{
    "mode": "perldoc",
    "parameter": "Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits",
    "section": "",
    "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Image%3A%3AExifTool%3A%3AMIEUnits/json",
    "generated": "2026-06-16T10:21:24Z",
    "sections": {
        "NAME": {
            "content": "Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits - MIE units documentation\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "DESCRIPTION": {
            "content": "The MIE format allows units of measurement to be specified in brackets at the end of a MIE tag\nname (eg. \"Volume(m3)\"). This document describes the standard MIE units abbreviations.\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "SYNTAX": {
            "content": "The units string may contain any ASCII characters in the range 0x21 ('!') to 0x7d ('}'),\nexcepting the bracket characters (0x28 and 0x29). An empty string is allowed, and indicates a\ndimensionless value. Standard units should be used where possible. In the standard units, an\nunderline ('') is used to indicate a subscript, and multiple words may be separated with a\nhyphen ('-').\n\nExponents should be positive, and require no separator (eg. \"m2\" for square meters). Prefixes\nmay be added to the standard units (eg. \"cm\") except when the resulting name conflicts with\nanother standard unit.\n\nMultiplication is indicated by '.', and division by '/'. Reciprocal units (ie. the\nmultiplicative inverse) are obtained through division rather than the use of negative exponents\n(eg. \"/in\", not \"in-1\"). In MIE units, multiplication has precedence over division, so\neverything to the right of a '/' is in the denominator. (See \"EXAMPLES\" for a few examples.)\n\nBelow is a table summarizing the special characters used in MIE units strings.\n\n.           multiplication\n/           division (used for negative exponents)\n-           word separator\nsubscript\n{}          annotation\n[]          used to avoid name conflicts if necessary\n0-9         exponentiation\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "STANDARD UNITS": {
            "content": "dimensionless\n[G]         Newtonian constant of gravitation (unclassified)\n[g]         standard acceleration of free fall (acceleration)\n[h]         Planck constant (action)\n[k]         Boltzmann constant (unclassified)\n{cfu}       colony forming units (number)\n{rbc}       red blood cell count (number)\n{tbl}       tablets (number)\n{tot}       particles total count (number)\n%           percent (fraction)\n10^N        the number ten for arbitrary powers (number)\nA           Ampere (electric current)\na           year (time)\nag         mean Gregorian year (time)\naj         mean Julian year (time)\nat         tropical year (time)\nacr         acre, U.S. (area)\nacrbr      acre, British (area)\nAo          Angstrom (length)\nAPL-U       APL unit (biologic activity of anticardiolipin IgA)\nar          are (area)\narb-U       arbitrary unit (arbitrary)\narcmin      minute of arc (plane angle)\narcsec      second of arc (plane angle)\natm         standard atmosphere (pressure)\natt         technical atmosphere (pressure)\nAU          astronomic unit (length)\nb           barn (action area)\nB           bel (level)\nB-kW        bel kilowatt (power level)\nB-mV        bel millivolt (electric potential level)\nB-SPL       bel sound pressure (pressure level)\nB-uV        bel microvolt (electric potential level)\nB-V         bel volt (electric potential level)\nB-W         bel watt (power level)\nbar         bar (pressure)\nbbl         barrel (fluid volume)\nBd          baud (signal transmission rate)\nbdsk-U      Bodansky unit (biologic activity of phosphatase)\nbeth-U      Bethesda unit (biologic activity of factor VIII inhibitor)\nbf          board foot (volume)\nBi          Biot (electric current)\nbit         bit (amount of information)\nBq          Becquerel (radioactivity)\nBtu         British thermal unit (energy)\nBtu39      British thermal unit at 39 degF (energy)\nBtu59      British thermal unit at 59 degF (energy)\nBtu60      British thermal unit at 60 degF (energy)\nBtuIT      international table British thermal unit (energy)\nBtum       mean British thermal unit (energy)\nBtuth      thermochemical British thermal unit (energy)\nbu          bushel, U.S. (dry volume)\nbubr       bushel, British (volume)\nBy          byte (amount of information)\nC           Coulomb (electric charge)\nc           velocity of light (velocity)\ncal         calorie (energy)\nCal         nutrition label Calories (energy)\ncal15      calorie at 15 degC (energy)\ncal20      calorie at 20 degC (energy)\ncalIT      international table calorie (energy)\ncalm       mean calorie (energy)\ncalth      thermochemical calorie (energy)\ncarAu      carat of gold alloys (mass fraction)\ncarm       metric carat (mass)\ncd          candela (luminous intensity)\nCel         degree Celsius (temperature)\nCh          Charriere (gauge of catheters)\nch          Gunter's chain, U.S. (length)\nchbr       Gunter's chain, British (length)\nCi          Curie (radioactivity)\ncicero      cicero (length)\ncirc        circle (plane angle)\ncml         circular mil, international (area)\ncr          cord, international (volume)\ncrdus      cord, U.S. (fluid volume)\ncupus      cup (volume)\nd           day (time)\ndeg         degree (plane angle)\ndeg{mag}    degree from magnetic north (plane angle)\ndegF        degree Fahrenheit (temperature)\ndidot       didot (length)\ndiop        diopter (refraction of a lens)\ndpt         dry pint, U.S. (dry volume)\ndqt         dry quart, U.S. (dry volume)\ndr          dram (mass)\ndrap       dram, apothecary (mass)\ndrp         drop (volume)\ndye-U       Dye unit (biologic activity of amylase)\ndyn         dyne (force)\ne           elementary charge (electric charge)\neps0       permittivity of vacuum (electric permittivity)\neq          equivalents (amount of substance)\nerg         erg (energy)\neV          electronvolt (energy)\nF           Farad (electric capacitance)\nfdr         fluid dram, U.S. (fluid volume)\nfdrbr      fluid dram, British (volume)\nfoz         fluid ounce, U.S. (fluid volume)\nfozbr      fluid ounce, British (volume)\nft          foot, international (length)\nftbr       foot, British (length)\nftus       foot, U.S. (length)\nfth         fathom, international (length)\nfthbr      fathom, British (length)\nfthus      fathom, U.S. (length)\nfur         furlong, U.S. (length)\nG           Gauss (magnetic flux density)\ng           gram (mass)\ng.m/{H-B}   gram meter per heartbeat (prop. to ventricular stroke work)\ng%          gram percent (mass fraction)\nGal         Gal (acceleration)\ngal         gallon, U.S. (fluid volume)\ngalbr      gallon, British (volume)\ngalwi      historical winchester gallon (dry volume)\nGb          Gilbert (magnetic tension)\ngf          gram-force (force)\ngil         gill, U.S. (fluid volume)\ngilbr      gill, British (volume)\ngon         gon (plane angle)\nGPL-U       GPL unit (biologic activity of anticardiolipin IgG)\ngr          grain (mass)\nGy          Gray (energy dose)\nH           Henry (inductance)\nh           hour (time)\nhd          hand, international (height of horses)\nhnsf-U      Hounsfield unit (x-ray attenuation)\nHP          horsepower (power)\nhpC        homeopathic potency of centesimal series (homeopathic potency)\nhpX        homeopathic potency of decimal series (homeopathic potency)\nHPF         high power field (view area in microscope)\nHz          Herz (frequency)\nin          inch, international (length)\ninbr       inch, British (length)\ninus       inch, U.S. (length)\nin-H2O      inch of water column (pressure)\nin-Hg       inch of mercury column (pressure)\niU          international unit (arbitrary)\nJ           Joule (energy)\nK           Kelvin (temperature)\nka-U        King-Armstrong unit (biologic activity of phosphatase)\nkat         katal (catalytic activity)\nkg{wet-tis} kilogram of wet tissue (mass)\nkn          knot, international (velocity)\nknbr       knot, British (velocity)\nknk-U       Kunkel unit (arbitrary biologic activity)\nKy          Kayser (lineic number)\nl           liter (volume)\nL           liter (volume)\nlb          pound (mass)\nlbap       pound, apothecary (mass)\nlbtr       pound, troy (mass)\nlbf         pound force (force)\nlcwt        long hunderdweight (mass)\nligne       ligne (length)\nlk          link for Gunter's chain, U.S. (length)\nlkbr       link for Gunter's chain, British (length)\nlm          lumen (luminous flux)\nLmb         Lambert (brightness)\nlne         line (length)\nLPF         low power field (view area in microscope)\nlton        long ton (mass)\nlx          lux (illuminance)\nly          light-year (length)\nm           meter (length)\nme         electron mass (mass)\nmp         proton mass (mass)\nm-H2O       meter of water column (pressure)\nm-Hg        meter of mercury column (pressure)\nmclg-U      Mac Lagan unit (arbitrary biologic activity)\nmesh        mesh, international (lineic number)\nMET         metabolic equivalent (metabolic cost of physical activity)\nmg{creat}   milligram of creatinine (mass)\nmho         mho (electric conductance)\nmi          mile, international (statute mile) (length)\nmibr       mile, British (length)\nmius       mile, U.S. (length)\nmil         mil, international (length)\nmilus      mil, U.S. (length)\nmin         minute (time)\nminbr      minim, British (volume)\nminus      minim, U.S. (fluid volume)\nmo          month (time)\nmog        mean Gregorian month (time)\nmoj        mean Julian month (time)\nmos        synodal month (time)\nmol         mole (amount of substance)\nMPL-U       MPL unit (biologic activity of anticardiolipin IgM)\nmu0        permeability of vacuum (magnetic permeability)\nMx          Maxwell (flux of magnetic induction)\nN           Newton (force)\nnmi         nautical mile, international (length)\nnmibr      nautical mile, British (length)\nNp          neper (level)\nOe          Oersted (magnetic field intensity)\nOhm         Ohm (electric resistance)\nosm         osmole of dissolved particles (amount of substance)\noz          ounce (mass)\nozap       ounce, apothecary (mass)\noztr       ounce, troy (mass)\nP           Poise (dynamic viscosity)\nPa          Pascal (pressure)\npc          parsec (length)\npcbr       pace (length)\npca         pica (length)\npcapr      Printer's pica (length)\npH          pH (acidity)\nph          phot (illuminance)\npi          the number pi (number)\npied        pied (length)\npk          peck, U.S. (dry volume)\npkbr       peck, British (volume)\npnt         point (length)\npntpr      Printer's point (length)\npouce       pouce (length)\nppb         parts per billion (fraction)\nppm         parts per million (fraction)\nppth        parts per thousand (fraction)\npptr        parts per trillion (fraction)\nPRU         peripheral vascular resistance unit (fluid resistance)\npsi         pound per square inch (pressure)\npt          pint, U.S. (fluid volume)\nptbr       pint, British (volume)\npwttr      pennyweight (mass)\nqt          quart, U.S. (fluid volume)\nqtbr       quart, British (volume)\nR           Roentgen (ion dose)\nrad         radian (plane angle)\nRAD         radiation absorbed dose (energy dose)\nrch         Ramden's chain, U.S. (length)\nrd          rod, U.S. (length)\nrdbr       rod, British (length)\nREM         radiation equivalent man (dose equivalent)\nrlkus      link for Ramden's chain (length)\ns           second (time)\nS           Siemens (electric conductance)\nsb          stilb (lum. intensity density)\nscap       scruple, apothecary (mass)\nsct         section (area)\nscwt        short hundredweight (mass)\nsmgy-U      Somogyi unit (biologic activity of amylase)\nsph         spere (solid angle)\nsr          streadian (solid angle)\nst          stere (volume)\nSt          Stokes (kinematic viscosity)\nston        short ton (mass)\nstone       stone (mass)\nSv          Sievert (dose equivalent)\nSv-U        Svedberg unit (sedimentation coefficient)\nT           Tesla (magnetic flux density)\nt           tonne (mass)\ntb-U        tuberculin unit (biologic activity of tuberculin)\ntbs         tablespoon, U.S. (volume)\ntodd-U      Todd unit (biologic activity antistreptolysin O)\ntsp         teaspoon, U.S. (volume)\ntwp         township (area)\nu           unified atomic mass unit (mass)\nU           Unit (catalytic activity)\nUSP-U       U.S. Pharmacopeia unit (arbitrary)\nV           Volt (electric potential)\nW           Watt (power)\nWb          Weber (magnetic flux)\nwk          week (time)\nyd          yard, international (length)\nydbr       yard, British (length)\nydus       yard, U.S. (length)\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "PREFIXES": {
            "content": "Standard SI prefixes:\n\ny           yocto (10^-24)\nz           zepto (10^-21)\na           atto  (10^-18)\nf           femto (10^-15)\np           pico  (10^-12)\nn           nano  (10^-9)\nu           micro (10^-6)\nm           milli (10^-3)\nc           centi (10^-2)\nd           deci  (10^-1)\nda          deka  (10)\nh           hecto (10^2)\nk           kilo  (10^3)\nG           giga  (10^9)\nM           mega  (10^6)\nT           tera  (10^12)\nP           peta  (10^15)\nE           exa   (10^18)\nZ           zetta (10^21)\nY           yotta (10^24)\n\nBinary power prefixes:\n\nKi          kibi  (2^10)\nMi          mebi  (2^20)\nGi          gibi  (2^30)\nTi          tebi  (2^40)\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "EXAMPLES": {
            "content": "A few examples of combined units strings:\n\n/cm3        per cubic centimeter\nin2         square inches\nkg.m/s2     Newtons (N)\nm3/kg.s2    units of [G]\n10^100      googols\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "HISTORY": {
            "content": "2006-12-14 - PH Created\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "AUTHOR": {
            "content": "Copyright 2003-2022, Phil Harvey (philharvey66 at gmail.com)\n\nThis library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as\nPerl itself.\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "REFERENCES": {
            "content": "<http://aurora.regenstrief.org/UCUM/>\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "SEE ALSO": {
            "content": "Image::ExifTool::MIE(3pm), Image::ExifTool(3pm)\n",
            "subsections": []
        }
    },
    "summary": "Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits - MIE units documentation",
    "flags": [],
    "examples": [
        "A few examples of combined units strings:",
        "/cm3        per cubic centimeter",
        "in2         square inches",
        "kg.m/s2     Newtons (N)",
        "m3/kg.s2    units of [G]",
        "10^100      googols"
    ],
    "see_also": [
        {
            "name": "MIE",
            "section": "3pm",
            "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/MIE/3pm/json"
        },
        {
            "name": "ExifTool",
            "section": "3pm",
            "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ExifTool/3pm/json"
        }
    ]
}