# man > send(1)

[_SEND_(1mh)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/SEND/1mh/markdown)                                                                                  [_SEND_(1mh)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/SEND/1mh/markdown)

## NAME
       send - send an nmh message

## SYNOPSIS


       **send **[**-help**] [**-version**] [**-alias _**aliasfile_] [**-draft**] [**-draftfolder _**+folder_] [**-draftmessage**
            _msg_] [**-nodraftfolder**] [**-filter _**filterfile_] [**-nofilter**] [**-format **| **-noformat**] [**-forward **|
            **-noforward**] [**-mime **| **-nomime**] [**-msgid **| **-nomsgid**] [**-messageid _**localname_ | _random_] [**-push**
            | **-nopush**] [**-verbose **| **-noverbose**] [**-watch **| **-nowatch**] [**-mts _**smtp_ | _sendmail/smtp_ |
            _sendmail/pipe_] [**-sendmail _**program_] [**-server _**servername_] [**-port _**port-name/number_] [**-sasl**]
            [**-nosasl**] [**-saslmech _**mechanism_] [**-authservice _**service_] [**-snoop**] [**-user _**username_] [**-tls**]
            [**-initialtls**] [**-notls**] [**-certverify**] [**-nocertverify**] [**-width _**columns_] [**file **...]

## DESCRIPTION
       **send  **will  cause  each of the specified files to be delivered to each of the destinations in
       the “To:”, “cc:”, “Bcc:”, “Dcc:”, and “Fcc:” fields of the message.  If **send **is re-distribut‐
       ing a message, as invoked from **dist**, then the corresponding “Resent-xxx” fields are  examined
       instead.

       By  default,  **send  **uses the program **post **to do the actual delivery of the messages, although
       this can be changed by defining the _postproc_ profile component.  Most of the features attrib‐
       uted to **send **are actually performed by **post**.

       Before **send **gives the message to **post **for delivery, the message is processed  by  **mhbuild  **to
       perform  any  necessary  MIME  encoding  of the outgoing message.  This can be changed by the
       _buildmimeproc_ profile component.  **mhbuild **is invoked with the **-auto **switch, so **mhbuild **direc‐
       tives are not processed by default.  See [_mhbuild_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhbuild/1/markdown) for more information.

       **mhbuild **will scan the message draft for a header named _Attach_.  The draft is converted  to  a
       MIME  message if one or more matches are found.  This conversion occurs before all other pro‐
       cessing.  [_whatnow_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/whatnow/1/markdown) describes the user interface for  managing  MIME  attachments  via  this
       mechanism.

       The  first  part  of  the  MIME message is the draft body if that body contains any non-blank
       characters.  The body of each _Attach_ header field is interpreted as a  file  name,  and  each
       file named is included as a separate part in the MIME message.

       Determination  of  the  content MIME type inserted into the Content-Type header for each part
       depends on how the **nmh **installation was configured.  If a program, such as **file **with a **--mime**
       or **-i **option, was found that can specify the type of a file as a MIME type string, then  that
       will  be  used.  To determine if your **nmh **was so configured, run **mhparam mimetypeproc **and see
       if a non-empty string is displayed.

       If your **nmh **was not configured with a program to specify a file type as a MIME string, then a
       different method is used to determine the content-type string.  This method is also  used  if
       the  configured mimetypeproc fails to find the MIME type of the content.  For file names with
       dot suffixes, the profile is scanned for a _mhshow-suffix-_ entry for that  suffix.   The  con‐
       tent-type  for  the part is taken from that profile entry if a match is found.  If a match is
       not found in the user profile, the mhn.defaults profile is scanned  next.   If  no  match  is
       found or the file does not have a dot suffix, the content-type is text/plain if the file con‐
       tains  only ASCII characters or application/octet-stream if it contains characters outside of
       the ASCII range.  See [_mhshow_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhshow/1/markdown) for more details and example syntax.

       Each attached MIME part contains a “Content-Description” header that includes  the  filename,
       and  adds a “Content-Disposition” header.  Here is an example of MIME part headers for an at‐
       tachment:

       Content-Type: text/plain; name="VERSION"; charset="us-ascii"
       Content-Description: VERSION
       Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="VERSION"

       See [_mhbuild_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhbuild/1/markdown) for explanation of how the Content-Disposition value is selected.

       If **-push **is specified, **send **will detach itself from the user's terminal and perform  its  ac‐
       tions  in  the background.  If **push**'d and the draft can't be sent, then an error message will
       be sent (using the mailproc) back to the user.  If **-forward **is given,  then  a  copy  of  the
       draft  will be attached to this failure notice.  Using **-push **differs from putting **send **in the
       background because the output is trapped and analyzed by **nmh**.

       If **-verbose **is specified, **send **will indicate the interactions occurring  with  the  transport
       system,  prior  to actual delivery.  If **-watch **is specified **send **will monitor the delivery of
       local and network mail.  Hence, by specifying both switches, a large  detail  of  information
       can be gathered about each step of the message's entry into the transport system.

       The **-draftfolder _**+folder_ and **-draftmessage _**msg_ switches invoke the **nmh **draft folder facility.
       This is an advanced (and highly useful) feature.  Consult [_mh-draft_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-draft/5/markdown) for more information.

       **send  **with no _file_ argument will query whether the draft is the intended file, whereas **-draft**
       will suppress this question.  Once the transport system has successfully accepted custody  of
       the  message,  the file will be renamed with a site-dependent prefix (usually a comma), which
       allows it to be retrieved until the next draft message is sent.  If there are errors  in  the
       formatting of the message, **send **will abort with a (hopefully) helpful error message.

       If  a  “Bcc:”  field  is encountered, its addresses will be used for delivery, and the “Bcc:”
       field will be removed from the message sent to sighted recipients.  The blind recipients will
       receive an entirely new message with a minimal set of headers. The body of this  new  message
       will  contain a copy of the message sent to the sighted recipients, either marked up with the
       indicator text "Blind-Carbon-Copy" or encapsulated as a MIME digest.

       If a “Dcc:” field is encountered and the **sendmail/pipe **mail transport method is not  in  use,
       its  addresses  will be used for delivery, and the “Dcc:” field will be removed from the mes‐
       sage.  The blind recipients will receive exactly the same message as the sighted  recipients.
       *WARNING* Recipients listed in the “Dcc:” field receive no explicit indication that they have
       received  a  “blind  copy”.  This can cause blind recipients to inadvertently reply to all of
       the sighted recipients of the original message, revealing that they received  a  blind  copy.
       On  the other hand, since a normal reply to a message sent via a “Bcc:” field will generate a
       reply only to the sender of the original message, it takes extra effort in  most  mailers  to
       reply to the included message, and so would usually only be done deliberately, rather than by
       accident.

       If  the  **sendmail/pipe **mail transport method is used, then messages containing a “Dcc:” field
       are rejected.


       If **-filter _**filterfile_ is specified, then this copy is filtered (re-formatted) by **mhl **prior to
       being sent to the blind recipients.  Alternately, if you specify the **-mime **switch, then  **send**
       will use the MIME rules for encapsulation.

       Prior  to  sending  the message, the “Date: now” field will be appended to the headers in the
       message.  If **-msgid **is specified, then a “Message-ID:” field will also be added to  the  mes‐
       sage.

       The  **-messageid  **switch  selects  the  style used for the part appearing after the @ in “Mes‐
       sage-ID:”, “Resent-Message-ID:”, and “Content-ID:” header fields.  The two acceptable options
       are **localname **(which is the default), and **random**.  With  **localname**,  the  local  hostname  is
       used.   With  **random**,  a random sequence of characters is used instead.  Note that the **-msgid**
       switch must be enabled for this switch to have any effect.

       If **send **is re-distributing a message (when invoked by **dist**), then “Resent-” will be prepended
       to each of these fields: “From:”, “Date:”, and “Message-ID:”.

       A “From:” field is required for all outgoing messages.  Multiple addresses are  permitted  in
       the  “From:”  field,  but  a “Sender:” field is required in this case.  Otherwise a “Sender:”
       field is optional.

       If a message with multiple “From:” addresses does _not_ include a “Sender:” field but does  in‐
       clude  an  “Envelope-From:”  field,  the  “Envelope-From:”  field will be used to construct a
       “Sender:” field.

       When using SMTP for mail submission, the envelope-from used for the SMTP transaction  is  de‐
       rived  from  the  “Envelope-From:”  field.   If  no  “Envelope-From:”  field  is present, the
       “Sender:” field is used.  If neither the “Envelope-From:” nor the “Sender:” field is present,
       the “From:” field is used.  When “Envelope-From:” appears in a message  it  will  be  removed
       from the final outgoing message.

       By  using  the  **-format **switch, each of the entries in the “To:” and “cc:” fields will be re‐
       placed with “standard” format entries.  This standard format is designed to be usable by  all
       of  the  message handlers on the various systems around the Internet.  If **-noformat **is given,
       then headers are output exactly as they appear in the message draft.

       If an “Fcc: folder” is encountered, the message will be copied to the  specified  folder  for
       the  sender  in  the  format in which it will appear to any non-Bcc receivers of the message.
       That is, it will have the appended fields and field reformatting.  The “Fcc:” fields will  be
       removed from all outgoing copies of the message.

       Beware  that  if an “Fcc:” with one or more folders is present but none of the folders exist,
       and the default _fileproc_ and _postproc_ are in use, then **refile **will prompt the user to  create
       the  folder(s) if **-push **is not specified.  If all responses are negative, or creation of each
       folder fails, or **-push **is specified, the message will not be copied to any folder and will be
       removed by **post**.  With the default **refile **switches, the message draft will be renamed accord‐
       ing to the specification of its **-nolink **switch.

       By using the **-width _**columns_ switch, the user can direct **send **as to how long  it  should  make
       header lines containing addresses.

       The mail transport system default is provided in _/etc/nmh/mts.conf_ but can be overridden here
       with the **-mts **switch.

       If  nmh  is  using **sendmail/pipe **or **sendmail/smtp **as its mail transport system, the **-sendmail**
       switch can be used to override the default **sendmail **program.

       If nmh is using the SMTP MTA, the **-server **and the **-port **switches can be used to override  the
       default  mail server (defined by the _/etc/nmh/mts.conf_ _servers_ entry).  The **-snoop **switch can
       be used to view the SMTP transaction.  (Beware that the SMTP transaction may contain  authen‐
       tication  information  either  in  plaintext  or  easily decoded base64.)  If **-sasl -saslmech**
       **xoauth2 **is used, the HTTP transaction is also shown.

       If **nmh **has been compiled with SASL support, the **-sasl **and **-nosasl **switches  will  enable  and
       disable  the  use  of SASL authentication with the SMTP MTA.  Depending on the SASL mechanism
       used, this may require an additional password prompt from the user (but the _netrc_ file can be
       used to store this password, as described in [_mh-profile_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-profile/5/markdown).  The **-saslmech **switch can be used
       to select a particular SASL mechanism, and the **-user **switch can be used to  select  a  autho‐
       rization  userid to provide to SASL other than the default.  The credentials profile entry in
       [_mh-profile_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-profile/5/markdown) describes the ways to supply a username and password.

       If SASL authentication is successful, nmh will attempt to negotiate a security layer for ses‐
       sion encryption.  Encrypted data is labelled with `(encrypted)' and `(decrypted)' when  view‐
       ing  the SMTP transaction with the **-snoop **switch; see [_post_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/post/8/markdown)'s description of **-snoop **for its
       other features.

       If **nmh **has been compiled with OAuth support, the **-sasl **and **-saslmech  xoauth2  **switches  will
       enable  OAuth  authentication.   The  **-user  **switch must be used, and the _username_ must be an
       email address the user has for the service, which must be  specified  with  the  **-authservice**
       _service_  switch.   Before  using OAuth authentication, the user must authorize nmh by running
       **mhlogin **and grant authorization to that account.  See [_mhlogin_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhlogin/1/markdown) for more details.

       If **nmh **has been compiled with TLS support, the **-tls **and **-initialtls **switches will require the
       negotiation of TLS when connecting to the SMTP MTA.  The **-tls **switch will  negotiate  TLS  as
       part  of the normal SMTP protocol using the STARTTLS command.  The **-initialtls **will negotiate
       TLS immediately after the connection has taken place, before any SMTP commands  are  sent  or
       received.  Encrypted data is labelled with `(tls-encrypted)' and `(tls-decrypted)' when view‐
       ing  the SMTP transaction with the **-snoop **switch; see [_post_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/post/8/markdown)'s description of **-snoop **for its
       other features.  The **-notls **switch will disable all attempts to negotiate TLS.

       If port 465 is specified and none of the TLS switches were enabled, **-initialtls **will  be  im‐
       plied if TLS support was compiled in.  Though port 465 for SMTPS (SMTP over SSL) was deregis‐
       tered by IANA in 1998, it is still used for that service.

       When  using  TLS  the default is to verify the remote certificate and SubjectName against the
       local trusted certificate store.  This can be controlled by the **-certverify **and **-nocertverify**
       switches.  See your OpenSSL documentation for more information on certificate verification.

       The files specified by the profile entry “Aliasfile:” and any additional alias files given by
       the **-alias _**aliasfile_ switch will be read (more than one file, each preceded by **-alias**, can be
       named).  See [_mh-alias_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-alias/5/markdown) for more information.

### Selection based on sender address: sendfrom
       One or more _sendfrom_ profile components can be used to select a  mail  server  address,  mail
       server  port, or any other switch that can be supplied to **post**.  It works by first looking at
       the sender address and domain name in the message draft, as described below.  It  then  looks
       for  a corresponding profile entry, which contains the **post **switches.  To enable, add profile
       entries of the form:

            sendfrom-_address/domain_ _name_: _post_ _switches_

       The email address is extracted from the Envelope-From:  header, if  not  blank,  the  Sender:
       header,  or  the From: header line in the message draft.  Multiple profile entries, with dif‐
       ferent email addresses or domain names, are supported.  This  allows  different  switches  to
       **post**,  such  as  -user, to be associated with different email addresses.  If a domain name is
       used, it matches all users in that domain.

       Here is an example profile entry to use the SMTP on the localhost when the sender address  is
       clearly local:

            sendfrom-localuser@localhost: -server localhost -port smtp

       (Indentation indicates a continued line, as supported in MH profiles.)  The username need not
       be  the  same  as the sender address, which was extracted from the appropriate header line as
       noted above.

       Here are example profile entries that use an nmh credentials file:

            credentials: file:nmhcreds
            <sendfrom-sendgrid_address@example.com>: -sasl -tls
                 -server smtp.sendgrid.net
            sendfrom-outbound.att.net: -sasl -initialtls
                 -server outbound.att.net -port 465
            sendfrom-fastmail.com: -initialtls -sasl -saslmech LOGIN
                 -server smtps-proxy.messagingengine.com -port 80

       where nmhcreds is in the user's nmh directory (from the Path profile component) and contains:

            machine smtp.sendgrid.net
                 login <sendgrid_login@example.com>
                 password ********
            machine outbound.att.net
                 login <att_login@example.com>
                 password ********
            machine smtps-proxy.messagingengine.com
                 login <fastmail_login@example.com>
                 password ********

       For more information on authentication to mail servers, see [_mhlogin_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhlogin/1/markdown)  for  OAuth  services,
       and [_mh-profile_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-profile/5/markdown) for login credentials.

## FILES
       $HOME/.mh_profile          The user profile

## PROFILE COMPONENTS
       Path:                To determine the user's nmh directory
       Aliasfile:           For a default alias file
       Signature:           To determine the user's mail signature
       mailproc:            Program to post failure notices
       postproc:            Program to post the message
       sendfrom-address:    Switches to post for sender address
       sendfrom-domain:     Switches to post for sender domain name

## SEE ALSO
       [_comp_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/comp/1/markdown),  [_dist_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/dist/1/markdown),  [_file_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/file/1/markdown), [_forw_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/forw/1/markdown), [_mhbuild_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhbuild/1/markdown), [_mhparam_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhparam/1/markdown), [_mhlogin_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhlogin/1/markdown), [_refile_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/refile/1/markdown), [_repl_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/repl/1/markdown),
       [_whatnow_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/whatnow/1/markdown), [_mh-alias_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-alias/5/markdown), [_mh-profile_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-profile/5/markdown), [_mh-tailor_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-tailor/5/markdown), [_post_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/post/8/markdown)

## DEFAULTS
       `**file**' defaults to <mh-dir>/draft
       `**-alias**' defaults to /etc/nmh/MailAliases
       `**-nodraftfolder**'
       `**-nofilter**'
       `**-format**'
       `**-forward**'
       `**-nomime**'
       `**-nomsgid**'
       `**-messageid localname**'
       `**-nopush**'
       `**-noverbose**'
       `**-nowatch**'
       `**-width 72**'
       `**-certverify**'

## CONTEXT
       None

## BUGS
       Under some configurations, it is not possible  to  monitor  the  mail  delivery  transaction;
### -watch 

nmh-1.8                                      2022-12-22                                    [_SEND_(1mh)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/SEND/1mh/markdown)