phpman > perldoc > CGI::Session::Tutorial

NAME
    CGI::Session::Tutorial - Extended CGI::Session manual

STATE MAINTENANCE OVERVIEW
    Since HTTP is a stateless protocol, each subsequent click to a web site is treated as new
    request by the Web server. The server does not relate a visit with a previous one, thus all the
    state information from the previous requests are lost. This makes creating such applications as
    shopping carts, web sites requiring users to authenticate, impossible. So people had to do
    something about this despair situation HTTP was putting us in.

    For our rescue come such technologies as *HTTP Cookies* and *QUERY_STRING*s that help us save
    the users' session for a certain period. Since *HTTP Cookies* and *QUERY_STRING*s alone cannot
    take us too far (RFC 2965, Section 5, "Implementation Limitations"), several other libraries
    have been developed to extend their capabilities and promise a more reliable solution.
    CGI::Session is one of them.

    Before we discuss this library, let's look at some alternative solutions.

  COOKIE
    Cookie is a piece of text-information that a web server is entitled to place in the user's hard
    disk, assuming a user agent (such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla, etc) is compatible with the
    specification. After the cookie is placed, user agents are required to send these cookies back
    to the server as part of the HTTP request. This way the server application ( CGI, for example )
    will have a way of relating previous requests by the same user agent, thus overcoming
    statelessness of HTTP.

    Although *HTTP Cookies* seem to be promising solution for the statelessness of HTTP, they do
    carry certain limitations, such as limited number of cookies per domain and per user agent and
    limited size on each cookie. User Agents are required to store at least 300 cookies at a time,
    20 cookies per domain and allow 4096 bytes of storage for each cookie. They also rise several
    Privacy and Security concerns, the lists of which can be found on the sections 6-"Privacy" and
    7-"Security Considerations" of RFC 2965.

  QUERY STRING
    Query string is a string appended to URL following a question mark (?) such as:

        http://my.dot.com/login.cgi?user=sherzodr;password=top-secret

    As you probably guessed, it can also help you pass state information from a click to another,
    but how secure is it do you think, considering these URLs tend to get cached by most of the user
    agents and also logged in the servers access log, to which everyone can have access.

  HIDDEN FIELDS
    Hidden field is another alternative to using query strings and they come in two flavors: hidden
    fields used in POST methods and the ones in GET. The ones used in GET methods will turn into a
    true query strings once submitted, so all the disadvantages of QUERY_STRINGs apply. Although
    POST requests do not have limitations of its sister-GET, the pages that hold them get cached by
    Web browser, and are available within the source code of the page (obviously). They also become
    unwieldily to manage when one has oodles of state information to keep track of ( for instance, a
    shopping cart or an advanced search engine).

    Query strings and hidden fields are also lost easily by closing the browser, or by clicking the
    browser's "Back" button.

  SERVER SIDE SESSION MANAGEMENT
    This technique is built upon the aforementioned technologies plus a server-side storage device,
    which saves the state data on the server side. Each session has a unique id associated with the
    data in the server. This id is also associated with the user agent either in the form of a *HTTP
    Cookie*, a *QUERY_STRING*, hidden field or any combination of the above. This is necessary to
    make the connection with the client and his data.

    Advantages:

    *   We no longer need to depend on User Agent constraints in cookie size.

    *   Sensitive data no longer need to be traveling across the network at each request (which is
        the case with query strings, cookies and hidden fields). The only thing that travels is the
        unique id generated for the session (5767393932698093d0b75ef614376314, for instance), which
        should make no sense to third parties.

    *   User will not have sensitive data stored in his/her computer in unsecured file (which is a
        cookie file).

    *   It's possible to handle very big and even complex data structures transparently (which *HTTP
        Cookies* do not handle).

    That's what CGI::Session is all about - implementing server side session management. Now is a
    good time to get feet wet.

PROGRAMMING STYLE
    Server side session management system might be seeming awfully convoluted if you have never
    dealt with it. Fortunately, with CGI::Session all the complexity is handled by the library
    transparently. This section of the manual can be treated as an introductory tutorial to both
    logic behind session management, and to CGI::Session programming style.

    All applications making use of server side session management rely on the following pattern of
    operation regardless of the way the system is implemented:

    1   Check if the user has session cookie dropped in his computer from previous request

    2   If the cookie does not exist, create a new session identifier, and drop it as cookie to the
        user's computer.

    3   If session cookie exists, read the session ID from the cookie and load any previously saved
        session data from the server side storage. If session had any expiration date set it's
        useful to re-drop the same cookie to the user's computer so its expiration time will be
        reset to be relative to user's last activity time.

    4   Store any necessary data in the session that you want to make available for the next HTTP
        request.

    CGI::Session will handle all of the above steps. All you have to do is to choose what to store
    in the session.

  GETTING STARTED
    To make CGI::Session's functionality available in your program do either of the following
    somewhere on top of your program file:

        use CGI::Session;
        # or
        require CGI::Session;

    Whenever you're ready to create a new session in your application, do the following:

        $session = CGI::Session->new () or die CGI::Session->errstr;

    Above line will first try to re-initialize an existing session by consulting cookies and
    necessary QUERY_STRING parameters. If it fails will create a brand new session with a unique ID,
    which is normally called *session ID*, *SID* for short, and can be accessed through id() -
    object method.

    We didn't check for any session cookies above, did we? No, we didn't, but CGI::Session did. It
    looked for a cookie called "CGISESSID", and if it found it tried to load existing session from
    server side storage (file in our case). If cookie didn't exist it looked for a QUERY_STRING
    parameter called "CGISESSID". If all the attempts to recover session ID failed, it created a new
    session.

    NOTE: For the above syntax to work as intended your application needs to have write access to
    your computer's *TEMPDIR* folder, which is usually /tmp in UNIX. If it doesn't, or if you wish
    to store this application's session files in a different place, you may pass the third argument
    like so:

        $session = CGI::Session->new(undef, undef, {Directory=>'../tmp/sessions'});

    Now it will store all the newly created sessions in (and will attempt to initialize requested
    sessions from) that folder. Don't worry if the directory hierarchy you want to use doesn't
    already exist. It will be created for you. For details on how session data are stored refer to
    CGI::Session::Driver::file, which is the default driver used in our above example.

    There is one small, but very important thing your application needs to perform after creating
    CGI::Session object as above. It needs to drop Session ID as an *HTTP cookie* into the user's
    computer. CGI::Session will use this cookie to identify the user at his/her next request and
    will be able to load his/her previously stored session data.

    To make sure CGI::Session will be able to read your cookie at next request you need to consult
    its "name()" method for cookie's suggested name:

        $cookie = $query->cookie( -name   => $session->name,
                                  -value  => $session->id );
        print $query->header( -cookie=>$cookie );

    "name()" returns "CGISESSID" by default. If you prefer a different cookie name, you can change
    it as easily too, but you have to do it before CGI::Session object is created:

        CGI::Session->name("SID");
        $session = CGI::Session->new();

    Baking the cookie wasn't too difficult, was it? But there is an even easier way to send a cookie
    using CGI::Session:

        print $session->header();

    The above will create the cookie using CGI::Cookie and will return proper http headers using
    CGI.pm's CGI method. Any arguments to CGI::Session will be passed to CGI::header().

    Of course, this method of initialization will only work if client is accepting cookies. If not
    you would have to pass session ID in each URL of your application as QUERY_STRING. For
    CGI::Session to detect it the name of the parameter should be the same as returned by name():

        printf ("<a href=\"$ENV{SCRIPT_NAME}?%s=%s\">click me</a>", $session->name, $session->id);

    If you already have session id to be initialized you may pass it as the only argument, or the
    second argument of multi-argument syntax:

        $session = CGI::Session->new( $sid );
        $session = CGI::Session->new( "serializer:freezethaw", $sid );
        $session = CGI::Session->new( "driver:mysql", $sid, {Handle=>$dbh} );

    By default CGI::Session uses standard CGI to parse queries and cookies. If you prefer to use a
    different, but compatible object you can pass that object in place of $sid:

        $cgi     = CGI::Simple->new();
        $session = CGI::Session->new( $cgi );
        $session = CGI::Session->new( "driver:db_file;serializer:storable", $cgi);
        # etc

    See CGI::Simple

  STORING DATA
    CGI::Session offers param() method, which behaves exactly as CGI.pm's param() with identical
    syntax. param() is used for storing data in session as well as for accessing already stored
    data.

    Imagine your customer submitted a login form on your Web site. You, as a good host, wanted to
    remember the guest's name, so you can a) greet him accordingly when he visits your site again,
    or b) to be helpful by filling out *user name* part of his login form, so the customer can jump
    right to the *password* field without having to type his username again.

        my $name = $cgi->param('username');
        $session->param('username', $name);

    Notice, we're grabbing *username* value of the field using CGI.pm's (or another compatible
    library's) "param()" method, and storing it in session using CGI::Session's param() method.

    If you have too many stuff to transfer into session, you may find yourself typing the above code
    over and over again. I've done it, and believe me, it gets very boring too soon, and is also
    error-prone. So we introduced the following handy method:

        $session->save_param(['name']);

    If you wanted to store multiple form fields just include them all in the second list:

        $session->save_param(['name', 'email']);

    If you want to store all the available *QUERY_STRING* parameters you can omit the arguments:

        $session->save_param();

    See save_param() for more details.

    When storing data in the session you're not limited to strings. You can store arrays, hashes and
    even most objects. You will need to pass them as references (except objects).

    For example, to get all the selected values of a scrolling list and store it in the session:

        my @fruits = $cgi->param('fruits');
        $session->param('fruits', \@fruits);

    For parameters with multiple values save_param() will do the right thing too. So the above is
    the same as:

        $session->save_param($cgi, ['fruits']);

    All the updates to the session data using above methods will not reflect in the data store until
    your application exits, or $session goes out of scope. If, for some reason, you need to commit
    the changes to the data store before your application exits you need to call flush() method:

        $session->flush();

    I've written a lot of code, and never felt need for using "flush()" method, since CGI::Session
    calls this method at the end of each request. There are, however, occasions I can think of one
    may need to call flush().

  ACCESSING STORED DATA
    There's no point of storing data if you cannot access it. You can access stored session data by
    using the same param() method you once used to store them. Remember the Username field from the
    previous section that we stored in the session? Let's read it back so we can partially fill the
    Login form for the user:

        $name = $session->param("name");
        printf "<input type=\"text\" name=\"name\" value=\"%s\" />", $name;

    To retrieve previously stored @fruits do not forget to de reference it:

        @fruits = @{ $session->param('fruits') };

    Very frequently, you may find yourself having to create pre-filled and pre-selected forms, like
    radio buttons, checkboxes and drop down menus according to the user's preferences or previous
    action. With text and textareas it's not a big deal - you can simply retrieve a single parameter
    from the session and hard code the value into the text field. But how would you do it when you
    have a group of radio buttons, checkboxes and scrolling lists? For this purpose, CGI::Session
    provides load_param() method, which loads given session parameters to a CGI object (assuming
    they have been previously saved with save_param() or alternative):

        $session->load_param($cgi, ["fruits"]);

    Now when you say:

        print $cgi->checkbox_group(fruits=>['apple', 'banana', 'apricot']);

    See load_param() for details.

    Generated checkboxes will be pre-filled using previously saved information.

    If you're making use of HTML::Template to separate the code from the skin, you can as well
    associate CGI::Session object with HTML::Template and access all the parameters from within HTML
    files. We love this trick!

        $template = HTML::Template->new(filename=>"some.tmpl", associate=>$session);
        print $template->output();

    Assuming the session object stored "first_name" and "email" parameters while being associated
    with HTML::Template, you can access those values from within your "some.tmpl" file now:

        Hello <a href="mailto:<TMPL_VAR email>"> <TMPL_VAR first_name> </a>!

    See HTML::Template's online manual for details.

  CLEARING SESSION DATA
    You store session data, you access session data and at some point you will want to clear certain
    session data, if not all. For this purpose CGI::Session provides clear() method which optionally
    takes one argument as an arrayref indicating which session parameters should be deleted from the
    session object:

        $session->clear(["~logged-in", "email"]);

    Above line deletes "~logged-in" and "email" session parameters from the session. And next time
    you say:

        $email = $session->param("email");

    it returns undef. If you omit the argument to clear(), be warned that all the session parameters
    you ever stored in the session object will get deleted. Note that it does not delete the session
    itself. Session stays open and accessible. It's just the parameters you stored in it gets
    deleted

    See clear() for details.

  DELETING A SESSION
    If there's a start there's an end. If session could be created, it should be possible to delete
    it from the disk for good:

        $session->delete();

    The above call to delete() deletes the session from the disk for good. Do not confuse it with
    clear(), which only clears certain session parameters but keeps the session open.

    See delete() for details.

  EXPIRATION
    CGI::Session provides limited means to expire sessions. Expiring a session is the same as
    deleting it via delete(), but deletion takes place automatically. To expire a session, you need
    to tell the library how long the session would be valid after the last access time. When that
    time is met, CGI::Session refuses to retrieve the session. It deletes the session and returns a
    brand new one. To assign expiration ticker for a session, use expire():

        $session->expire(3600);     # expire after 3600 seconds
        $session->expire('+1h');    # expire after 1 hour
        $session->expire('+15m');   # expire after 15 minutes
        $session->expire('+1M');    # expire after a month and so on.

    When session is set to expire at some time in the future, but session was not requested at or
    after that time has passed it will remain in the disk. When expired session is requested
    CGI::Session will remove the data from disk, and will initialize a brand new session.

    See expire() for details.

    Before CGI::Session 4.x there was no way of intercepting requests to expired sessions.
    CGI::Session 4.x introduced new kind of constructor, load(), which is identical in use to new(),
    but is not allowed to create sessions. It can only load them. If session is found to be expired,
    or session does not exist it will return an empty CGI::Session object. And if session is
    expired, in addition to being empty, its status will also be set to expired. You can check
    against these conditions using empty() and is_expired() methods. If session was loaded
    successfully object returned by "load()" is as good a session as the one returned by "new()":

        $session = CGI::Session->load() or die CGI::Session->errstr;
        if ( $session->is_expired ) {
            die "Your session expired. Please refresh your browser to re-start your session";
        }
        if ( $session->is_empty ) {
            $session = $session->new();
        }

    Above example is worth an attention. Remember, all expired sessions are empty sessions, but not
    all empty sessions are expired sessions. Following this rule we have to check with
    "is_expired()" before checking with "is_empty()". There is another thing about the above
    example. Notice how its creating new session when un existing session was requested? By calling
    "new()" as an object method! Handy thing about that is, when you call "new()" on a session
    object new object will be created using the same configuration as the previous object.

    For example:

        $session = CGI::Session->load("driver:mysql;serializer:storable", undef, {Handle=>$dbh});
        if ( $session->is_expired ) {
            die "Your session is expired. Please refresh your browser to re-start your session";
        }
        if ( $session->is_empty ) {
            $session = $session->new();
        }

    Initial $session object was configured with mysql as the driver, storable as the serializer and
    $dbh as the database handle. Calling " new() " on this object will return an object of the same
    configuration. So $session object returned from " new() " in the above example will use mysql as
    the driver, storable as the serializer and $dbh as the database handle.

    See is_expired(), is_empty(), load() for details.

    Sometimes it makes perfect sense to expire a certain session parameter, instead of the whole
    session. I usually do this in my login enabled sites, where after the user logs in successfully,
    I set his/her "_logged_in" session parameter to true, and assign an expiration ticker on that
    flag to something like 30 minutes. It means, after 30 idle minutes CGI::Session will clear
    "_logged_in" flag, indicating the user should log in over again. I agree, the same effect can be
    achieved by simply expiring() the session itself, but by doing this we would loose other session
    parameters, such as user's shopping cart, session-preferences and the like.

    This feature can also be used to simulate layered authentication, such as, you can keep the
    user's access to his/her personal profile information for as long as 60 minutes after a
    successful login, but expire his/her access to his credit card information after 5 idle minutes.
    To achieve this effect, we will use expire() method again:

        $session->expire(_profile_access, '1h');
        $session->expire(_cc_access, '5m');

    With the above syntax, the person will still have access to his personal information even after
    5 idle hours. But when he tries to access or update his/her credit card information, he may be
    displayed a "login again, please" screen.

    See expire() for details.

    This concludes our discussion of CGI::Session programming style. The rest of the manual covers
    some "SECURITY" issues. Driver specs from the previous manual were moved to
    CGI::Session::Driver.

SECURITY
    "How secure is using CGI::Session?", "Can others hack down people's sessions using another
    browser if they can get the session id of the user?", "Are the session ids easy to guess?" are
    the questions I find myself answering over and over again.

  STORAGE
    Security of the library does in many aspects depend on the implementation. After making use of
    this library, you no longer have to send all the information to the user's cookie except for the
    session id. But, you still have to store the data in the server side. So another set of
    questions arise, can an evil person get access to session data in your server, even if he does,
    can he make sense out of the data in the session file, and even if he can, can he reuse the
    information against a person who created that session. As you see, the answer depends on
    yourself who is implementing it.

    *   First rule of thumb, do not store users' passwords or other sensitive data in the session,
        please. If you have to, use one-way encryption, such as md5, or SHA-1-1. For my own
        experience I can assure you that in properly implemented session-powered Web applications
        there is never a need for it.

    *   Default configuration of the driver makes use of Data::Dumper class to serialize data to
        make it possible to save it in the disk. Data::Dumper's result is a human readable data
        structure, which, if opened, can be interpreted easily. If you configure your session object
        to use either Storable or FreezeThaw as a serializer, this would make it more difficult for
        bad guys to make sense out of session data. But don't use this as the only precaution. Since
        evil fingers can type a quick program using Storable or FreezeThaw to decipher session files
        very easily.

    *   Do not allow anyone to update contents of session files. If you're using default serializer
        serialized data string needs to be eval()ed to bring the original data structure back to
        life. Of course, we use Safe to do it safely, but your cautiousness does no harm either.

    *   Do not keep sessions open for very long. This will increase the possibility that some bad
        guy may have someone's valid session id at a given time (acquired somehow). To do this use
        expire() method to set expiration ticker. The more sensitive the information on your Web
        site is, the sooner the session should be set to expire.

  SESSION IDs
    Session ids are not easily guessed (unless you're using incr ID generator)! Default
    configuration of CGI::Session uses Digest::MD5 to generate random, 32 character long identifier.
    Although this string cannot be guessed as easily by others, if they find it out somehow, can
    they use this identifier against the other person?

    Consider the scenario, where you just give someone either via email or an instant messaging a
    link to a Web site where you're currently logged in. The URL you give to that person contains a
    session id as part of a query string. If the site was initializing the session solely using
    query string parameter, after clicking on that link that person now appears to that site as you,
    and might have access to all of your private data instantly.

    Even if you're solely using cookies as the session id transporters, it's not that difficult to
    plant a cookie in the cookie file with the same id and trick the web browser to send that
    particular session id to the server. So key for security is to check if the person who's asking
    us to retrieve a session data is indeed the person who initially created the session data.

    One way to help with this is by also checking that the IP address that the session is being used
    from is always same. However, this turns out not to be practical in common cases because some
    large ISPs (such as AOL) use proxies which cause each and every request from the same user to
    come from different IP address.

    If you have an application where you are sure your users' IPs are constant during a session, you
    can consider enabling an option to make this check:

        use CGI::Session '-ip_match';

    For backwards compatibility, you can also achieve this by setting $CGI::Session::IP_MATCH to a
    true value. This makes sure that before initializing a previously stored session, it checks if
    the ip address stored in the session matches the ip address of the user asking for that session.
    In which case the library returns the session, otherwise it dies with a proper error message.

LICENSING
    For support and licensing see CGI::Session