# phpman > perldoc > caller

    caller EXPR
    caller  Returns the context of the current pure perl subroutine call. In
            scalar context, returns the caller's package name if there *is*
            a caller (that is, if we're in a subroutine or "eval" or
            "require") and the undefined value otherwise. caller never
            returns XS subs and they are skipped. The next pure perl sub
            will appear instead of the XS sub in caller's return values. In
            list context, caller returns

                   # 0         1          2
                my ($package, $filename, $line) = caller;

            Like "__FILE__" and "__LINE__", the filename and line number
            returned here may be altered by the mechanism described at
            "Plain Old Comments (Not!)" in perlsyn.

            With EXPR, it returns some extra information that the debugger
            uses to print a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how
            many call frames to go back before the current one.

                #  0         1          2      3            4
             my ($package, $filename, $line, $subroutine, $hasargs,

                #  5          6          7            8       9         10
                $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require, $hints, $bitmask, $hinthash)
              = caller($i);

            Here, $subroutine is the function that the caller called (rather
            than the function containing the caller). Note that $subroutine
            may be "(eval)" if the frame is not a subroutine call, but an
            "eval". In such a case additional elements $evaltext and
            $is_require are set: $is_require is true if the frame is created
            by a "require" or "use" statement, $evaltext contains the text
            of the "eval EXPR" statement. In particular, for an "eval BLOCK"
            statement, $subroutine is "(eval)", but $evaltext is undefined.
            (Note also that each "use" statement creates a "require" frame
            inside an "eval EXPR" frame.) $subroutine may also be
            "(unknown)" if this particular subroutine happens to have been
            deleted from the symbol table. $hasargs is true if a new
            instance of @_ was set up for the frame. $hints and $bitmask
            contain pragmatic hints that the caller was compiled with.
            $hints corresponds to $^H, and $bitmask corresponds to
            "${^WARNING_BITS}". The $hints and $bitmask values are subject
            to change between versions of Perl, and are not meant for
            external use.

            $hinthash is a reference to a hash containing the value of "%^H"
            when the caller was compiled, or "undef" if "%^H" was empty. Do
            not modify the values of this hash, as they are the actual
            values stored in the optree.

            Note that the only types of call frames that are visible are
            subroutine calls and "eval". Other forms of context, such as
            "while" or "foreach" loops or "try" blocks are not considered
            interesting to "caller", as they do not alter the behaviour of
            the "return" expression.

            Furthermore, when called from within the DB package in list
            context, and with an argument, caller returns more detailed
            information: it sets the list variable @[DB::args](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/DB%3A%3Aargs/markdown) to be the
            arguments with which the subroutine was invoked.

            Be aware that the optimizer might have optimized call frames
            away before "caller" had a chance to get the information. That
            means that caller(N) might not return information about the call
            frame you expect it to, for "N > 1". In particular, @[DB::args](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/DB%3A%3Aargs/markdown)
            might have information from the previous time "caller" was
            called.

            Be aware that setting @[DB::args](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/DB%3A%3Aargs/markdown) is *best effort*, intended for
            debugging or generating backtraces, and should not be relied
            upon. In particular, as @_ contains aliases to the caller's
            arguments, Perl does not take a copy of @_, so @[DB::args](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/DB%3A%3Aargs/markdown) will
            contain modifications the subroutine makes to @_ or its
            contents, not the original values at call time. @[DB::args](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/DB%3A%3Aargs/markdown), like
            @_, does not hold explicit references to its elements, so under
            certain cases its elements may have become freed and reallocated
            for other variables or temporary values. Finally, a side effect
            of the current implementation is that the effects of "shift @_"
            can *normally* be undone (but not "pop @_" or other splicing,
            *and* not if a reference to @_ has been taken, *and* subject to
            the caveat about reallocated elements), so @[DB::args](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/DB%3A%3Aargs/markdown) is actually
            a hybrid of the current state and initial state of @_. Buyer
            beware.