# tc-cake(8) - man - phpman [CAKE(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/CAKE/8/markdown) Linux [CAKE(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/CAKE/8/markdown) ## NAME CAKE - Common Applications Kept Enhanced (CAKE) ## SYNOPSIS ### tc qdisc ... cake [ **bandwidth** RATE | **unlimited*** | **autorate-ingress** ] [ **rtt** TIME | **datacentre** | **lan** | **metro** | **regional** | **internet*** | **oceanic** | **satellite** | **inter**‐‐ **planetary** ] [ **besteffort** | **diffserv8** | **diffserv4** | **diffserv3*** ] [ **flowblind** | **srchost** | **dsthost** | **hosts** | **flows** | **dual-srchost** | **dual-dsthost** | **triple-iso**‐‐ **late*** ] [ **nat** | **nonat*** ] [ **wash** | **nowash*** ] [ **split-gso*** | **no-split-gso** ] [ **ack-filter** | **ack-filter-aggressive** | **no-ack-filter*** ] [ **memlimit** LIMIT ] [ **fwmark** MASK ] [ **ptm** | **atm** | **noatm*** ] [ **overhead** N | **conservative** | **raw*** ] [ **mpu** N ] [ **ingress** | **egress*** ] (* marks defaults) ## DESCRIPTION CAKE (Common Applications Kept Enhanced) is a shaping-capable queue discipline which uses both AQM and FQ. It combines COBALT, which is an AQM algorithm combining Codel and BLUE, a shaper which operates in deficit mode, and a variant of DRR++ for flow isolation. 8-way set- associative hashing is used to virtually eliminate hash collisions. Priority queuing is available through a simplified diffserv implementation. Overhead compensation for various encapsulation schemes is tightly integrated. All settings are optional; the default settings are chosen to be sensible in most common de‐ ployments. Most people will only need to set the **bandwidth** parameter to get useful results, but reading the **Overhead** **Compensation** and **Round** **Trip** **Time** sections is strongly encouraged. ## SHAPER PARAMETERS CAKE uses a deficit-mode shaper, which does not exhibit the initial burst typical of token- bucket shapers. It will automatically burst precisely as much as required to maintain the configured throughput. As such, it is very straightforward to configure. ### unlimited (default) No limit on the bandwidth. **bandwidth** RATE Set the shaper bandwidth. See [**tc(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tc/8/markdown)** or examples below for details of the RATE value. ### autorate-ingress Automatic capacity estimation based on traffic arriving at this qdisc. This is most likely to be useful with cellular links, which tend to change quality randomly. A **bandwidth** parameter can be used in conjunction to specify an initial estimate. The shaper will period‐ ically be set to a bandwidth slightly below the estimated rate. This estimator cannot esti‐ mate the bandwidth of links downstream of itself. ## OVERHEAD COMPENSATION PARAMETERS The size of each packet on the wire may differ from that seen by Linux. The following param‐ eters allow CAKE to compensate for this difference by internally considering each packet to be bigger than Linux informs it. To assist users who are not expert network engineers, key‐ words have been provided to represent a number of common link technologies. ### Manual Overhead Specification **overhead** BYTES Adds BYTES to the size of each packet. BYTES may be negative; values between -64 and 256 (inclusive) are accepted. **mpu** BYTES Rounds each packet (including overhead) up to a minimum length BYTES. BYTES may not be negative; values between 0 and 256 (inclusive) are accepted. ### atm Compensates for ATM cell framing, which is normally found on ADSL links. This is per‐ formed after the **overhead** parameter above. ATM uses fixed 53-byte cells, each of which can carry 48 bytes payload. ### ptm Compensates for PTM encoding, which is normally found on VDSL2 links and uses a 64b/65b encoding scheme. It is even more efficient to simply derate the specified shaper bandwidth by a factor of 64/65 or 0.984. See ITU G.992.3 Annex N and IEEE 802.3 Section 61.3 for details. ### noatm Disables ATM and PTM compensation. ### Failsafe Overhead Keywords These two keywords are provided for quick-and-dirty setup. Use them if you can't be bothered to read the rest of this section. ### raw (default) Turns off all overhead compensation in CAKE. The packet size reported by Linux will be used directly. Other overhead keywords may be added after "raw". The effect of this is to make the overhead compensation operate relative to the reported packet size, not the underlying IP packet size. ### conservative Compensates for more overhead than is likely to occur on any widely-deployed link tech‐ nology. Equivalent to **overhead** **48** **atm.** ### ADSL Overhead Keywords Most ADSL modems have a way to check which framing scheme is in use. Often this is also specified in the settings document provided by the ISP. The keywords in this section are in‐ tended to correspond with these sources of information. All of them implicitly set the **atm** flag. ### pppoa-vcmux Equivalent to **overhead** **10** **atm** ### pppoa-llc Equivalent to **overhead** **14** **atm** ### pppoe-vcmux Equivalent to **overhead** **32** **atm** ### pppoe-llcsnap Equivalent to **overhead** **40** **atm** ### bridged-vcmux Equivalent to **overhead** **24** **atm** ### bridged-llcsnap Equivalent to **overhead** **32** **atm** ### ipoa-vcmux Equivalent to **overhead** **8** **atm** ### ipoa-llcsnap Equivalent to **overhead** **16** **atm** See also the Ethernet Correction Factors section below. ### VDSL2 Overhead Keywords ATM was dropped from VDSL2 in favour of PTM, which is a much more straightforward framing scheme. Some ISPs retained PPPoE for compatibility with their existing back-end systems. ### pppoe-ptm Equivalent to **overhead** **30** **ptm** PPPoE: 2B PPP + 6B PPPoE + ETHERNET: 6B dest MAC + 6B src MAC + 2B ethertype + 4B Frame Check Sequence + PTM: 1B Start of Frame (S) + 1B End of Frame (Ck) + 2B TC-CRC (PTM-FCS) ### bridged-ptm Equivalent to **overhead** **22** **ptm** ETHERNET: 6B dest MAC + 6B src MAC + 2B ethertype + 4B Frame Check Sequence + PTM: 1B Start of Frame (S) + 1B End of Frame (Ck) + 2B TC-CRC (PTM-FCS) See also the Ethernet Correction Factors section below. ### DOCSIS Cable Overhead Keyword DOCSIS is the universal standard for providing Internet service over cable-TV infrastructure. In this case, the actual on-wire overhead is less important than the packet size the head-end equipment uses for shaping and metering. This is specified to be an Ethernet frame including the CRC (aka FCS). ### docsis Equivalent to **overhead** **18** **mpu** **64** **noatm** ### Ethernet Overhead Keywords ### ethernet Accounts for Ethernet's preamble, inter-frame gap, and Frame Check Sequence. Use this keyword when the bottleneck being shaped for is an actual Ethernet cable. Equivalent to **overhead** **38** **mpu** **84** **noatm** ### ether-vlan Adds 4 bytes to the overhead compensation, accounting for an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN header ap‐ pended to the Ethernet frame header. NB: Some ISPs use one or even two of these within PP‐ PoE; this keyword may be repeated as necessary to express this. ## ROUND TRIP TIME PARAMETERS Active Queue Management (AQM) consists of embedding congestion signals in the packet flow, which receivers use to instruct senders to slow down when the queue is persistently occupied. CAKE uses ECN signalling when available, and packet drops otherwise, according to a combina‐ tion of the Codel and BLUE AQM algorithms called COBALT. Very short latencies require a very rapid AQM response to adequately control latency. How‐ ever, such a rapid response tends to impair throughput when the actual RTT is relatively long. CAKE allows specifying the RTT it assumes for tuning various parameters. Actual RTTs within an order of magnitude of this will generally work well for both throughput and latency management. At the 'lan' setting and below, the time constants are similar in magnitude to the jitter in the Linux kernel itself, so congestion might be signalled prematurely. The flows will then become sparse and total throughput reduced, leaving little or no back-pressure for the fair‐ ness logic to work against. Use the "metro" setting for local lans unless you have a custom kernel. **rtt** TIME Manually specify an RTT. ### datacentre For extremely high-performance 10GigE+ networks only. Equivalent to **rtt** **100us.** ### lan For pure Ethernet (not Wi-Fi) networks, at home or in the office. Don't use this when shaping for an Internet access link. Equivalent to **rtt** **1ms.** ### metro For traffic mostly within a single city. Equivalent to **rtt** **10ms.** ### regional For traffic mostly within a European-sized country. Equivalent to **rtt** **30ms.** ### internet (default) This is suitable for most Internet traffic. Equivalent to **rtt** **100ms.** ### oceanic For Internet traffic with generally above-average latency, such as that suffered by Aus‐ tralasian residents. Equivalent to **rtt** **300ms.** ### satellite For traffic via geostationary satellites. Equivalent to **rtt** **1000ms.** ### interplanetary So named because Jupiter is about 1 light-hour from Earth. Use this to (almost) com‐ pletely disable AQM actions. Equivalent to **rtt** **3600s.** ## FLOW ISOLATION PARAMETERS With flow isolation enabled, CAKE places packets from different flows into different queues, each of which carries its own AQM state. Packets from each queue are then delivered fairly, according to a DRR++ algorithm which minimizes latency for "sparse" flows. CAKE uses a set- associative hashing algorithm to minimize flow collisions. These keywords specify whether fairness based on source address, destination address, indi‐ vidual flows, or any combination of those is desired. ### flowblind Disables flow isolation; all traffic passes through a single queue for each tin. ### srchost Flows are defined only by source address. Could be useful on the egress path of an ISP backhaul. ### dsthost Flows are defined only by destination address. Could be useful on the ingress path of an ISP backhaul. ### hosts Flows are defined by source-destination host pairs. This is host isolation, rather than flow isolation. ### flows Flows are defined by the entire 5-tuple of source address, destination address, trans‐ port protocol, source port and destination port. This is the type of flow isolation per‐ formed by SFQ and fq_codel. ### dual-srchost Flows are defined by the 5-tuple, and fairness is applied first over source addresses, then over individual flows. Good for use on egress traffic from a LAN to the internet, where it'll prevent any one LAN host from monopolising the uplink, regardless of the number of flows they use. ### dual-dsthost Flows are defined by the 5-tuple, and fairness is applied first over destination ad‐ dresses, then over individual flows. Good for use on ingress traffic to a LAN from the in‐ ternet, where it'll prevent any one LAN host from monopolising the downlink, regardless of the number of flows they use. ### triple-isolate (default) Flows are defined by the 5-tuple, and fairness is applied over source *and* destination addresses intelligently (ie. not merely by host-pairs), and also over individual flows. Use this if you're not certain whether to use dual-srchost or dual-dsthost; it'll do both jobs at once, preventing any one host on *either* side of the link from monopolising it with a large number of flows. ### nat Instructs Cake to perform a NAT lookup before applying flow-isolation rules, to deter‐ mine the true addresses and port numbers of the packet, to improve fairness between hosts "inside" the NAT. This has no practical effect in "flowblind" or "flows" modes, or if NAT is performed on a different host. ### nonat (default) Cake will not perform a NAT lookup. Flow isolation will be performed using the ad‐ dresses and port numbers directly visible to the interface Cake is attached to. ## PRIORITY QUEUE PARAMETERS CAKE can divide traffic into "tins" based on the Diffserv field. Each tin has its own inde‐ pendent set of flow-isolation queues, and is serviced based on a WRR algorithm. To avoid perverse Diffserv marking incentives, tin weights have a "priority sharing" value when band‐ width used by that tin is below a threshold, and a lower "bandwidth sharing" value when above. Bandwidth is compared against the threshold using the same algorithm as the deficit- mode shaper. Detailed customisation of tin parameters is not provided. The following presets perform all necessary tuning, relative to the current shaper bandwidth and RTT settings. ### besteffort Disables priority queuing by placing all traffic in one tin. ### precedence Enables legacy interpretation of TOS "Precedence" field. Use of this preset on the mod‐ ern Internet is firmly discouraged. ### diffserv4 Provides a general-purpose Diffserv implementation with four tins: Bulk (CS1, LE in kernel v5.9+), 6.25% threshold, generally low priority. Best Effort (general), 100% threshold. Video (AF4x, AF3x, CS3, AF2x, CS2, TOS4, TOS1), 50% threshold. Voice (CS7, CS6, EF, VA, CS5, CS4), 25% threshold. ### diffserv3 (default) Provides a simple, general-purpose Diffserv implementation with three tins: Bulk (CS1, LE in kernel v5.9+), 6.25% threshold, generally low priority. Best Effort (general), 100% threshold. Voice (CS7, CS6, EF, VA, TOS4), 25% threshold, reduced Codel interval. **fwmark** MASK This options turns on fwmark-based overriding of CAKE's tin selection. If set, the op‐ tion specifies a bitmask that will be applied to the fwmark associated with each packet. If the result of this masking is non-zero, the result will be right-shifted by the number of least-significant unset bits in the mask value, and the result will be used as a the tin num‐ ber for that packet. This can be used to set policies in a firewall script that will over‐ ride CAKE's built-in tin selection. ## OTHER PARAMETERS **memlimit** LIMIT Limit the memory consumed by Cake to LIMIT bytes. Note that this does not translate di‐ rectly to queue size (so do not size this based on bandwidth delay product considerations, but rather on worst case acceptable memory consumption), as there is some overhead in the data structures containing the packets, especially for small packets. By default, the limit is calculated based on the bandwidth and RTT settings. ### wash Traffic entering your diffserv domain is frequently mis-marked in transit from the per‐ spective of your network, and traffic exiting yours may be mis-marked from the perspective of the transiting provider. Apply the wash option to clear all extra diffserv (but not ECN bits), after priority queuing has taken place. If you are shaping inbound, and cannot trust the diffserv markings (as is the case for Com‐ cast Cable, among others), it is best to use a single queue "besteffort" mode with wash. ### split-gso This option controls whether CAKE will split General Segmentation Offload (GSO) super- packets into their on-the-wire components and dequeue them individually. Super-packets are created by the networking stack to improve efficiency. However, because they are larger they take longer to dequeue, which translates to higher latency for competing flows, especially at lower bandwidths. CAKE defaults to splitting GSO packets to achieve the lowest possible latency. At link speeds higher than 10 Gbps, setting the no-split-gso parame‐ ter can increase the maximum achievable throughput by retaining the full GSO packets. ## OVERRIDING CLASSIFICATION WITH TC FILTERS CAKE supports overriding of its internal classification of packets through the tc filter mechanism. Packets can be assigned to different priority tins by setting the **priority** field on the skb, and the flow hashing can be overridden by setting the **classid** parameter. ### Tin override To assign a priority tin, the major number of the priority field needs to match the qdisc handle of the cake instance; if it does, the minor number will be interpreted as the tin index. For example, to classify all ICMP packets as 'bulk', the following filter can be used: # tc qdisc replace dev eth0 handle 1: root cake diffserv3 # tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 1 \ u32 match icmp type 0 0 action skbedit priority 1:1 ### Flow hash override To override flow hashing, the classid can be set. CAKE will interpret the major num‐ ber of the classid as the host hash used in host isolation mode, and the minor number as the flow hash used for flow-based queueing. One or both of those can be set, and will be used if the relevant flow isolation parameter is set (i.e., the major number will be ignored if CAKE is not configured in hosts mode, and the minor number will be ignored if CAKE is not config‐ ured in flows mode). This example will assign all ICMP packets to the first queue: # tc qdisc replace dev eth0 handle 1: root cake # tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 1 \ u32 match icmp type 0 0 classid 0:1 If only one of the host and flow overrides is set, CAKE will compute the other hash from the packet as normal. Note, however, that the host isolation mode works by assigning a host ID to the flow queue; so if overriding both host and flow, the same flow cannot have more than one host assigned. In addition, it is not possible to assign different source and destination host IDs through the override mechanism; if a host ID is assigned, it will be used as both source and destination host. ## EXAMPLES # tc qdisc delete root dev eth0 # tc qdisc add root dev eth0 cake bandwidth 100Mbit ethernet # tc -s qdisc show dev eth0 qdisc cake 1: root refcnt 2 bandwidth 100Mbit diffserv3 triple-isolate rtt 100.0ms noatm overhead 38 mpu 84 Sent 0 bytes 0 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0) backlog 0b 0p requeues 0 memory used: 0b of 5000000b capacity estimate: 100Mbit min/max network layer size: 65535 / 0 min/max overhead-adjusted size: 65535 / 0 average network hdr offset: 0 Bulk Best Effort Voice thresh 6250Kbit 100Mbit 25Mbit target 5.0ms 5.0ms 5.0ms interval 100.0ms 100.0ms 100.0ms pk_delay 0us 0us 0us av_delay 0us 0us 0us sp_delay 0us 0us 0us pkts 0 0 0 bytes 0 0 0 way_inds 0 0 0 way_miss 0 0 0 way_cols 0 0 0 drops 0 0 0 marks 0 0 0 ack_drop 0 0 0 sp_flows 0 0 0 bk_flows 0 0 0 un_flows 0 0 0 max_len 0 0 0 quantum 300 1514 762 After some use: # tc -s qdisc show dev eth0 qdisc cake 1: root refcnt 2 bandwidth 100Mbit diffserv3 triple-isolate rtt 100.0ms noatm overhead 38 mpu 84 Sent 44709231 bytes 31931 pkt (dropped 45, overlimits 93782 requeues 0) backlog 33308b 22p requeues 0 memory used: 292352b of 5000000b capacity estimate: 100Mbit min/max network layer size: 28 / 1500 min/max overhead-adjusted size: 84 / 1538 average network hdr offset: 14 Bulk Best Effort Voice thresh 6250Kbit 100Mbit 25Mbit target 5.0ms 5.0ms 5.0ms interval 100.0ms 100.0ms 100.0ms pk_delay 8.7ms 6.9ms 5.0ms av_delay 4.9ms 5.3ms 3.8ms sp_delay 727us 1.4ms 511us pkts 2590 21271 8137 bytes 3081804 30302659 11426206 way_inds 0 46 0 way_miss 3 17 4 way_cols 0 0 0 drops 20 15 10 marks 0 0 0 ack_drop 0 0 0 sp_flows 2 4 1 bk_flows 1 2 1 un_flows 0 0 0 max_len 1514 1514 1514 quantum 300 1514 762 ## SEE ALSO [**tc**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tc/8/markdown), [**tc-codel**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tc-codel/8/markdown), **tc-fq**___**[codel**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/codel/8/markdown), [**tc-htb**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tc-htb/8/markdown) ## AUTHORS Cake's principal author is Jonathan Morton, with contributions from Tony Ambardar, Kevin Dar‐ byshire-Bryant, Toke Høiland-Jørgensen, Sebastian Moeller, Ryan Mounce, Dean Scarff, Nils An‐ dreas Svee, and Dave Täht. This manual page was written by Loganaden Velvindron. Please report corrections to the Linux Networking mailing list <>. iproute2 19 July 2018 [CAKE(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/CAKE/8/markdown)