phpman > perldoc > Image::ExifTool::MIE(3pm)

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NAME
Image::ExifTool::MIE - Read/write MIE meta information

SYNOPSIS
This module is used by Image::ExifTool

DESCRIPTION
This module contains routines required by Image::ExifTool to read and write information in MIE
files.

WHAT IS MIE?
MIE stands for "Meta Information Encapsulation". The MIE format is an extensible, dedicated meta
information format which supports storage of binary as well as textual meta information. MIE can
be used to encapsulate meta information from many sources and bundle it together with any type
of file.

Features
Below is very subjective score card comparing the features of a number of common file and meta
information formats, and comparing them to MIE. The following features are rated for each format
with a score of 0 to 10:

1) Extensible (can incorporate user-defined information).
2) Meaningful tag ID's (hint to meaning of unknown information).
3) Sequential read/write ability (streamable).
4) Hierarchical information structure.
5) Easy to implement reader/writer/editor.
6) Order of information well defined.
7) Large data lengths supported: >64kB (+5) and >4GB (+5).
8) Localized text strings.
9) Multiple documents in a single file.
10) Compact format doesn't squander disk space or bandwidth.
11) Compressed meta information supported.
12) Relocatable data elements (ie. no fixed offsets).
13) Binary meta information (+7) with variable byte order (+3).
14) Mandatory tags not required (an unnecessary complication).
15) Append information to end of file without editing.

Feature number Total
Format 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Score
------ --------------------------------------------- -----
MIE 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150
PDF 10 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 10 10 0 7 10 10 97
PNG 10 10 10 0 8 0 5 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 0 93
XMP 10 10 10 10 2 0 10 10 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 92
AIFF 0 5 10 10 10 0 5 0 0 10 0 10 7 10 0 77
RIFF 0 5 10 10 10 0 5 0 0 10 0 10 7 10 0 77
JPEG 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 7 10 0 67
EPS 10 10 10 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 5 0 10 0 65
CIFF 0 0 0 10 10 0 5 0 0 10 0 10 10 10 0 65
TIFF 0 0 0 10 5 10 5 0 10 10 0 0 10 0 0 60
EXIF 0 0 0 10 5 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 45
IPTC 0 0 10 0 8 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 7 0 0 45

By design, MIE ranks highest by a significant margin. Other formats with reasonable scores are
PDF, PNG and XMP, but each has significant weak points. What may be surprising is that TIFF,
EXIF and IPTC rank so low.

As well as scoring high in all these features, the MIE format has the unique ability to
encapsulate any other type of file, and provides a non-invasive method of adding meta
information to a file. The meta information is logically separated from the original file data,
which is extremely important because meta information is routinely lost when files are edited.

Also, the MIE format supports multiple files by simple concatenation, enabling all kinds of
wonderful features such as linear databases, edit histories or non-intrusive file updates. This
ability can also be leveraged to allow MIE-format trailers to be added to some other file types.

MIE 1.1 FORMAT SPECIFICATION (2007-01-21)
File Structure
A MIE file consists of a series of MIE elements. A MIE element may contain either data or a
group of MIE elements, providing a hierarchical format for storing data. Each MIE element is
identified by a human-readable tag name, and may store data from zero to 2^64-1 bytes in length.

File Signature
The first element in the MIE file must be an uncompressed MIE group element with a tag name of
"0MIE". This restriction allows the first 8 bytes of a MIE file to be used to identify a MIE
format file. The following table lists the two possible initial byte sequences for a MIE-format
file (the first for big-endian, and the second for little-endian byte ordering):

Byte Number: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C Characters: ~ \x10 \x04 ? 0 M I E
or ~ \x18 \x04 ? 0 M I E

Hexadecimal: 7e 10 04 ? 30 4d 49 45
or 7e 18 04 ? 30 4d 49 45

Decimal: 126 16 4 ? 48 77 73 69
or 126 24 4 ? 48 77 73 69

Note that byte 1 may have one of the two possible values (0x10 or 0x18), and byte 3 may have any
value (0x00 to 0xff).

Element Structure
1 byte SyncByte = 0x7e (decimal 126, character '~')
1 byte FormatCode (see below)
1 byte TagLength (T)
1 byte DataLength (gives D if DataLength < 253)
T bytes TagName (T given by TagLength)
2 bytes DataLength2 [exists only if DataLength == 255 (0xff)]
4 bytes DataLength4 [exists only if DataLength == 254 (0xfe)]
8 bytes DataLength8 [exists only if DataLength == 253 (0xfd)]
D bytes DataBlock (D given by DataLength)

The minimum element length is 4 bytes (for a group terminator). The maximum DataBlock size is
2^64-1 bytes. TagLength and DataLength are unsigned integers, and the byte ordering for
multi-byte DataLength fields is specified by the containing MIE group element. The SyncByte is
byte aligned, so no padding is added to align on an N-byte boundary.

FormatCode
The format code is a bitmask that defines the format of the data:

7654 3210
++++ ---- FormatType
---- +--- TypeModifier
---- -+-- Compressed
---- --++ FormatSize

FormatType (bitmask 0xf0):
0x00 - other (or unknown) data
0x10 - MIE group
0x20 - text string
0x30 - list of null-separated text strings
0x40 - integer
0x50 - rational
0x60 - fixed point
0x70 - floating point
0x80 - free space

TypeModifier (bitmask 0x08):
Modifies the meaning of certain FormatTypes (0x00-0x60):

0x08 - other data sensitive to MIE group byte order
0x18 - MIE group with little-endian byte ordering
0x28 - UTF encoded text string
0x38 - UTF encoded text string list
0x48 - signed integer
0x58 - signed rational (denominator is always unsigned)
0x68 - signed fixed-point

Compressed (bitmask 0x04):
If this bit is set, the data block is compressed using Zlib deflate. An entire MIE group may
be compressed, with the exception of file-level groups.

FormatSize (bitmask 0x03):
Gives the byte size of each data element:

0x00 - 8 bits (1 byte)
0x01 - 16 bits (2 bytes)
0x02 - 32 bits (4 bytes)
0x03 - 64 bits (8 bytes)

The number of bytes in a single value for this format is given by 2**FormatSize (or 1 <<
FormatSize). The number of values is the data length divided by this number of bytes. It is
an error if the data length is not an even multiple of the format size in bytes.

The following is a list of all currently defined MIE FormatCode values for uncompressed data
(add 0x04 to each value for compressed data):

0x00 - other data (insensitive to MIE group byte order) (1)
0x01 - other 16-bit data (may be byte swapped)
0x02 - other 32-bit data (may be byte swapped)
0x03 - other 64-bit data (may be byte swapped)
0x08 - other data (sensitive to MIE group byte order) (1)
0x10 - MIE group with big-endian values (1)
0x18 - MIE group with little-endian values (1)
0x20 - ASCII (ISO 8859-1) string (2,3)
0x28 - UTF-8 string (2,3,4)
0x29 - UTF-16 string (2,3,4)
0x2a - UTF-32 string (2,3,4)
0x30 - ASCII (ISO 8859-1) string list (3,5)
0x38 - UTF-8 string list (3,4,5)
0x39 - UTF-16 string list (3,4,5)
0x3a - UTF-32 string list (3,4,5)
0x40 - unsigned 8-bit integer
0x41 - unsigned 16-bit integer
0x42 - unsigned 32-bit integer
0x43 - unsigned 64-bit integer (6)
0x48 - signed 8-bit integer
0x49 - signed 16-bit integer
0x4a - signed 32-bit integer
0x4b - signed 64-bit integer (6)
0x52 - unsigned 32-bit rational (16-bit numerator then denominator) (7)
0x53 - unsigned 64-bit rational (32-bit numerator then denominator) (7)
0x5a - signed 32-bit rational (denominator is unsigned) (7)
0x5b - signed 64-bit rational (denominator is unsigned) (7)
0x61 - unsigned 16-bit fixed-point (high 8 bits is integer part) (8)
0x62 - unsigned 32-bit fixed-point (high 16 bits is integer part) (8)
0x69 - signed 16-bit fixed-point (high 8 bits is signed integer) (8)
0x6a - signed 32-bit fixed-point (high 16 bits is signed integer) (8)
0x72 - 32-bit IEEE float (not recommended for portability reasons)
0x73 - 64-bit IEEE double (not recommended for portability reasons) (6)
0x80 - free space (value data does not contain useful information)

Notes:

1. The byte ordering specified by the MIE group TypeModifier applies to the MIE group element
as well as all elements within the group. Data for all FormatCodes except 0x08 (other data,
sensitive to byte order) may be transferred between MIE groups with different byte order by
byte swapping the uncompressed data according to the specified data format. The following
list illustrates the byte-swapping pattern, based on FormatSize, for all format types except
rational (FormatType 0x50).

FormatSize Change in Byte Sequence
-------------- -----------------------------------
0x00 (8 bits) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (no change)
0x01 (16 bits) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 1 0 3 2 5 4 7 6
0x02 (32 bits) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4
0x03 (64 bits) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Rational values consist of two integers, so they are swapped as the next lower FormatSize.
For example, a 32-bit rational (FormatSize 0x02, and FormatCode 0x52 or 0x5a) is swapped as
two 16-bit values (ie. as if it had FormatSize 0x01).

2. The TagName of a string element may have an 6-character suffix to indicate a specific
locale. (eg. "Title-en_US", or "Keywords-de_DE").

3. Text strings are not normally null terminated, however they may be padded with one or more
null characters to the end of the data block to allow strings to be edited within
fixed-length data blocks. Newlines in the text are indicated by a single LF (0x0a)
character.

4. UTF strings must not begin with a byte order mark (BOM) since the byte order and byte size
are specified by the MIE format. If a BOM is found, it should be treated as a zero-width
non-breaking space.

5. A list of text strings separated by null characters. These lists must not be null padded or
null terminated, since this would be interpreted as additional zero-length strings. For
ASCII and UTF-8 strings, the null character is a single zero (0x00) byte. For UTF-16 or
UTF-32 strings, the null character is 2 or 4 zero bytes respectively.

6. 64-bit integers and doubles are subject to the specified byte ordering for both 32-bit words
and bytes within these words. For instance, the high order byte is always the first byte if
big-endian, and the eighth byte if little-endian. This means that some swapping is always
necessary for these values on systems where the byte order differs from the word order (eg.
some ARM systems), regardless of the endian-ness of the stored values.

7. Rational values are treated as two separate integers. The numerator always comes first
regardless of the byte ordering. In a signed rational value, only the numerator is signed.
The denominator of all rational values is unsigned (eg. a signed 64-bit rational of
0x80000000/0x80000000 evaluates to -1, not +1).

8. 32-bit fixed point values are converted to floating point by treating them as an integer and
dividing by an appropriate value. eg)

16-bit fixed value = 16-bit integer value / 256.0
32-bit fixed value = 32-bit integer value / 65536.0

TagLength
Gives the length of the TagName string. Any value between 0 and 255 is valid, but the TagLength
of 0 is valid only for the MIE group terminator.

DataLength
DataLength is an unsigned byte that gives the number of bytes in the data block. A value between
0 and 252 gives the data length directly, and numbers from 253 to 255 are reserved for extended
DataLength codes. Codes of 255, 254 and 253 indicate that the element contains an additional 2,
4 or 8 byte unsigned integer representing the data length.

0-252 - length of data block
255 (0xff) - use DataLength2
254 (0xfe) - use DataLength4
253 (0xfd) - use DataLength8

A DataLength of zero is valid for any element except a compressed MIE group. A zero DataLength
for an uncompressed MIE group indicates that the group length is unknown. For other elements, a
zero length indicates there is no associated data. A terminator element must have a DataLength
of 0, 6 or 10, and may not use an extended DataLength.

TagName
The TagName string is 0 to 255 bytes long, and is composed of the ASCII characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9
and underline ('_'). Also, a dash ('-') is used to separate the language/country code in the
TagName of a localized text string, and a units string (possibly containing other ASCII
characters) may be appear in brackets at the end of the TagName. The TagName string is NOT null
terminated. A MIE element with a tag string of zero length is reserved for the group terminator.

MIE elements are sorted alphabetically by TagName within each group. Multiple elements with the
same TagName are allowed, even within the same group.

TagNames should be meaningful. Case is significant. Words should be lowercase with an uppercase
first character, and acronyms should be all upper case. The underline ("_") is provided to allow
separation of two acronyms or two numbers, but it shouldn't be used unless necessary. No
separation is necessary between an acronym and a word (eg. "ISOSetting").

All TagNames should start with an uppercase letter. An exception to this rule allows tags to
begin with a digit (0-9) if they must come before other tags in the sort order, or a lowercase
letter (a-z) if they must come after. For instance, the '0Type' element begins with a digit so
it comes before, and the 'data' element begins with a lowercase letter so that it comes after
meta information tags in the main "0MIE" group.

Tag names for localized text strings have an 6-character suffix with the following format: The
first character is a dash ('-'), followed by a 2-character lower case ISO 639-1 language code,
then an underline ('_'), and ending with a 2-character upper case ISO 3166-1 alpha 2 country
code. (eg. "-en_US", "-en_GB", "-de_DE" or "-fr_FR". Note that "GB", and not "UK" is the code
for Great Britain, although "UK" should be recognized for compatibility reasons.) The suffix is
included when sorting the tags alphabetically, so the default locale (with no tag-name suffix)
always comes first. If the country is unknown or not applicable, a country code of "XX" should
be used.

Tags with numerical values may allow units of measurement to be specified. The units string is
stored in brackets at the end of the tag name, and is composed of zero or more ASCII characters
in the range 0x21 to 0x7d, excluding the bracket characters 0x28 and 0x29. (eg.
"Resolution(/cm)" or "SpecificHeat(J/kg.K)".) See Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits for details. Unit
strings are not localized, and may not be used in combination with localized text strings.

Sets of tags which would require a common prefix should be added in a separate MIE group instead
of adding the prefix to all tag names. For example, instead of these TagName's:

ExternalFlashType
ExternalFlashSerialNumber
ExternalFlashFired

one would instead designate a separate "ExternalFlash" MIE group to contain the following
elements:

Type
SerialNumber
Fired

DataLength2/4/8
These extended DataLength fields exist only if DataLength is 255, 254 or 253, and are
respectively 2, 4 or 8 byte unsigned integers giving the data block length. One of these values
must be used if the data block is larger than 252 bytes, but they may be used if desired for
smaller blocks too (although this may add a few unnecessary bytes to the MIE element).

DataBlock
The data value for the MIE element. The format of the data is given by the FormatCode. For MIE
group elements, the data includes all contained elements and the group terminator.

MIE groups
All MIE data elements must be contained within a group. A group begins with a MIE group element,
and ends with a group terminator. Groups may be nested in a hierarchy to arbitrary depth.

A MIE group element is identified by a format code of 0x10 (big endian byte ordering) or 0x18
(little endian). The group terminator is distinguished by a zero TagLength (it is the only
element allowed to have a zero TagLength), and has a FormatCode of 0x00.

The MIE group element is permitted to have a zero DataLength only if the data is uncompressed.
This special value indicates that the group length is unknown (otherwise the minimum value for
DataLength is 4, corresponding the the minimum group size which includes a terminator of at
least 4 bytes). If DataLength is zero, all elements in the group must be parsed until the group
terminator is found. If non-zero, DataLength includes the length of all elements contained
within the group, including the group terminator. Use of a non-zero DataLength is encouraged
because it allows readers quickly skip over entire MIE groups. For compressed groups DataLength
must be non-zero, and is the length of the compressed group data (which includes the compressed
group terminator).

Group Terminator
The group terminator has a FormatCode and TagLength of zero. The terminator DataLength must be
0, 6 or 10 bytes, and extended DataLength codes may not be used. With a zero DataLength, the
byte sequence for a terminator is "7e 00 00 00" (hex). With a DataLength of 6 or 10 bytes, the
terminator data block contains information about the length and byte ordering of the preceding
group. This additional information is recommended for file-level groups, and is used in
multi-document MIE files and MIE trailers to allow the file to be scanned backwards from the
end. (This may also allow some documents to be recovered if part of the file is corrupted.) The
structure of this optional terminator data block is as follows:

4 or 8 bytes GroupLength (unsigned integer)
1 byte ByteOrder (0x10 or 0x18, same as MIE group)
1 byte GroupLengthSize (0x04 or 0x08)

The ByteOrder and GroupLengthSize values give the byte ordering and size of the GroupLength
integer. The GroupLength value is the total length of the entire MIE group ending with this
terminator, including the opening MIE group element and the terminator itself.

File-level MIE groups
File-level MIE groups may NOT be compressed.

All elements in a MIE file are contained within a special group with a TagName of "0MIE". The
purpose of the "OMIE" group is to provide a unique signature at the start of the file, and to
encapsulate information allowing files to be easily combined. The "0MIE" group must be
terminated like any other group, but it is recommended that the terminator of a file-level group
include the optional data block (defined above) to provide information about the group length
and byte order.

It is valid to have more than one "0MIE" group at the file level, allowing multiple documents in
a single MIE file. Furthermore, the MIE structure enables multi-document files to be generated
by simply concatenating two or more MIE files.

Scanning Backwards through a MIE File
The steps below give an algorithm to quickly locate the last document in a MIE file:

1. Read the last 10 bytes of the file. (Note that a valid MIE file may be as short as 12 bytes
long, but a file this length contains only an an empty MIE group.)

2. If the last byte of the file is zero, then it is not possible to scan backward through the
file, so the file must be scanned from the beginning. Otherwise, proceed to the next step.

3. If the last byte is 4 or 8, the terminator contains information about the byte ordering and
length of the group. Otherwise, stop here because this isn't a valid MIE file.

4. The next-to-last byte must be either 0x10 indicating big-endian byte ordering or 0x18 for
little-endian ordering, otherwise this isn't a valid MIE file.

5. The value of the preceding 4 or 8 bytes gives the length of the complete file-level MIE
group (GroupLength). This length includes both the leading MIE group element and the
terminator element itself. The value is an unsigned integer with a byte length given in step
3), and a byte order from step 4). From the current file position (at the end of the data
read in step 1), seek backward by this number of bytes to find the start of the MIE group
element for this document.

This algorithm may be repeated again beginning at this point in the file to locate the
next-to-last document, etc.

The table below lists all 5 valid patterns for the last 14 bytes of a file-level MIE group, with
all numbers in hex. The comments indicate the length and byte ordering of GroupLength (xx) if
available:

?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 00 00 - (no GroupLength)
?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 10 04 - 4 bytes, big endian
?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 18 04 - 4 bytes, little endian
7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 10 08 - 8 bytes, big endian
7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 18 08 - 8 bytes, little endian

Trailer Signature
The MIE format may be used for trailer information appended to other types of files. When this
is done, a signature must appear at the end of the main MIE group to uniquely identify the MIE
format trailer. To achieve this, a "zmie" trailer signature is written as the last element in
the main "0MIE" group. This element has a FormatCode of 0, a TagLength of 4, a DataLength of 0,
and a TagName of "zmie". With this signature, the hex byte sequence "7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65"
appears immediately before the final group terminator, and the last 22 bytes of the trailer
correspond to one of the following 4 patterns (where the trailer length is given by "xx", as
above):

?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 10 04
?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 18 04
7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 10 08
7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 18 08

Note that the zero-DataLength terminator may not be used here because the trailer length must be
known for seeking backwards from the end of the file.

Multiple trailers may be appended to the same file using this technique.

MIE Data Values
MIE data values for a given tag are usually not restricted to a specific FormatCode. Any value
may be represented in any appropriate format, including numbers represented in string (ASCII or
UTF) form.

It is preferred that closely related values with the same format are written to a single tag
instead of using multiple tags. This improves localization of like values and decreases MIE
element overhead. For instance, instead of separate ImageWidth and ImageHeight tags, a single
ImageSize tag is defined.

Tags which may take on a discrete set of values should have meaningful values if possible. This
improves the extensibility of the format and allows a more reasonable interpretation of
unrecognized values.

Numerical Representation
Integer and floating point numbers may be represented in binary or string form. In string form,
integers are a series of digits with an optional leading sign (eg. "[+|-]DDDDDD"), and multiple
values are separated by a single space character (eg. "23 128 -32"). Floating point numbers are
similar but may also contain a decimal point and/or a signed exponent with a leading 'e'
character (eg. "[+|-]DD[.DDDDDD][e(+|-)EEE]"). The string "inf" is used to represent infinity.
One advantage of numerical strings is that they can have an arbitrarily high precision because
the possible number of significant digits is virtually unlimited.

Note that numerical values may have associated units of measurement which are specified in the
"TagName" string.

Date/Time Format
All MIE dates are strings in the form "YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM:SS.ss+HH:MM". The fractional seconds
(".ss") are optional, and if included may contain any number of significant digits (unlike all
other fields which are a fixed number of digits and must be padded with leading zeros if
necessary). The timezone ("+HH:MM" or "-HH:MM") is recommended but not required. If not given,
the local system timezone is assumed.

MIME Type
The basic MIME type for a MIE file is "application/x-mie", however the specific MIME type
depends on the type of subfile, and is obtained by adding "x-mie-" to the MIME type of the
subfile. For example, with a subfile of type "image/jpeg", the MIE file MIME type is
"image/x-mie-jpeg". But note that the "x-" is not duplicated if the subfile MIME type already
starts with "x-". So a subfile with MIME type "image/x-raw" is contained within a MIE file of
type "image/x-mie-raw", not "image/x-mie-x-raw". In the case of multiple documents in a MIE
file, the MIME type is taken from the first document. Regardless of the subfile type, all
MIE-format files should have a filename extension of ".MIE".

Levels of Support
Basic MIE reader/writer applications may choose not to provide support for some advanced
features of the MIE format. Features which may not be supported by all software are:

Compression
Software not supporting compression must ignore compressed elements and groups, but should
be able to process the remaining information.

Large data lengths
Some software may limit the maximum size of a MIE group or element. Historically, a limit of
2GB may be imposed by some systems. However, 8-byte data lengths should be supported by all
applications provided the value doesn't exceed the system limit. (eg. For systems with a 2GB
limit, 8-byte data lengths should be supported if the upper 17 bits are all zero.) If a data
length above the system limit is encountered, it may be necessary for the application to
stop processing if it can not seek to the next element in the file.

EXAMPLES
This section gives examples for working with MIE information using ExifTool.

Encapsulating Information with Data in a MIE File
The following command encapsulates any file recognized by ExifTool inside a MIE file, and
initializes MIE tags from information within the file:

exiftool -o new.mie -tagsfromfile FILE '-mie:all<all' \
'-subfilename<filename' '-subfiletype<filetype' \
'-subfilemimetype<mimetype' '-subfiledata<=FILE'

where "FILE" is the name of the file.

For unrecognized files, this command may be used:

exiftool -o new.mie -subfilename=FILE -subfiletype=TYPE \
-subfilemimetype=MIME '-subfiledata<=FILE'

where "TYPE" and "MIME" represent the source file type and MIME type respectively.

Adding a MIE Trailer to a File
The MIE format may also be used to store information in a trailer appended to another type of
file. Beware that trailers may not be compatible with all file formats, but JPEG and TIFF are
two formats where additional trailer information doesn't create any problems for normal parsing
of the file. Also note that this technique has the disadvantage that trailer information is
commonly lost if the file is subsequently edited by other software.

Creating a MIE trailer with ExifTool is a two-step process since ExifTool can't currently be
used to add a MIE trailer directly. The example below illustrates the steps for adding a MIE
trailer with a small preview image ("small.jpg") to a destination JPEG image ("dst.jpg").

Step 1) Create a MIE file with a TrailerSignature containing the desired information:

exiftool -o new.mie -trailersignature=1 -tagsfromfile small.jpg \
'-previewimagetype<filetype' '-previewimagesize<imagesize' \
'-previewimagename<filename' '-previewimage<=small.jpg'

Step 2) Append the MIE information to another file. In Unix, this can be done with the 'cat'
command:

cat new.mie >> dst.jpg

Once added, ExifTool may be used to edit or delete a MIE trailer in a JPEG or TIFF image.

Multiple MIE Documents in a Single File
The MIE specification allows multiple MIE documents (or trailers) to exist in a single file. A
file like this may be created by simply concatenating MIE documents. ExifTool may be used to
access information in a specific document by adding a copy number to the MIE group name. For
example:

# write the Author tag in the second MIE document
exiftool -mie2:author=phil test.mie

# delete the first MIE document from a file
exiftool -mie1:all= test.mie

Units of Measurement
Some MIE tags allow values to be specified in different units of measurement. In the MIE file
format these units are combined with the tag name, but when using ExifTool they are specified in
brackets after the value:

exiftool -mie:gpsaltitude='7500(ft)' test.mie

If no units are provided, the default units are written.

Localized Text
Localized text values are accessed by adding a language/country code to the tag name. For
example:

exiftool -comment-en_us='this is a comment' test.mie

REVISIONS
2010-04-05 - Fixed "Format Size" Note 7 to give the correct number of bits
in the example rational value
2007-01-21 - Specified LF character (0x0a) for text newline sequence
2007-01-19 - Specified ISO 8859-1 character set for extended ASCII codes
2007-01-01 - Improved wording of Step 5 for scanning backwards in MIE file
2006-12-30 - Added EXAMPLES section and note about UTF BOM
2006-12-20 - MIE 1.1: Changed meaning of TypeModifier bit (0x08) for
unknown data (FormatType 0x00), and documented byte swapping
2006-12-14 - MIE 1.0: Added Data Values and Numerical Representations
sections, and added ability to specify units in tag names
2006-11-09 - Added Levels of Support section
2006-11-03 - Added Trailer Signature
2005-11-18 - Original specification created

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
Perl itself. The MIE format itself is also copyright Phil Harvey, and is covered by the same
free-use license.

REFERENCES
<https://exiftool.org/MIE1.1-20070121.pdf>

SEE ALSO
"MIE Tags" in Image::ExifTool::TagNames, Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits, Image::ExifTool(3pm)

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