# phpman > perldoc > Net::OAuth

## NAME
    [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) - OAuth 1.0 for Perl

## SYNOPSIS
      # Web Server Example (Dancer)

      # This example is simplified for illustrative purposes, see the complete code in /demo

      # Note that client_id is the Consumer Key and client_secret is the Consumer Secret

      use Dancer;
      use [Net::OAuth::Client](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AClient/markdown);

      sub client {
            [Net::OAuth::Client](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AClient/markdown)->new(
                    config->{client_id},
                    config->{client_secret},
                    site => '<https://www.google.com/>',
                    request_token_path => '/accounts/OAuthGetRequestToken?scope=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fm8%2Ffeeds%2F',
                    authorize_path => '/accounts/OAuthAuthorizeToken',
                    access_token_path => '/accounts/OAuthGetAccessToken',
                    callback => uri_for("/auth/google/callback"),
                    session => \&session,
            );
      }

      # Send user to authorize with service provider
      get '/auth/google' => sub {
            redirect client->authorize_url;
      };

      # User has returned with token and verifier appended to the URL.
      get '/auth/google/callback' => sub {

            # Use the auth code to fetch the access token
            my $access_token =  client->get_access_token(params->{oauth_token}, params->{oauth_verifier});

            # Use the access token to fetch a protected resource
            my $response = $access_token->get('/m8/feeds/contacts/default/full');

            # Do something with said resource...

            if ($response->is_success) {
              return "Yay, it worked: " . $response->decoded_content;
            }
            else {
              return "Error: " . $response->status_line;
            }
      };

      dance;

## IMPORTANT
    [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) provides a low-level API for reading and writing OAuth messages.

    You probably should start with [Net::OAuth::Client](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AClient/markdown).

## ABSTRACT
    OAuth is

    "An open protocol to allow secure API authentication in a simple and standard method from
    desktop and web applications."

    In practical terms, OAuth is a mechanism for a Consumer to request protected resources from a
    Service Provider on behalf of a user.

    Please refer to the OAuth spec: <<http://oauth.net/documentation/spec>>

    [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) provides:

    *   classes that encapsulate OAuth messages (requests and responses).

    *   message signing

    *   message serialization and parsing.

    *   2-legged requests (aka. tokenless requests, aka. consumer requests), see "CONSUMER REQUESTS"

    [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) does not provide:

    *   Consumer or Service Provider encapsulation

    *   token/nonce/key storage/management

## DESCRIPTION
  OAUTH MESSAGES
    An OAuth message is a set of key-value pairs. The following message types are supported:

    Requests

    *   Request Token ([Net::OAuth::RequestTokenRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3ARequestTokenRequest/markdown))

    *   Access Token ([Net::OAuth::AccessTokenRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AAccessTokenRequest/markdown))

    *   User Authentication ([Net::OAuth::UserAuthRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AUserAuthRequest/markdown))

    *   Protected Resource ([Net::OAuth::ProtectedResourceRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AProtectedResourceRequest/markdown))

    *   Consumer Request ([Net::OAuth::ConsumerRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AConsumerRequest/markdown)) (2-legged / token-less request)

    Responses

    *   Request Token ([Net::OAuth::RequestTokenResponse](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3ARequestTokenResponse/markdown))

    *   Access Token ([Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown):AccessTokenResponse)

    *   User Authentication ([Net::OAuth::UserAuthResponse](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AUserAuthResponse/markdown))

    Each OAuth message type has one or more required parameters, zero or more optional parameters,
    and most allow arbitrary parameters.

    All OAuth requests must be signed by the Consumer. Responses from the Service Provider, however,
    are not signed.

    To create a message, the easiest way is to use the factory methods ([Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request,
    [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->response, [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->message). The following method invocations are all equivalent:

     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('user authentication')->new(%params);
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('user_auth')->new(%params);
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('UserAuth')->new(%params);
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->message('UserAuthRequest')->new(%params);

    The more verbose way is to use the class directly:

     use [Net::OAuth::UserAuthRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AUserAuthRequest/markdown);
     $request = [Net::OAuth::UserAuthRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AUserAuthRequest/markdown)->new(%params);

    You can also create a message by deserializing it from a Authorization header, URL, query hash,
    or POST body

     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('protected resource')->from_authorization_header($ENV{HTTP_AUTHORIZATION}, %api_params);
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('protected resource')->from_url($url, %api_params);
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('protected resource')->from_hash({$q->Vars}, %api_params); # CGI
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('protected resource')->from_hash($c->request->params, %api_params); # Catalyst
     $response = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->response('request token')->from_post_body($response_content, %api_params);

    Note that the deserialization methods (as opposed to new()) expect OAuth protocol parameters to
    be prefixed with 'oauth_', as you would expect in a valid OAuth message.

    Before sending a request, the Consumer must first sign it:

     $request->sign;

    When receiving a request, the Service Provider should first verify the signature:

     die "Signature verification failed" unless $request->verify;

    When sending a message the last step is to serialize it and send it to wherever it needs to go.
    The following serialization methods are available:

     $response->to_post_body # a application/x-www-form-urlencoded POST body

     $request->to_url # the query string of a URL

     $request->to_authorization_header # the value of an HTTP Authorization header

     $request->to_hash # a hash that could be used for some other serialization

  API PARAMETERS vs MESSAGE PARAMETERS
    [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) defines 'message parameters' as parameters that are part of the transmitted OAuth
    message. These include any protocol parameter (prefixed with 'oauth_' in the message), and any
    additional message parameters (the extra_params hash).

    'API parameters' are parameters required to build a message object that are not transmitted with
    the message, e.g. consumer_secret, token_secret, request_url, request_method.

    There are various methods to inspect a message class to see what parameters are defined:

     $request->required_message_params;
     $request->optional_message_params;
     $request->all_message_params;
     $request->required_api_params;
     $request->optional_api_params;
     $request->all_api_params;
     $request->all_params;

    E.g.

     use [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown);
     use [Data::Dumper](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Data%3A%3ADumper/markdown);
     print Dumper([Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request("protected resource")->required_message_params);

     $VAR1 = [
              'consumer_key',
              'signature_method',
              'timestamp',
              'nonce',
              'token'
            ];

  ACCESSING PARAMETERS
    All parameters can be get/set using accessor methods. E.g.

     my $consumer_key = $request->consumer_key;
     $request->request_method('POST');

  THE REQUEST_URL PARAMETER
    Any query parameters in the request_url are removed and added to the extra_params hash when
    generating the signature.

    E.g. the following requests are pretty much equivalent:

     my $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('Request Token')->new(
      %params,
      request_url => '<https://photos.example.net/request_token>',
      extra_params => {
       foo => 'bar'
      },
    );

     my $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('Request Token')->new(
      %params,
      request_url => '<https://photos.example.net/request_token?foo=bar>',
     );

    Calling $request->request_url will still return whatever you set it to originally. If you want
    to get the request_url with the query parameters removed, you can do:

        my $url = $request->normalized_request_url;

  SIGNATURE METHODS
    The following signature methods are supported:

    *   PLAINTEXT

    *   HMAC-SHA1

    *   HMAC-SHA256

    *   RSA-SHA1

    The signature method is determined by the value of the signature_method parameter that is passed
    to the message constructor.

    If an unknown signature method is specified, the signing/verification will throw an exception.

   PLAINTEXT SIGNATURES
    This method is a trivial signature which adds no security. Not recommended.

   HMAC-SHA1 SIGNATURES
    This method is available if you have [Digest::HMAC_SHA1](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3AHMACSHA1/markdown) installed. This is by far the most
    commonly used method.

   HMAC-SHA256 SIGNATURES
    This method is available if you have [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) installed.

   RSA-SHA1 SIGNATURES
    To use RSA-SHA1 signatures, pass in a [Crypt::OpenSSL::RSA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Crypt%3A%3AOpenSSL%3A%3ARSA/markdown) object (or any object that can do
    $o->sign($str) and/or $o->verify($str, $sig))

    E.g.

    Consumer:

     use [Crypt::OpenSSL::RSA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Crypt%3A%3AOpenSSL%3A%3ARSA/markdown);
     use [File::Slurp](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ASlurp/markdown);
     $keystring = read_file('private_key.pem');
     $private_key = [Crypt::OpenSSL::RSA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Crypt%3A%3AOpenSSL%3A%3ARSA/markdown)->new_private_key($keystring);
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('request token')->new(%params);
     $request->sign($private_key);

    Service Provider:

     use [Crypt::OpenSSL::RSA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Crypt%3A%3AOpenSSL%3A%3ARSA/markdown);
     use [File::Slurp](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/File%3A%3ASlurp/markdown);
     $keystring = read_file('public_key.pem');
     $public_key = [Crypt::OpenSSL::RSA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Crypt%3A%3AOpenSSL%3A%3ARSA/markdown)->new_public_key($keystring);
     $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('request token')->new(%params);
     if (!$request->verify($public_key)) {
            die "Signature verification failed";
     }

    Note that you can pass the key in as a parameter called 'signature_key' to the message
    constructor, rather than passing it to the sign/verify method, if you like.

  CONSUMER REQUESTS
    To send a request without including a token, use a Consumer Request:

        my $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('consumer')->new(
                consumer_key => 'dpf43f3p2l4k3l03',
                consumer_secret => 'kd94hf93k423kf44',
                request_url => '<http://provider.example.net/profile>',
                request_method => 'GET',
                signature_method => 'HMAC-SHA1',
                timestamp => '1191242096',
                nonce => 'kllo9940pd9333jh',
        );

        $request->sign;

    See [Net::OAuth::ConsumerRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AConsumerRequest/markdown)

  I18N
    Per the OAuth spec, when making the signature [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) first encodes parameters to UTF-8. This
    means that any parameters you pass to [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown), if they might be outside of ASCII character
    set, should be run through [Encode::decode](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Encode%3A%3Adecode/markdown)() (or an equivalent PerlIO layer) first to decode them
    to Perl's internal character structure.

  OAUTH 1.0A
    Background:

    <<http://mojodna.net/2009/05/20/an-idiots-guide-to-oauth-10a.html>>

    <<http://oauth.googlecode.com/svn/spec/core/1.0a/drafts/3/oauth-core-1_0a.html>>

    [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) defaults to OAuth 1.0 spec compliance, and supports OAuth 1.0 Rev A with an optional
    switch:

     use [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)
     $[Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION/markdown) = [Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION_1_0A](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION10A/markdown);

    It is recommended that any new projects use this switch if possible, and existing projects move
    to supporting this switch as soon as possible. Probably the easiest way for existing projects to
    do this is to turn on the switch and run your test suite. The [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) constructor will throw
    an exception where the new protocol parameters (callback, callback_confirmed, verifier) are
    missing.

    Internally, the [Net::OAuth::Message](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AMessage/markdown) constructor checks $[Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION/markdown) and
    attempts to load the equivalent subclass in the [Net::OAuth::V1_0A](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AV10A/markdown):: namespace. So if you
    instantiate a [Net::OAuth::RequestTokenRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3ARequestTokenRequest/markdown) object, you will end up with a
    [Net::OAuth::V1_0A::RequestTokenRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3AV10A%3A%3ARequestTokenRequest/markdown) (a subclass of [Net::OAuth::RequestTokenRequest](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3ARequestTokenRequest/markdown)) if the
    protocol version is set to PROTOCOL_VERSION_1_0A. You can also select a 1.0a subclass on a
    per-message basis by passing

        protocol_version => [Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION_1_0A](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION10A/markdown)

    in the API parameters hash.

    If you are not sure whether the entity you are communicating with is 1.0A compliant, you can try
    instantiating a 1.0A message first and then fall back to 1.0 if that fails:

        use [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)
        $[Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION/markdown) = [Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION_1_0A](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION10A/markdown);
        my $is_oauth_1_0 = 0;
        my $response = eval{[Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->response('request token')->from_post_body($res->content)};
        if ($@) {
            if ($@ =~ /Missing required parameter 'callback_confirmed'/) {
                # fall back to OAuth 1.0
                $response = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->response('request token')->from_post_body(
                    $res->content,
                    protocol_version => [Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION_1_0](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION10/markdown)
                );
                $is_oauth_1_0 = 1; # from now on treat the server as OAuth 1.0 compliant
            }
            else {
                die $@;
            }
        }

    At some point in the future, [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) will default to [Net::OAuth::PROTOCOL_VERSION_1_0A](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3APROTOCOLVERSION10A/markdown).

## DEMO
    There is a demo Consumer CGI in this package, also available online at <<http://oauth.kg23.com/>>

## SEE ALSO
    <<http://oauth.net>>

    Check out [Net::OAuth::Simple](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth%3A%3ASimple/markdown) - it has a simpler API that may be more to your liking

    Check out [Net::Twitter::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3ATwitter%3A%3AOAuth/markdown) for a Twitter-specific OAuth API

    Check out [WWW::Netflix::API](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/WWW%3A%3ANetflix%3A%3AAPI/markdown) for a Netflix-specific OAuth API

## TODO
    *   Support for repeating/multivalued parameters

    *   Add convenience methods for SPs

        Something like:

            # direct from CGI.pm object
            $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('Request Token')->from_cgi_query($cgi, %api_params);

            # direct from [Catalyst::Request](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Catalyst%3A%3ARequest/markdown) object
            $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('Request Token')->from_catalyst_request($c->req, %api_params);

            # from Auth header and GET and POST params in one
            local $/;
            my $post_body = <STDIN>;
            $request = [Net::OAuth](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Net%3A%3AOAuth/markdown)->request('Request Token')->from_auth_get_and_post(
                $ENV{HTTP_AUTHORIZATION},
                $ENV{QUERY_STRING},
                $post_body,
                %api_params
            );

## AUTHOR
    Keith Grennan, "<kgrennan at cpan.org>"

COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
    Copyright 2009 Keith Grennan, all rights reserved.

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
    Perl itself.