# cat - perldoc - phpman

> **TLDR:** Print and concatenate files.
>
- Print the contents of a file to `stdout`:
  `cat {{path/to/file}}`
- Concatenate several files into an output file:
  `cat {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/output_file}}`
- Append several files to an output file:
  `cat {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} >> {{path/to/output_file}}`
- Copy the contents of a file into an output file without buffering:
  `cat -u {{/dev/tty12}} > {{/dev/tty13}}`
- Write `stdin` to a file:
  `cat - > {{path/to/file}}`

*Source: tldr-pages*

---

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq4.pod
  How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
    (contributed by brian d foy)

    Use a hash. When you think the words "unique" or "duplicated", think
    "hash keys".

    If you don't care about the order of the elements, you could just create
    the hash then extract the keys. It's not important how you create that
    hash: just that you use "keys" to get the unique elements.

        my %hash   = map { $_, 1 } @array;
        # or a hash slice: @hash{ @array } = ();
        # or a foreach: $hash{$_} = 1 foreach ( @array );

        my @unique = keys %hash;

    If you want to use a module, try the "uniq" function from
    [List::MoreUtils](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/List%3A%3AMoreUtils/markdown). In list context it returns the unique elements,
    preserving their order in the list. In scalar context, it returns the
    number of unique elements.

        use [List::MoreUtils](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/List%3A%3AMoreUtils/markdown) qw(uniq);

        my @unique = uniq( 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 7 ); # 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
        my $unique = uniq( 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 7 ); # 7

    You can also go through each element and skip the ones you've seen
    before. Use a hash to keep track. The first time the loop sees an
    element, that element has no key in %Seen. The "next" statement creates
    the key and immediately uses its value, which is "undef", so the loop
    continues to the "push" and increments the value for that key. The next
    time the loop sees that same element, its key exists in the hash *and*
    the value for that key is true (since it's not 0 or "undef"), so the
    next skips that iteration and the loop goes to the next element.

        my @unique = ();
        my %seen   = ();

        foreach my $elem ( @array ) {
            next if $seen{ $elem }++;
            push @unique, $elem;
        }

    You can write this more briefly using a grep, which does the same thing.

        my %seen = ();
        my @unique = grep { ! $seen{ $_ }++ } @array;

## Found in /usr/share/perl/5.34/pod/perlfaq7.pod
  How can I catch accesses to undefined variables, functions, or methods?
    The AUTOLOAD method, discussed in "Autoloading" in perlsub lets you
    capture calls to undefined functions and methods.

    When it comes to undefined variables that would trigger a warning under
    "use warnings", you can promote the warning to an error.

        use warnings FATAL => qw(uninitialized);