file in the source distribution for more information.

    The undump program was an ancient attempt to speed up Perl program by
    storing the already-compiled form to disk. This is no longer a viable
    option, as it only worked on a few architectures, and wasn't a good
    solution anyway.

  How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
    When it comes to time-space tradeoffs, Perl nearly always prefers to
    throw memory at a problem. Scalars in Perl use more memory than strings
    in C, arrays take more than that, and hashes use even more. While
    there's still a lot to be done, recent releases have been addressing
    these issues. For example, as of 5.004, duplicate hash keys are shared
    amongst all hashes using them, so require no reallocation.

    In some cases, using substr() or vec() to simulate arrays can be highly
    beneficial. For example, an array of a thousand booleans will take at
    least 20,000 bytes of space, but it can be turned into one 125-byte bit
    vector--a considerable memory savings. The standard [Tie::SubstrHash](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Tie%3A%3ASubstrHash/markdown)
    module can also help for certain types of data structure. If you're
    working with specialist data structures (matrices, for instance) modules
    that implement these in C may use less memory than equivalent Perl
    modules.

    Another thing to try is learning whether your Perl was compiled with the
    system malloc or with Perl's builtin malloc. Whichever one it is, try
    using the other one and see whether this makes a difference. Information
    about malloc is in the INSTALL file in the source distribution. You can
    find out whether you are using perl's malloc by typing "perl
    -V:usemymalloc".

    Of course, the best way to save memory is to not do anything to waste it
    in the first place. Good programming practices can go a long way toward
    this:

    Don't slurp!
        Don't read an entire file into memory if you can process it line by
        line. Or more concretely, use a loop like this:

            #
            # Good Idea
            #
            while (my $line = <$file_handle>) {
               # ...
            }

        instead of this:

            #
            # Bad Idea
            #
            my @data = <$file_handle>;
            foreach (@data) {
                # ...
            }

        When the files you're processing are small, it doesn't much matter
        which way you do it, but it makes a huge difference when they start
        getting larger.

    Use map and grep selectively
        Remember that both map and grep expect a LIST argument, so doing
        this:

                @wanted = grep {/pattern/} <$file_handle>;

        will cause the entire file to be slurped. For large files, it's
        better to loop:

                while (<$file_handle>) {
                        push(@wanted, $_) if /pattern/;
                }

    Avoid unnecessary quotes and stringification
        Don't quote large strings unless absolutely necessary:

                my $copy = "$large_string";

        makes 2 copies of $large_string (one for $copy and another for the
        quotes), whereas

                my $copy = $large_string;

        only makes one copy.

        Ditto for stringifying large arrays:

            {
            local $, = "\n";
            print @big_array;
            }

        is much more memory-efficient than either

            print join "\n", @big_array;

        or

            {
            local $" = "\n";
            print "@big_array";
            }

    Pass by reference
        Pass arrays and hashes by reference, not by value. For one thing,
        it's the only way to pass multiple lists or hashes (or both) in a
        single call/return. It also avoids creating a copy of all the
        contents. This requires some judgement, however, because any changes
        will be propagated back to the original data. If you really want to
        mangle (er, modify) a copy, you'll have to sacrifice the memory
        needed to make one.

    Tie large variables to disk
        For "big" data stores (i.e. ones that exceed available memory)
        consider using one of the DB modules to store it on disk instead of
        in RAM. This will incur a penalty in access time, but that's
        probably better than causing your hard disk to thrash due to massive
        swapping.

  How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
    Beyond the normal measures described to make general Perl programs
    faster or smaller, a CGI program has additional issues. It may be run
    several times per second. Given that each time it runs it will need to
    be re-compiled and will often allocate a megabyte or more of system
    memory, this can be a killer. Compiling into C isn't going to help you
    because the process start-up overhead is where the bottleneck is.

    There are three popular ways to avoid this overhead. One solution
    involves running the Apache HTTP server (available from
    <<http://www.apache.org/>> ) with either of the mod_perl or mod_fastcgi
    plugin modules.

    With mod_perl and the [Apache::Registry](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Apache%3A%3ARegistry/markdown) module (distributed with
    mod_perl), httpd will run with an embedded Perl interpreter which
    pre-compiles your script and then executes it within the same address
    space without forking. The Apache extension also gives Perl access to
    the internal server API, so modules written in Perl can do just about
    anything a module written in C can. For more on mod_perl, see
    <<http://perl.apache.org/>>

    With the FCGI module (from CPAN) and the mod_fastcgi module (available
    from <<http://www.fastcgi.com/>> ) each of your Perl programs becomes a
    permanent CGI daemon process.

    Finally, Plack is a Perl module and toolkit that contains PSGI
    middleware, helpers and adapters to web servers, allowing you to easily
    deploy scripts which can continue running, and provides flexibility with
    regards to which web server you use. It can allow existing CGI scripts
    to enjoy this flexibility and performance with minimal changes, or can
    be used along with modern Perl web frameworks to make writing and
    deploying web services with Perl a breeze.

    These solutions can have far-reaching effects on your system and on the
    way you write your CGI programs, so investigate them with care.

    See also
    <<http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-category/15_World_Wide_Web_HTML_HTTP_CGI>
    /> .

  What's MakeMaker?
    (contributed by brian d foy)

    The [ExtUtils::MakeMaker](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/ExtUtils%3A%3AMakeMaker/markdown) module, better known simply as "MakeMaker",
    turns a Perl script, typically called "Makefile.PL", into a Makefile.
    The Unix tool "make" uses this file to manage dependencies and actions
    to process and install a Perl distribution.

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq4.pod
  Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
    This depends on the tied hash's implementation of EXISTS(). For example,
    there isn't the concept of undef with hashes that are tied to DBM*
    files. It also means that exists() and defined() do the same thing with
    a DBM* file, and what they end up doing is not what they do with
    ordinary hashes.

  How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
    Use the [Tie::IxHash](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Tie%3A%3AIxHash/markdown) from CPAN.

        use [Tie::IxHash](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Tie%3A%3AIxHash/markdown);

        tie my %myhash, '[Tie::IxHash](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Tie%3A%3AIxHash/markdown)';

        for (my $i=0; $i<20; $i++) {
            $myhash{$i} = 2*$i;
        }

        my @keys = keys %myhash;
        # @keys = (0,1,2,3,...)

  How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays?
    Usually a hash ref, perhaps like this:

        $record = {
            NAME   => "Jason",
            EMPNO  => 132,
            TITLE  => "deputy peon",
            AGE    => 23,
            SALARY => 37_000,
            PALS   => [ "Norbert", "Rhys", "Phineas"],
        };

    References are documented in perlref and perlreftut. Examples of complex
    data structures are given in perldsc and perllol. Examples of structures
    and object-oriented classes are in perlootut.

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq5.pod
  How do I make a temporary file name?
    If you don't need to know the name of the file, you can use "open()"
    with "undef" in place of the file name. In Perl 5.8 or later, the
    "open()" function creates an anonymous temporary file:

        open my $tmp, '+>', undef or die $!;

    Otherwise, you can use the [File::Temp](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ATemp/markdown) module.

        use [File::Temp](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ATemp/markdown) qw/ tempfile tempdir /;

        my $dir = tempdir( CLEANUP => 1 );
        ($fh, $filename) = tempfile( DIR => $dir );

        # or if you don't need to know the filename

        my $fh = tempfile( DIR => $dir );

    The [File::Temp](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ATemp/markdown) has been a standard module since Perl 5.6.1. If you don't
    have a modern enough Perl installed, use the "new_tmpfile" class method
    from the [IO::File](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/IO%3A%3AFile/markdown) module to get a filehandle opened for reading and
    writing. Use it if you don't need to know the file's name:

        use [IO::File](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/IO%3A%3AFile/markdown);
        my $fh = [IO::File](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/IO%3A%3AFile/markdown)->new_tmpfile()
            or die "Unable to make new temporary file: $!";

    If you're committed to creating a temporary file by hand, use the
    process ID and/or the current time-value. If you need to have many
    temporary files in one process, use a counter:

        BEGIN {
            use Fcntl;
            use [File::Spec](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ASpec/markdown);
            my $temp_dir  = [File::Spec](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ASpec/markdown)->tmpdir();
            my $file_base = sprintf "%d-%d-0000", $$, time;
            my $base_name = [File::Spec](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ASpec/markdown)->catfile($temp_dir, $file_base);

            sub temp_file {
                my $fh;
                my $count = 0;
                until( defined(fileno($fh)) || $count++ > 100 ) {
                    $base_name =~ s/-(\d+)$/"-" . (1 + $1)/e;
                    # O_EXCL is required for security reasons.
                    sysopen $fh, $base_name, O_WRONLY|O_EXCL|O_CREAT;
                }

                if( defined fileno($fh) ) {
                    return ($fh, $base_name);
                }
                else {
                    return ();
                }
            }
        }

  How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
    As of perl5.6, open() autovivifies file and directory handles as
    references if you pass it an uninitialized scalar variable. You can then
    pass these references just like any other scalar, and use them in the
    place of named handles.

        open my    $fh, $file_name;

        open local $fh, $file_name;

        print $fh "Hello World!\n";

        process_file( $fh );

    If you like, you can store these filehandles in an array or a hash. If
    you access them directly, they aren't simple scalars and you need to
    give "print" a little help by placing the filehandle reference in
    braces. Perl can only figure it out on its own when the filehandle
    reference is a simple scalar.

        my @fhs = ( $fh1, $fh2, $fh3 );

        for( $i = 0; $i <= $#fhs; $i++ ) {
            print {$fhs[$i]} "just another Perl answer, \n";
        }

    Before perl5.6, you had to deal with various typeglob idioms which you
    may see in older code.

        open FILE, "> $filename";
        process_typeglob(   *FILE );
        process_reference( \*FILE );

        sub process_typeglob  { local *FH = shift; print FH  "Typeglob!" }
        sub process_reference { local $fh = shift; print $fh "Reference!" }

    If you want to create many anonymous handles, you should check out the
    Symbol or [IO::Handle](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/IO%3A%3AHandle/markdown) modules.

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq6.pod
  How can I make "\w" match national character sets?
    Put "use locale;" in your script. The \w character class is taken from
    the current locale.

    See perllocale for details.

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq8.pod
  How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
    You can't. You need to imitate the "system()" call (see perlipc for
    sample code) and then have a signal handler for the INT signal that
    passes the signal on to the subprocess. Or you can check for it:

        $rc = system($cmd);
        if ($rc & 127) { die "signal death" }

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq9.pod
  How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that causes my CGI script to do bad things?
    (contributed by brian d foy)

    You can't prevent people from sending your script bad data. Even if you
    add some client-side checks, people may disable them or bypass them
    completely. For instance, someone might use a module such as LWP to
    submit to your web site. If you want to prevent data that try to use SQL
    injection or other sorts of attacks (and you should want to), you have
    to not trust any data that enter your program.

    The perlsec documentation has general advice about data security. If you
    are using the DBI module, use placeholder to fill in data. If you are
    running external programs with "system" or "exec", use the list forms.
    There are many other precautions that you should take, too many to list
    here, and most of them fall under the category of not using any data
    that you don't intend to use. Trust no one.

  How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message?
    [Email::MIME](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Email%3A%3AMIME/markdown) directly supports multipart messages. [Email::MIME](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Email%3A%3AMIME/markdown) objects
    themselves are parts and can be attached to other [Email::MIME](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Email%3A%3AMIME/markdown) objects.
    Consult the [Email::MIME](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Email%3A%3AMIME/markdown) documentation for more information, including
    all of the supported methods and examples of their use.

    [Email::Stuffer](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Email%3A%3AStuffer/markdown) uses [Email::MIME](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Email%3A%3AMIME/markdown) under the hood to construct messages,
    and wraps the most common attachment tasks with the simple "attach" and
    "attach_file" methods.

      [Email::Stuffer](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Email%3A%3AStuffer/markdown)->to('<friend@example.com>')
                    ->subject('The file')
                    ->attach_file('stuff.csv')
                    ->send_or_die;