# man > rtin(1)

[_tin_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/1/markdown)                                    Usenet newsreader                                   [_tin_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/1/markdown)

## NAME
       tin, rtin - Usenet newsreader

## SYNOPSIS
       **tin  **[[**-h**|**-H**|**-V**] |  [[**-a**]  [**-dlnq**|**-Q**]  [**-ACkrTzxX**]]  [[**-R**|**-S**]  **-s  _**News_dir_]  [**-cuvZ**] [**-4**|**-6**]
       [**-o**|**-w**|**-N**|**-M _**address_] [**-D _**debug_level_] [**-G _**article_limit_] [**-f _**newsrc_file_] [**-g _**server_[:_port_]]
       [**-m _**Mail_dir_] [**-p _**port_] [**-t _**timeout_] [**-I _**index_dir_] [_newsgroup_[,...]]]

## DESCRIPTION
       **tin **is a full-screen easy  to  use  Usenet  newsreader.  It  can  read  news  locally  (e.g.,
       _/var/spool/news_) or remotely (**rtin **or **tin -r **option) via an NNTP (Network News Transport Pro‐
       tocol,  **RFC3977**) or NNTPS (**RFC8143**) server. It will automatically utilize NOV [**newsoverview**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/newsoverview/5/markdown)
       style index files if available locally or via the NNTP [X]OVER command (**RFC2980**, **RFC3977**).

       **tin **has four separate levels of operation: Selection level, Group level, Thread level and Ar‐
       ticle level. Use the **Help **('**h**') command to view a list of the commands available at a partic‐
       ular level.

       On startup **tin **will show a list of the newsgroups found  in  _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_.
       An  arrow '->' or highlighted bar will point to the first newsgroup. Move to a group by using
       the terminal arrow keys (terminal dependent) or **Down **('**j**') and **Up **('**k**'). Use PgUp/PgDn  (ter‐
       minal  dependent) or **PageUp **('**^U**') (CTRL-U) and **PageDown **('**^D**') (CTRL-D) to page up/down. En‐
       ter a newsgroup by pressing '**<CR>**'.

       The **GroupNextUnreadArtOrGrp **('**<TAB>**') key enters the next newsgroup with unread articles.

## EXIT STATUS
       **0           **Successful program execution. No unread news available in batch mode.

       **1           **Usage, syntax, configuration file or network error.

       **2           **Unread news available (batch mode (''**-Z**'') only).

       **3           **NNTP error.

## OPTIONS
### -4          
                   with IPv6 support.

### -6          
                   with IPv6 support.

### -a          

### -A          

### -c          
                   file specified by the ''**-f**'' option and mark all articles as read.

### -C          
                   **out_secs**, '**-t**'' and the "SECURITY" and "BUGS" section.

### -d          
                   mode).

### -D _
                   Enter  debug-level (1 = NNTP, 2 = filter, 4 = newsrc, 8 = threading, 16 = memory,
                   32 = attributes, 64 = misc, 128 = remove existing debug files).   For  NNTP-level
                   ''**-v**''  controls the verbosity of the output.  Depending on the debug-level vari‐
                   ous files may be written to _$TMPDIR_ and/or on screen output  may  be  given.  See
                   also the "SECURITY" section!

### -f _
                   _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_.

### -g _
                   Use the server[:port] and newsrc specified in  _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/news‐_
                   _rctable_. Only available when reading via NNTP.

### -G _
                   Limit the number of articles/group to retrieve from the server.  If _article-limit_
                   is  >  0 not more than the last _article-limit_ articles/group are fetched from the
                   server. If _article-limit_ is < 0 **tin **will start fetching articles from your  first
                   unread minus absolute value of _article-limit_. Default is 0, which means no limit.

### -h          

### -H          

### -I _
                   _DIR:-"${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin"}/.news_.  This option has no effect if **tin **re‐
                   trieves its index files via NNTP and **cache_overview_files **is turned off.

### -k          
                   checking. This option implies ''**-T**''. See also the "SECURITY" section.

### -l          
                   _TIVEFILE:-active}_ file. If reading via NNTP this is done with  the  LIST  command
                   (**RFC3977**).  This  might  result in incorrect article counts but is usually faster
                   than the default which is to read  the  _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}"/"${TIN_ACTIVE‐_
                   _FILE:-active}_ file (either directly or via LIST) and then check the article count
                   via  NNTP  GROUP  command  (**RFC3977**) ''**-ln**''. If reading via NNTP and LIST COUNTS
                   (**RFC6048**) is available that is used instead as it  gives  more  accurate  article
                   counts.

### -m _

### -M _
                   read section "AUTOMATIC MAILING AND SAVING NEW NEWS".

### -n          
                   file  that  are subscribed to in the user's _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_. This
                   allows a noticeable speedup when connecting via a slow line, but **tin **may  not  be
                   able detect which groups are moderated. See also ''**-l**''.

### -N          
                   section "AUTOMATIC MAILING AND SAVING NEW NEWS".

### -o          
                   it should be used with ''**-n**'' if possible.

### -p _
                   ''**-T**'').  This  also  overrides  the  environment variable $**NNTPPORT **if set. Only
                   available when reading via NNTP.

### -q          

### -Q          
                   ''**-dnq**''. See also the ''**-C**'' and ''**-G**'' command-line options.

### -r          
                   variable $**NNTPSERVER **or contained in the file _/etc/news/server_.

### -R           -S

### -s _

### -S           -R
                   read section "AUTOMATIC MAILING AND SAVING NEW NEWS".

### -t _
                   imum is 16383.

### -T          
                   **PORT **if set. Only available when reading via NNTP.

### -u          
                   file specified by the ''**-f**'' option. This option is disabled if **tin **retrieves its
                   index files via an NNTP server and **cache_overview_files **is turned off.

### -v           -c -D -M -N -S -u -Z
                   tions. Can be used multiple times to increase verbosity.

### -V          

### -w           -d
                   for this to be really quick, it should be used with ''**-n**'' if possible.

### -x          

### -X          
                   _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin_  will  not be overwritten but may be created if they don't ex‐
                   ist.

### -z          
                   tion cursor at first group with unread news. Useful for putting in login file.

### -Z           -v
                   option  is  specified  the number of unread articles in each group is printed. An
                   exit code 0 indicates no news, 1 that an error occurred  and  2  that  new/unread
                   news exists. Useful for writing scripts.

       **tin  **can also dynamically change its options by the **OptionMenu **('**M**') command. Any changes are
       written to _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/tinrc_. For more information see section  "GLOBAL  OP‐
       TIONS MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES" and [**tin**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/5/markdown).

       A list of groups can be specified after the other command-line options. This can be useful if
       you  wish  to  yank in or subscribe to a hand-picked subset of the active newsgroups. See the
       section "NEWSGROUP LISTS & WILDCARDS" for the types of pattern that **tin **understands.

       If you specify a single group-name, or a wildcard that matches a single group, then you  will
       automatically  enter that group. Otherwise the normal group selection screen will appear, but
       with all the matching groups present too, as though you had yanked just those groups in.

       With the ''**-w**'' flag a given group-name is used as default group to post to. If more than one
       group or a wildcard is specified only the first  group  respectively  the  first  group  that
       matches is used.

       Once  you use **SelectYankActive **('**y**') to yank in all active groups, or **SelectToggleReadDisplay**
       ('**r**') to toggle the read/unread status, then the command-line groups will be  gone.  You  can
       use   **SelectSyncWithActive  **('**Y**')  to  reread  the  _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}"/"${TIN_ACTIVE‐_
       _FILE:-active}_ file and get them back.

       NB: With the ''**-n**'' flag, only unsubscribed  groups  in  the  _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_
       file  (or  the  newsrc-file  given  by  the  ''**-f**''  command-line  switch  or via _${TIN_HOME‐_
       _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/newsrctable_) can be matched.

       Command-line options have higher priority than attributes and tinrc options.  Thus,  command-
       line option takes precedence over configured values.

## USAGE
   **NEWS ADMINISTRATION**
       Maintaining  Netnews  on  large  networks of machines can be a pretty time consuming job as I
       discovered when I was given the job of maintaining our news system and news users.

       A user starting **tin **for the first time can be automatically subscribed to  a  list  of  news‐
       groups  that  are deemed appropriate by the news administrator. The subscriptions file should
       be created in your news lib  directory  (i.e.,  _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/subscriptions_)  and
       should  be  world readable. If you read news via NNTP, then your news server must support the
       LIST SUBSCRIPTIONS command. It is part of the NNTP List Extensions (**RFC6048**) and  all  modern
       servers should understand it.

   **SCREEN FORMAT**
       **tin **has four separate levels of operation: Selection level, Group level, Thread level and Ar‐
       ticle level.

       At  the  Selection  level  the  title displays (the name of the news server (with a "[T]"- or
       "[k]"-suffix if reading via NNTPS (insecurely)) and) the number of  subscribed  groups  (con‐
       taining  new  unread articles). The newsgroups are displayed in the middle of the screen usu‐
       ally with the number of unread articles displayed on the  same line in front, but it  can  be
       customized via **select_format**.

       ->M    1     2  comp.security.announce  Announcements from the CERT abou
         M    2     1  news.admin.announce     Announcements for news adminstra
              3    22  news.software.misc      News-related software other than
              4  1475  news.software.nntp      The Network News Transfer Protoc
         X    5   124  news.software.readers   Discussion of software used to r

       There may also be a character prefixing the line. An explanation follows:

       **u         **This  group  is unsubscribed. To see only your subscribed groups use the **SelectTog‐**
                 **gleReadDisplay **('**r**') or **SelectYankActive **('**y**') toggle keys.

       **M         **This is a moderated group. Any posts you make will have to be approved by the group
                 administrator before it will be made public. **tin **will ask for  confirmation  before
                 you post to a moderated group.

       **N         **This  is  a new newsgroup which has been created since you last used **tin**. New news‐
                 groups are not subscribed to by default (However, see the $**AUTOSUBSCRIBE **/ $**AUTOUN‐**
                 **SUBSCRIBE **environment variables).  Subscribe to it in the normal way  if  you  wish
                 the  group  to  continue  to appear in your Selection Menu. Simply ignore new news‐
                 groups and they will be gone the next time you start **tin**. You will have to yank  in
                 all the groups to find them in a later session.

       **D         **This  group  no  longer exists. If you no longer wish to see this group then unsub‐
                 scribe from it in the normal way. This flag  will  only  appear  if  you  have  set
                 **strip_bogus **to "ask" in the Options Menu.

       **X         **You  may  no longer make posts to this group. Often a group will be superseded by a
                 more appropriately named one.

       **=         **This group has been renamed and you may no longer post to it. If you do,  then  you
                 will  receive  an error from your news server telling you the correct group to post
                 to.

       At the Group level the title contains the name of  the  group,  the  number  of  conversation
       threads, the abbreviated threading method (**thread_articles**), the limit of articles to get (if
       set;  **getart_limit**), the total number of (unread) articles (**art_marked_read **or **art_marked_un‐**
       **read**), the number of hot articles **art_marked_selected**, the number of read  hot  articles  (if
       any;  **art_marked_read_selected**),  the  number  of recent articles (**art_marked_recent**) and the
       number of killed articles (**art_marked_killed**). I.e.:

                   alt.sources (5B -50/23+ 0* 3o 0K)

       The characters after the numbers are depending to  the  configuration  and  if  your  are  in
       **show_only_unread_arts  **mode  or  not. Some numbers could be missing if the specific option is
       not enabled. It might also contain an 'M', 'X' or '='  (see  above;  doesn't  work  with  the
       ''**-n**''  command-line  switch!) if the group is moderated, set to no posting or postings to it
       get redirected.

       If a thread has unread articles it is marked with **art_marked_unread **in  front  of  the  total
       number  of articles in the thread. If there are recent articles within the thread it might be
       marked with **art_marked_recent **in front of the total number of articles in the thread  —  this
       is controlled by the **recent_time **option. If a thread has hot articles in it (see also section
       "FILTERING  ARTICLES")  it's  marked with **art_marked_selected **in front of the total number of
       articles in the thread. The display can be customized via **group_format**.

                       de.admin.net-abuse.announce (11B 13+ 1* 1o 0K) M

       ->   1   +   3  108 bincancels in de.talk.sex        Christopher Lueg <l
            2   +       69 EMP/ECP gecancelt. xynx. BI= 10  Henning Weede <hwee
            3   o       93 EMP gecancelt. SouthBeach/Palms  Henning Weede <hwee
            4   *      368 <1997-11-12> Fremdcancel-FAQ     Thomas Roessler <ro

       At the Thread level the screen usually (depends on the  threading  method  used)  looks  like
       this, but can be customized via **thread_format**:

       ->   1      [   7]  What is this funny tree in the thr  Robert F. Simmig
            2      [  12]  +->                                 Sephan Wagner <s
            3      [ 230]  | `->Tin thread-level (was: What is Bob Johnson <bob
            4      [  22]  `->tin threading menu               Brian Richardson


       At the Article level the page header has the following format:

       Sun, 28 Dec 1997 21:21:01   de.admin.news.groups      Thread   20 of 86
       Lines 50   Re: EINSPRUCH zu RESULT:de.comm.mobil.ALL   Article  47 of 59
       Urs Janssen <<urs@akk.org>>        at Arbeitskreis Kultur und Kommunikati

       article-body

       The  look  of  the Selection, Group and Thread level can be customized. See the section "CUS‐
       TOMIZING THE SCREEN FORMAT".

   **COMMON MOVING KEYS**
       This table shows the common keys used for moving around all levels within **tin**.
                                    ANSI/vt100   Other Terminals
              Beg. of list/article  **Home         FirstPage **(**^**)
              End of list/article   **End          LastPage **(**$**)
              Page Up               **PgUp         PageUp **(**u**, **^U **or **^B**)
              Page Down             **PgDn         PageDown **(**^D **or **^F **or **<SPACE>**)
              Line Up               **Up arrow     Up **(**k **or **^P**)
              Line Down             **Down arrow   Down **(**j **or **^N**)

   **COMMON EDITING COMMANDS**
       An [**emacs**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/emacs/1/markdown) style editing package allows the easy editing of input strings.  A  history  list
       allows  the  easy  reuse  of previously entered strings.  In addition to the cursor keys, the
       following commands are available when editing a string:

       **^A, ^E    **move to beginning or end of line, respectively.

       **^F, ^B    **non-destructive move forward or back one location, respectively.

       **^D        **delete the character currently under the cursor, or send EOF if  no  characters  in
                 the buffer.

       **^H, <DEL> **delete character left of the cursor.

       **^K        **delete from cursor to end of line.

       **^P, ^N    **move through history, previous and next, respectively.

       **^L, ^R    **redraw the current line.

       **<CR>      **places  line  on  history  list  if  non-blank,  appends newline and returns to the
                 caller.

       **<ESC>     **aborts the present editing operation.

   **GLOBAL COMMANDS**
       The following commands are available at all 4 menu levels and always have the same effect.

### ShellEscape '!'
                 Shell escape. **ShellEscape **by itself will launch a shell, **ShellEscape **<command> will
                 run an external <command>. This facility may have been disabled by the  System  Ad‐
                 ministrator.

### ToggleColor '&'
                 Toggle use of ANSI color.

### RedrawScr '^L'
                 Redraw the current screen.

### ScrollUp '<'
                 Scroll screen up by one line.

### ScrollDown '>'
                 Scroll screen down by one line.

### Postponed 'O' '^O'
                 Reload postponed article. If your system blocks the **Postponed **key you must quote it
                 by  pressing  '**^V**'  (CTRL-V) first. The postpone-menu offers the following actions:
                 **PromptYes **('**y**') = reload and spawn editor; **PostponeOverride **('**Y**')  =  post  article
                 (without spawning editor); **PostponeAll **('**A**') = post all postponed articles (without
                 spawning  editor);  **PromptNo **('**n**') = skip this article; **Quit **('**q**') = quit postponed
                 menu. Currently there is no 'simple' way to delete a  postponed  article  from  the
                 postponed-file,  you  have to use the following command sequence instead: reload it
                 with **Postponed**, enter editor with **PromptYes**, quit editor, discard posting with **Quit**
                 ('**^O**''**y**''**q**'). See also ''**-o**'' command-line switch.

       **Help 'h'  **Help screen of commands available on the current  menu.  You  can  use  **SearchSubjF**
                 ('**/**'),  **SearchSubjB  **('**?**')  and  **SearchRepeat  **('**\**') to search on this screen. **Quit**
                 ('**q**') returns to the menu.

### ToggleHelpDisplay 'H'
                 Toggle the display of help mini menu at the bottom of the screen and  posting  eti‐
                 quette after composing an article (**beginner_level**).

### DisplayPostHist 'W'
                 List  articles  posted  by user. The date posted, the newsgroup and the subject are
                 listed. See the section "POSTING HISTORY LISTING" for more information.

### Version 'v'
                 Print **tin **version information.

   **NEWSGROUP SELECTION COMMANDS**
       **4         **Select group 4.

### SelectResetNewsrc '^R'
                 Reset _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_ file. This will destroy all records of  which
                 articles have been read, so use this carefully.

### SetRange '#'
                 Choose  a  range  of  articles  to be affected by the next command. See the section
                 "RANGES" for more information.

### SelectSortActive '.'
                 Sort the list of newsgroups.

### SearchRepeat '\'
                 Repeat the previous search.

### SearchSubjF '/'
                 Search for a group by name and description (if displayed).

### SearchSubjB '?'
                 Backward search through the group names and descriptions.

### SelectReadGrp '^J' '<CR>'
                 Read current group.

### SelectEnterNextUnreadGrp '<TAB>' 'n'
                 Enter next group with unread news. Will wrap around to the beginning of  the  group
                 selection list looking for unread groups.

### Catchup 'c'
                 Make  current  group as all read [after confirmation] and move to the next group in
                 the group selection list.

### CatchupNextUnread 'C'
                 Mark current group as all read [after confirmation] and enter the next unread group
                 in the group selection list.

### SelectToggleDescriptions 'd'
                 Toggle display to show just the group name or the group name and the group descrip‐
                 tions.

### EditFilter 'E'
                 Edit the filter file and reload it afterwards.

### SelectGoto 'g'
                 Choose a new group by name. This command can be used  to  access  any  group,  even
                 those not currently yanked in.

### ToggleInfoLastLine 'i'
                 Toggle  the  display  of the description of the current newsgroup in the last line.
                 This will not be available if **tin **was started with the ''**-d**'' option.

### ToggleInverseVideo 'I'
                 Toggle inverse video.

### ConnectionInfo 'J'
                 Show details about current connection.

### LookupMessage 'L'
                 Look up article by ''Message-ID:''. If none of the groups  listed  in  the  ''News‐
                 groups:''-header  of  the referenced article is available, just the contents of the
                 ''Newsgroups:''-header will be displayed in the last line.  At this level this com‐
                 mand only works if reading via NNTP and the server supports [X]HDR  (**RFC2980**,  **RFC‐**
                 **3977**) or XPAT (**RFC2980**).

### SelectMoveGrp 'm'
                 Move  the  current group within the group selection list. By entering '1' the group
                 will become the first displayed group in the list, by entering '8' the eighth group
                 in the list etc. By entering '$' the group will be the last group displayed.

### OptionMenu 'M'
                 User configurable options menu (for more information see  section  "GLOBAL  OPTIONS
                 MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES").

### SelectNextUnreadGrp 'N'
                 Positions the cursor on the next group with unread articles in it.

       **Quit 'q'  **Quit **tin **— ask the user to confirm if **confirm_choice **is set accordingly.

### QuitTin 'Q'
                 Quit **tin **— don't ask the user to confirm.

### SelectToggleReadDisplay 'r'
                 Toggle  display of all subscribed to groups and just those groups containing unread
                 articles. Command has no effect if groups were specified on the  command-line  when
                 **tin **was started.

### BugReport 'R'
                 Mail a bug report or comment to <<tin-bugs@tin.org>>. This is the best way of getting
                 bugs fixed and features added/changed.

### SelectSubscribe 's'
                 Subscribe to current group.

### SelectSubscribePat 'S'
                 Subscribe  to  groups  matching  user specified pattern. See the section "NEWSGROUP
                 LISTS & WILDCARDS" for the types of pattern that **tin **understands.

### SelectUnsubscribe 'u'
                 Unsubscribe to current group. This  can  be  used  to  remove  bogus  groups.   See
                 **strip_bogus **in the "GLOBAL OPTIONS MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES" section.

### SelectUnsubscribePat 'U'
                 Unsubscribe  to  groups matching user specified pattern. See the section "NEWSGROUP
                 LISTS & WILDCARDS" for the types of pattern that **tin **understands.

       **Post 'w'  **Post an article to current group. If posting fails for some reason, you'll get  the
                 chance  to  **PostEdit  **('**e**') the article again, **PostPostpone **('**o**') it for later pro‐
                 cessing (see also ''**-o**'' command-line switch) or discard it via **Quit **('**q**').

### SelectQuitNoWrite 'X'
                 Quit **tin **without saving any changes to the configuration.

### SelectYankActive 'y'
                 Yanks in all groups. Toggles the displayed groups between all  the  groups  in  the
                 _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}"/"${TIN_ACTIVEFILE:-active}_  file and just those that are
                 subscribed to in _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_.

### SelectSyncWithActive 'Y'
                 Reread the _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}"/"${TIN_ACTIVEFILE:-active}_ file to see if any
                 new news has arrived since starting **tin**.

### SelectMarkGrpUnread 'z' 'Z'
                 Mark all articles in the current group as unread.

   **GROUP INDEX COMMANDS**
       All searches in this level are limited to unread articles if in  **show_only_unread_arts  **mode.
       **GroupToggleReadUnread **('**r**') can be use toggle the setting right before/after the search.

       **4         **Select article 4.

### MenuFilterSelect '^A'
                 Auto select article(s) using a menu. Read the section "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more
                 information.

### MenuFilterKill '^K'
                 Kill article(s) using a menu. Read the section "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more infor‐
                 mation.

### MarkFeedRead '^X'
                 Mark  current article, thread, range, auto-selected (hot) articles, articles match‐
                 ing pattern or tagged articles as read. A prompt asks which type should be marked.

### MarkFeedUnread '^W'
                 Mark current article, thread, range, auto-selected (hot) articles, articles  match‐
                 ing  pattern  or  tagged  articles  as  unread.  A prompt asks which type should be
                 marked.

### SetRange '#'
                 Choose a range of articles to be affected by the  next  command.  See  the  section
                 "RANGES" for more information.

### LastViewed '-'
                 Re-enter the last message that was viewed.

### SearchRepeat '\'
                 Repeat the previous search.

### SearchSubjF '/'
                 Search forward for specified subject.

### SearchSubjB '?'
                 Search backwards for specified subject.

       **GroupSelThd '*'**
                 Select current thread for later processing.

### GroupDoAutoSel '+'
                 Selects  all threads in current group. It is a shortcut for calling **GroupSelPattern**
                 with a pattern of ''*''.

### GroupToggleThdSel '.'
                 Toggle selection of current thread. If at least one unread article, (but not  every
                 unread  article) in the current thread is selected, then all unread articles become
                 selected.

### GroupSelThdIfUnreadSelected ';'
                 For each thread in current group, if it at least one unread  article  is  selected,
                 all  unread  articles  become selected. This is useful for auto-selection on author
                 where reader wants to see entire thread.

### GroupSelPattern '='
                 Prompts for a pattern with which to match on. All threads whose subjects match  the
                 pattern will be marked selected. A pattern of ''*'' will match all subjects. Enter‐
                 ing just '**<CR>**' will re-use the last pattern that was entered.

### GroupReverseSel '@'
                 Reverse all selections on all articles.

### GroupUndoSel '~'
                 Undo  all selections on all articles. It clears the toggle effect of **GroupMarkUnse‐**
                 **lArtRead **('**X**') command. Thus after first doing  a  **GroupMarkUnselArtRead**,  one  can
                 then  do **GroupUndoSel **to reset articles. Thus, one can iteratively whittle down un‐
                 interesting threads.

       **Pipe '|'  **Pipe current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  /  tagged  articles into command. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING
                 REPOSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### QuickFilterSelect '['
                 Auto select article(s) with a single key [after confirmation].  The  defaults  used
                 for  selection  are  based  upon  the  following  four  tinrc config variables: **de‐**
                 **fault_filter_select_case**,     **default_filter_select_expire**,      **default_filter_se‐**
                 **lect_global  **and  **default_filter_select_header**.   Read  the section "GLOBAL OPTIONS
                 MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES" for a full explanation  of  these  variables
                 and "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more information on filtering.

### QuickFilterKill ']'
                 Kill  article(s)  with  a  single  key  [after confirmation]. The defaults used for
                 killing are based upon the following  four  tinrc  config  variables:  **default_fil‐**
                 **ter_kill_case**,   **default_filter_kill_expire**,   **default_filter_kill_global  **and  **de‐**
                 **fault_filter_kill_header**.  Read the section "GLOBAL OPTIONS MENU AND TINRC  CONFIG‐
                 URABLE  VARIABLES"  for  a full explanation of these variables and "FILTERING ARTI‐
                 CLES" for more information on filtering.

### GroupReadBasenote '^J' '<CR>'
                 Read current article.

### GroupNextUnreadArtOrGrp '<TAB>'
                 View next unread article or group.

### SearchAuthF 'a'
                 Author forward search. This searches for articles with a specific ''From:'' line.

### SearchAuthB 'A'
                 Author backward search. Otherwise, see **SearchAuthF **('**a**') above.

### SearchBody 'B'
                 Search the body of all articles in group (can be slow). You can  abort  the  search
                 using **Quit **('**q**').

### Catchup 'c'
                 Mark  all  articles as read [after confirmation] then return to the group selection
                 list. Move cursor to next group.

### CatchupNextUnread 'C'
                 Mark all articles as read [after confirmation] and enter the next group with unread
                 news.

### GroupToggleSubjDisplay 'd'
                 Cycle the display of the author through all the  possible  options  for  the  tinrc
                 variable **show_author**.

### GroupCancel 'D'
                 Cancel  (delete)  or  supersede  (overwrite) the current article. It must have been
                 posted by the same user. The cancel message can be seen in the newsgroup  'control'
                 or 'control.cancel'.

### EditFilter 'E'
                 Edit the filter file and reload it afterwards.

### GroupGoto 'g'
                 Choose  a  new  group  by  name. This command can be used to access any group, even
                 those not currently yanked in.

### GroupToggleGetartLimit 'G'
                 Toggle article/group limit.

### ToggleInfoLastLine 'i'
                 Display the subject of the first article in the current thread in the last line.

### ToggleInverseVideo 'I'
                 Toggle inverse video.

### ConnectionInfo 'J'
                 Show details about current connection.

### GroupMarkThdRead 'K'
                 Mark article/thread as read and move onto the  next  unread  article/thread.  If  a
                 range  of  articles/threads is set, the range will be marked as read instead of the
                 current article/thread. When tagged articles/threads are present, a prompt asks how
                 to proceed.

### GroupListThd 'l'
                 Open the thread under the current cursor position.

### LookupMessage 'L'
                 Look up article by ''Message-ID:''.

### GroupMail 'm'
                 Mail current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  / tagged articles to someone. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING RE‐
                 POSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### OptionMenu 'M'
                 User configurable options menu (for more information see  section  "GLOBAL  OPTIONS
                 MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES").

### GroupNextGroup 'n'
                 Go to next group.

### GroupNextUnreadArt 'N'
                 Go to the next unread article.

       **Print 'o' **Send  current  article  / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles / articles matching
                 pattern / tagged articles to printer. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING  RE‐
                 POSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### GroupPrevGroup 'p'
                 Go to previous group.

### GroupPrevUnreadArt 'P'
                 Go to previous unread article.

       **Quit 'q'  **Return to previous level.

### QuitTin 'Q'
                 Quit **tin **— don't ask the user to confirm.

### GroupToggleReadUnread 'r'
                 Toggle the display between all articles and unread articles.

### BugReport 'R'
                 Mail a bug report or comment to <<tin-bugs@tin.org>>. This is the best way of getting
                 bugs fixed and features added/changed.

### GroupSave 's'
                 Save  current  article  / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles / articles matching
                 pattern / tagged articles. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING  REPOSTING  AND
                 SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### GroupAutoSave 'S'
                 Save marked articles automatically without further prompting.

### GroupTag 't'
                 Toggle  tag-status  of  current article / thread for **GroupMail **('**m**') / **Pipe **('**|**') /
                 **Print **('**o**') / **GroupSave **('**s**') / **GroupRepost **('**x**').

### GroupTagParts 'T'
                 Automatically tag/untag all the parts of the current multi-part message in order.

### GroupToggleThreading 'u'
                 Cycle the threading mode through no threading, threading by subject,  threading  by
                 references, threading on both subject and references, group multipart articles into
                 a thread (''Subject:'' based).

### GroupUntag 'U'
                 Untag all articles that were tagged.

       **Post 'w'  **Post  an article to the current group. If posting fails for some reason, you'll get
                 the chance to edit the article again via **PostEdit **('**e**'), postpone it for later pro‐
                 cessing via **PostPostpone **('**o**') (see also ''**-o**'' command-line switch) or discard  it
                 via **Quit **('**q**').

### GroupRepost 'x'
                 Repost an already posted article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles / articles
                 matching  pattern  /  tagged articles to another newsgroup(s). Useful for reposting
                 from global to local newsgroups. Do not use this to crosspost your own articles.

### GroupMarkUnselArtRead 'X'
                 Mark all unread articles that have not been selected as read, redraw screen to  re‐
                 flect  changes and put index at the first thread to begin reading.  Pressing **Group‐**
                 **MarkUnselArtRead **('**X**') again will toggle  back  to  the  way  it  was  before.  See
                 **GroupUndoSel  **('**~**')  command for clearing the toggle effect, leaving the group will
                 also clear the toggle effect and make the changes permanent.

### MarkArtUnread 'z'
                 Mark current article as unread.

### MarkThdUnread 'Z'
                 Mark current thread as unread. If a range of threads is  set,  the  range  will  be
                 marked  as unread instead of the current thread. When tagged threads are present, a
                 prompt asks how to proceed.

   **THREAD LISTING COMMANDS**
       **4         **Select article 4 within thread.

### MenuFilterSelect '^A'
                 Auto select article(s) using a menu. Read the section "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more
                 information.

### MenuFilterKill '^K'
                 Kill article(s) using a menu. Read the section "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more infor‐
                 mation.

### MarkFeedRead '^X'
                 Mark current article, thread, range, auto-selected (hot) articles, articles  match‐
                 ing pattern or tagged articles as read. A prompt asks which type should be marked.

### MarkFeedUnread '^W'
                 Mark  current article, thread, range, auto-selected (hot) articles, articles match‐
                 ing pattern or tagged articles as unread.  A  prompt  asks  which  type  should  be
                 marked.

### SetRange '#'
                 Choose  a  range  of  articles  to be affected by the next command. See the section
                 "RANGES" for more information.

### LastViewed '-'
                 Re-enter the last message that was viewed.

### SearchRepeat '\'
                 Repeat the previous search.

### SearchSubjF '/'
                 Search forward for specified subject.

### SearchSubjB '?'
                 Search backwards for specified subject.

       **ThreadSelArt '*'**
                 Select current thread for later processing.

### ThreadToggleArtSel '.'
                 Toggle selection of current article.

### ThreadReverseSel '@'
                 Reverse article selections.

### ThreadUndoSel '~'
                 Undo all selections on current thread.

       **Pipe '|'  **Pipe current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  /  tagged  articles into command. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING
                 REPOSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### ThreadReadArt '^J' '<CR>'
                 Read current article within thread.

### ThreadReadNextArtOrThread '<TAB>'
                 View next unread article within thread.

### SearchAuthF 'a'
                 Author forward search. This searches for articles with a specific  ''From:''  line.
                 The  search  will wrap over into the next thread if nothing is found in the current
                 one.

### SearchAuthB 'A'
                 Author backward search. Otherwise, see **SearchAuthF **('**a**') above.

### SearchBody 'B'
                 Search the body of all articles in group (can be slow). You can  abort  the  search
                 using **Quit **('**q**').

### Catchup 'c'
                 Mark  thread as read [after confirmation] and return to the group index page.  Move
                 cursor to next thread.

### CatchupNextUnread 'C'
                 Mark thread as read [after confirmation] and enter the next thread  containing  un‐
                 read news.

### ThreadToggleSubjDisplay 'd'
                 Cycle  the  display  of  the  author through all the possible options for the tinrc
                 variable **show_author**.

### ThreadCancel 'D'
                 Cancel (delete) or supersede (overwrite) the current article.  It  must  have  been
                 posted  by the same user. The cancel message can be seen in the newsgroup 'control'
                 or 'control.cancel'.

### EditFilter 'E'
                 Edit the filter file and reload it afterwards.

### ThreadFollowupQuote 'f'
                 Post a followup to the current article with a copy of the article included.

### ThreadFollowup 'F'
                 Post a followup to the current article without a copy of the article included.

### ToggleInfoLastLine 'i'
                 Display the subject of the current article in the last line.

### ToggleInverseVideo 'I'
                 Toggle inverse video.

### ConnectionInfo 'J'
                 Show details about current connection.

### ThreadMarkArtRead 'K'
                 Mark article as read and move onto the next unread article. If a range of  articles
                 is  set,  the  range  will  be  marked as read instead of the current article. When
                 tagged articles are present, a prompt asks how to proceed.

### LookupMessage 'L'
                 Look up article by ''Message-ID:''.

### ThreadMail 'm'
                 Mail current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  / tagged articles to someone. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING RE‐
                 POSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

       **Print 'o' **Send current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  / tagged articles to printer. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING RE‐
                 POSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

       **Quit 'q'  **Return to previous level.

### QuitTin 'Q'
                 Quit **tin **— don't ask the user to confirm.

### BugReport 'R'
                 Mail a bug report or comment to <<tin-bugs@tin.org>>. This is the best way of getting
                 bugs fixed and features added/changed.

### ThreadSave 's'
                 Save current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  /  tagged articles. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING REPOSTING AND
                 SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### ThreadAutoSave 'S'
                 Save marked articles automatically without further prompting.

### ThreadTag 't'
                 Toggle tag status of current article for mailing, piping, printing, saving  or  re‐
                 posting.

### ThreadTagParts 'T'
                 Automatically tag/untag all the parts of the current multi-part message in order.

### ThreadUntag 'U'
                 Untag all tagged threads.

       **Post 'w'  **Post  an article to the current group. If posting fails for some reason, you'll get
                 the chance to edit the article again via **PostEdit **('**e**'), postpone it for later pro‐
                 cessing via **PostPostpone **('**o**') (see also ''**-o**'' command-line switch) or discard  it
                 via **Quit **('**q**').

### MarkArtUnread 'z'
                 Mark  current article in thread as unread. If a range of articles is set, the range
                 will be marked as unread instead of the current article. When tagged  articles  are
                 present, a prompt asks how to proceed.

### MarkThdUnread 'Z'
                 Mark all articles in thread as unread.

   **ARTICLE VIEWER COMMANDS**
       **0         **Read the first (base) article in this thread.

       **4         **Read response 4 in this thread.

### MenuFilterSelect '^A'
                 Auto select article(s) using a menu. Read the section "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more
                 information.

### PageReplyQuoteHeaders '^E'
                 Reply  through mail to the author of the current article with a copy of the article
                 with all headers included.

### PagePGPCheckArticle '^G'
                 Perform [**pgp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgp/1/markdown) / [**gpg**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/gpg/1/markdown) operations on article. This expects  inline  pgp  (**RFC4880**)
                 and not MIME pgp (**RFC3156**).

### PageToggleRaw '^H'
                 Toggles the display mode (raw including all headers vs. cooked).

### MenuFilterKill '^K'
                 Kill article(s) using a menu. Read the section "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more infor‐
                 mation.

### PageToggleTabs '^T'
                 Toggle the TAB width between 4 and 8 characters.

### PageFollowupQuoteHeaders '^W'
                 Post  a followup to the current article with a copy of the article with all headers
                 included.

### PageToggleTex2iso '"'
                 Toggle TeX to ISO decoding for current article. The default behavior is taken  from
                 the **tex2iso_conv **variable in the tinrc file.

       **PageToggleAllHeaders '*'**
                 Toggles the display of all headers vs. headers in **news_headers_to_display**.

### PageToggleRot '%'
                 Toggle ROT-13 decoding for this article.

### PageToggleUue '('
                 Toggle  the  display  of uuencoded sections. The default behavior is taken from the
                 **hide_uue **variable in the tinrc file.

### PageReveal ')'
                 The form feed character (^L) is often used to hide 'spoilers' that the  reader  may
                 not initially wish to see when viewing an article. Any text after a formfeed is not
                 displayed. This key-press acts like a reveal key and turns the hidden text back on.
                 Scrolling down will also reveal the text, scrolling up will hide it again.

### LastViewed '-'
                 Re-enter the last message that was viewed.

### SearchRepeat '\'
                 Repeat the previous search.

### SearchSubjF '/'
                 Forward search the text of this article.

### SearchSubjB '?'
                 Backward search the text of this article.

### PageSkipIncludedText ':'
                 Skip  to  the  end  of  the  next quoted text-block in this article. Quoted text is
                 everything which matches **quote_regex**, **quote_regex2 **or **quote_regex3**.

### PageTopThd '<'
                 Go to the first article in the current thread.

### PageBotThd '>'
                 Go to the last article in the current thread.

### PageToggleHighlight '_'
                 Toggle word highlighting on/off.

       **Pipe '|'  **Pipe current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  /  tagged  articles into command. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING
                 REPOSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### QuickFilterSelect '['
                 Auto select article(s) with a single key. The defaults used for selection  are  set
                 based  upon  the following four tinrc config variables: **default_filter_select_case**,
                 **default_filter_select_expire**, **default_filter_select_global  **and  **default_filter_se‐**
                 **lect_header **Read the section "GLOBAL OPTIONS MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES"
                 for  a full explanation of these variables and "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more infor‐
                 mation on filtering.

### QuickFilterKill ']'
                 Kill article(s) with a single key. The defaults used for killing are based upon the
                 following  four  tinrc  config  variables:  **default_filter_kill_case**,  **default_fil‐**
                 **ter_kill_expire**,  **default_filter_kill_global  **and **default_filter_kill_header**.  Read
                 the section "GLOBAL OPTIONS MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES" for a  full  ex‐
                 planation  of these variables and "FILTERING ARTICLES" for more information on fil‐
                 tering.

### PageNextThd '^J' '<CR>'
                 Go to next base article.

### PageNextUnread '<TAB>'
                 Go to next unread article. If the tinrc variable **goto_next_unread  **doesn't  contain
                 PageNextUnread, then this key will first page through the current article.

### SearchAuthF 'a'
                 Author forward search.

### SearchAuthB 'A'
                 Author backward search.

### SearchBody 'B'
                 Search  the  body  of all articles in group (can be slow). You can abort the search
                 using **Quit **('**q**').

### Catchup 'c'
                 Mark the current thread as read [after confirmation] and  return  to  the  previous
                 menu. Move cursor to next item.

### CatchupNextUnread 'C'
                 Mark the rest of the current thread as read [after confirmation] and enter the next
                 thread with unread articles.

### PageCancel 'D'
                 Cancel  (delete)  or  supersede  (overwrite) the current article. It must have been
                 posted by the same user. The cancel message can be seen in the newsgroup  'control'
                 or 'control.cancel'.

### PageEditArticle 'e'
                 Edit the current article. This is restricted to mailgroups and saved news.

### EditFilter 'E'
                 Edit the filter file and reload it afterwards.

### PageFollowupQuote 'f'
                 Post a followup to the current article with a copy of the article included.

### PageFollowup 'F'
                 Post a followup to the current article without including a copy of the article.

### PageFirstPage 'g'
                 Go to the start of the article.

### PageLastPage 'G'
                 Go to the end of the article.

### ToggleInfoLastLine 'i'
                 Display the subject of the current article in the last line.

### ToggleInverseVideo 'I'
                 Toggle inverse video.

### ConnectionInfo 'J'
                 Show details about current connection.

### PageKillThd 'K'
                 Mark rest of thread as read and move onto the next unread thread.

### PageListThd 'l'
                 Show the thread menu that the current article is a part of.

### LookupMessage 'L'
                 Look up article by ''Message-ID:''.

### PageMail 'm'
                 Mail  current  article  / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles / articles matching
                 pattern / tagged articles to someone. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING  RE‐
                 POSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### OptionMenu 'M'
                 User  configurable  options  menu (for more information see section "GLOBAL OPTIONS
                 MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES").

### PageNextArt 'n'
                 Go to the next article.

### PageNextUnreadArt 'N'
                 Go to the next unread article.

       **Print 'o' **Send current article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles  /  articles  matching
                 pattern  / tagged articles to printer. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING RE‐
                 POSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### PagePrevArt 'p'
                 Go to the previous article.

### PagePrevUnreadArt 'P'
                 Go to the previous unread article.

       **Quit 'q'  **Return to the previous level.

### QuitTin 'Q'
                 Quit **tin **— don't ask the user to confirm.

### PageReplyQuote 'r'
                 Reply through mail to the author of the current article with a copy of the  article
                 included.

### PageReply 'R'
                 Reply through mail to the author of the current article without including the orig‐
                 inal article.

### PageSave 's'
                 Save  current  article  / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles / articles matching
                 pattern / tagged articles. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING  REPOSTING  AND
                 SAVING ARTICLES" for more information.

### PageAutoSave 'S'
                 Save marked articles automatically without further prompting.

### PageTag 't'
                 Toggle  tag  status of current article for mailing, piping, printing, saving or re‐
                 posting.

### PageGroupSel 'T'
                 Return to group selection level.

### PageGotoParent 'u'
                 Go to parent article.

### PageViewUrl 'U'
                 Display a list of URLs in the current article. See the section  "URL  LISTING"  for
                 more information.

### PageViewAttach 'V'
                 Display  a  list of attachments of the current article. See the section "ATTACHMENT
                 LISTING" for more information.

       **Post 'w'  **Post an article to the current group. If posting fails for some reason, you'll  get
                 the chance to edit the article again via **PostEdit **('**e**'), postpone it for later pro‐
                 cessing  via **PostPostpone **('**o**') (see also ''**-o**'' command-line switch) or discard it
                 via **Quit **('**q**').

### PageRepost 'x'
                 Repost an already posted article / thread / auto-selected (hot) articles / articles
                 matching pattern / tagged articles to another newsgroup(s).  Useful  for  reposting
                 from global to local newsgroups. Do not use this to crosspost your own articles.

### MarkArtUnread 'z'
                 Mark article as unread.

### MarkThdUnread 'Z'
                 Mark the current thread as unread.

   **URL LISTING**
       **PageViewUrl  **('**U**')  displays a list of URLs in the current article. Besides the common moving
       keys, the following commands are available:

           **UrlSelect '^J' '<CR>'**
                     The current URL will be prompted and opened using the **url_handler**.  '**<ESC>**'  or
                     no input will skip the URL.

           **SearchSubjF '/'**
                     URL forward search.

           **SearchSubjB '?'**
                     URL backward search.

           **SearchRepeat '\'**
                     Repeat the previous search.

           **ShellEscape '!'**
                     Shell escape.

           **ToggleInfoLastLine 'i'**
                     Toggle the display of the current URL in the last line.

           **Help 'h'  **Help screen of commands available.

           **ToggleHelpDisplay 'H'**
                     Toggle  the  display  of help mini menu at the bottom of the screen and posting
                     etiquette after composing an article (**beginner_level**).

   **ATTACHMENT LISTING**
       **PageViewAttach **('**V**') displays a list of attachments of the current article. Besides the  com‐
       mon moving keys, the following commands are available:

           **AttachPipe 'p'**
                     Pipe attachment into command.

           **AttachSave 's'**
                     Save current attachment / tagged attachments to disk.

           **AttachSelect '^J' '<CR>'**
                     View attachment.

           **AttachTag 't'**
                     Tag one or more attachments for saving.

           **AttachTagPattern '='**
                     Prompts  for a pattern to match. All attachments whose name/description or con‐
                     tent type/transfer encoding match the pattern will be tagged.

           **AttachToggleTagged '@'**
                     Reverse tagging of all attachments.

           **AttachUntag 'U'**
                     Untag all tagged attachments.

           **SearchSubjF '/'**
                     Attachment forward search.

           **SearchSubjB '?'**
                     Attachment backward search.

           **SearchRepeat '\'**
                     Repeat the previous search.

           **GlobalPipe '|'**
                     Pipe attachment into command. Uses the raw attachment, no decoding is done.

           **ShellEscape '!'**
                     Shell escape.

           **ToggleInfoLastLine 'i'**
                     Toggle the display of the name/description of the  current  attachment  in  the
                     last line.

           **Help 'h'  **Help screen of commands available.

           **ToggleHelpDisplay 'H'**
                     Toggle  the  display  of help mini menu at the bottom of the screen and posting
                     etiquette after composing an article (**beginner_level**).

   **POSTING HISTORY LISTING**
       **DisplayPostHist **('**W**') displays a list of all previous posted articles stored  in  _${TIN_HOME‐_
       _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/posted_.  The  following  information  is  shown:  a  time stamp in "dd-mm-
       yy"-format, a single letter indicating the action which  initiated  the  message,  the  group
       names (eventually shortened, see also **abbreviate_groupname**) or a mail address the message was
       sent  to  and  the subject of the message. Besides the common moving keys, the following com‐
       mands are available:

           **PostedArticlesSelect '^J' '<CR>'**
                     The article with the current ''Message-ID:'' will be opened if available.  Note
                     that this requires that the ''Message-ID:'' of  the  article  was  recorded  in
                     _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/posted_ which may not always be the case.  If using
                     NNTP  and  the  internal  inews (**inews_prog **set to "--internal") and either the
                     server proposes a ''Message-ID:'' during the POST (**RFC3977**) command or  **tin  **is
                     built to generate ''Message-ID:'' this should be the case. With an external in‐
                     ews (and reading from local spool) it is not.

           **SearchSubjF '/'**
                     URL forward search.

           **SearchSubjB '?'**
                     URL backward search.

           **SearchRepeat '\'**
                     Repeat the previous search.

           **ShellEscape '!'**
                     Shell escape.

           **ToggleInfoLastLine 'i'**
                     Toggle the display of the current ''Message-ID:'' in the last line.

           **Help 'h'  **Help screen of commands available.

           **ToggleHelpDisplay 'H'**
                     Toggle  the  display  of help mini menu at the bottom of the screen and posting
                     etiquette after composing an article (**beginner_level**).

### GLOBAL OPTIONS MENU AND TINRC CONFIGURABLE VARIABLES
       At startup, **tin **reads in the configuration files (see also [**tin**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/5/markdown)).  They contain a  list  of
       variables  that can be used to configure the way **tin **works. If it exists, the global configu‐
       ration file, _/etc/tin/tinrc_ is read. After that, the user's own configuration  file  is  read
       from  _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/tinrc_.  The global file is useful for distributing system-
       wide defaults to new users who have no private tinrc yet.

       The variables are user configurable by editing  _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/tinrc_  directly.
       Most of them can also be set in the GLOBAL OPTIONS MENU which is accessed by pressing **Option‐**
       **Menu  **('**M**')  at  all levels. It allows the user to customize the behavior of **tin**. The options
       are saved to the file _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/tinrc_ when you exit **tin **so don't edit  the
       file directly whilst **tin **is running.

       In  the  options  menu  use the cursor keys in the usual way to move around. Use **ConfigSelect**
       ('**^J**' or '**<CR>**') to 'open' the option you wish to change. You will need to enter a new  value
       or  use  '**<SPACE>**'  to  toggle  the  available options. **ConfigSelect **will save the new value,
       '**<ESC>**' will abort without saving changes.

       As with the other menus, **RedrawScr **('**^L**') will redraw the screen.  You  can  use  **SearchSubjF**
       ('**/**'),  **SearchSubjB  **('**?**')  and  **SearchRepeat **('**\**') to search for a specific option. Use **Quit**
       ('**q**') to exit the option menu and keep your changes. Use **QuitTin **('**Q**') to exit without  keep‐
       ing your changes.

       The  options menu provides access to the attributes menu for the current group by the **Config‐**
       **ToggleAttrib **('**<TAB>**') command. Pressing **ConfigToggleAttrib **again toggles back to the options
       menu. For more information see section "ATTRIBUTES MENU AND GROUP ATTRIBUTES".

       The **ConfigScopeMenu **('**S**') command brings up the scopes menu. For more information see section
       "SCOPES MENU".

       Here is a full list of all the available variables. The name in braces is  the  name  of  the
       corresponding setting in _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/tinrc_.

### Abbreviate long newsgroup names (abbreviate_groupname)
           If ON abbreviate long newsgroup names at group selection level and article level (if nec‐
           essary)  like  this: news.software.readers -> n.software.readers -> n.s.readers -> n.s.r.
           Default is OFF.

### Add posted articles to filter (add_posted_to_filter)
           If ON add posted articles which start a new thread to filter for highlighting follow-ups.
           Default is ON.

### Insert 'User-Agent:'-header (advertising)
           Turn ON advertising in header (''User-Agent:''). Default is ON.

### Skip multipart/alternative parts (alternative_handling)
           If ON strip multipart/alternative messages automatically. Default is ON.

### Character to show deleted articles (art_marked_deleted)
           The character used to show that an article was deleted. Default is 'D'.

### Character to show inrange articles (art_marked_inrange)
           The character used to show that an article is in a range. Default is '#'.

### Character to show returning arts (art_marked_return)
           The character used to show that an article will return as  an  unread  article  when  the
           group is next entered. Default is '-'.

### Character to show selected articles (art_marked_selected)
           The  character  used  to  show that an article/thread is auto-selected (hot).  Default is
           '*'.

### Character to show recent articles (art_marked_recent)
           The character used to show that an article/thread is recent (not older than X days).  See
           also **recent_time**. Default is 'o'.

### Character to show unread articles (art_marked_unread)
           The character used to show that an article has not been read.  Default is '+'.

### Character to show read articles (art_marked_read)
           The character used to show that an article was read. Default is ' '.

### Character to show killed articles (art_marked_killed)
           The  character  used to show that an article was killed. Default is 'K'.  **kill_level **must
           be set accordingly.

### Character to show read selected arts (art_marked_read_selected)
           The character used to show that an article was hot before it was read.  Default  is  ':'.
           **kill_level **must be set accordingly.

### Ask before using MIME viewer (ask_for_metamail)
           If  ON  **tin **will ask before using a MIME viewer (**metamail_prog**) to display MIME messages.
           This only occurs if a MIME viewer is set. Default is OFF.

### Format string for the Attachment level (attachment_format)
           Format string **tin **uses for Attachment level representation. See the section  "CUSTOMIZING
           THE SCREEN FORMAT".  Default is "%t%s%e%c%d".

### Send you a cc and/or bcc automatically (auto_cc_bcc)
           Automatically put your name in the ''Cc:'' and/or ''Bcc:'' field when mailing an article.
           Default is No.

### List thread using right arrow key (auto_list_thread)
           If ON automatically list thread when entering it using right arrow key.  Default is ON.

### Reconnect to server automatically (auto_reconnect)
           Default is OFF.

### Save articles in batch mode (batch_save)
           If  set  ON  articles/threads  will be saved in batch mode when save ''**-S**'' or mail ''**-M**,
           **-N**'' is specified on the command line. Default is ON.

### Show mini menu & posting etiquette (beginner_level)
           If set ON a mini menu of the most useful commands will be displayed at the bottom of  the
           screen  for  each level. Also a short posting etiquette will be displayed after composing
           an article. Default is ON.

### Cache NNTP overview files locally (cache_overview_files)
           If ON, create local copies of NNTP overview files. This can be used to considerably speed
           up accessing large groups when using a slow connection.  See also "INDEX FILES".  Default
           is OFF.

### Hash algorithm for cancel-locks (cancel_lock_algo)
           Use this hash algorithm for cancel-locks. Only available when built with cancel-lock sup‐
           port.  none  disables the generation of cancel-locks. Valid values are none, sha1, sha256
           and sha512.  Default is sha1.

### Catchup read groups when quitting (catchup_read_groups)
           If set ON the user is asked when quitting if all groups read during the  current  session
           should be marked read. Default is OFF.

### Standard background color (col_back)
           Standard background color

### Color of quoted text from external sources (col_extquote)
           Color of quoted text from external sources

### Color of sender (From:) (col_from)
           Color of sender (From:)

### Color of article header lines (col_head)
           Color of header-lines

### Color of help text (col_help)
           Color of help pages

### Color for inverse text (background) (col_invers_bg)
           Color of background for inverse text

### Color for inverse text (foreground) (col_invers_fg)
           Color of foreground for inverse text

### Color of status messages (col_message)
           Color of status messages in last line

### Color of highlighting with _dash_ (col_markdash)
           Color of words emphasized like _this_. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

### Color of highlighting with /slash/ (col_markslash)
           Color of words emphasized like /this/. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

       **Color of highlighting with *stars* (col_markstar)**
           Color of words emphasized like *this*. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

### Color of highlighting with -stroke- (col_markstroke)
           Color of words emphasized like -this-. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

### Color of mini help menu (col_minihelp)
           Color of mini help menu

### Color of actual news header fields (col_newsheaders)
           Color of actual news header fields

### Standard foreground color (col_normal)
           Standard foreground color

### Color of quoted lines (col_quote)
           Color of quoted lines

### Color of twice quoted line (col_quote2)
           Color of twice quoted lines

### Color of =>3 times quoted line (col_quote3)
           Color of >=3 times quoted lines

### Color of response counter (col_response)
           Color  of  response  counter. This is the text that says "Response x of y" in the article
           viewer.

### Color of signatures (col_signature)
           Color of signatures

### Color of negative score (col_score_neg)
           Color of negative score

### Color of positive score (col_score_pos)
           Color of positive score

### Color of urls highlight (col_urls)
           Color of urls highlight

### Color of verbatim blocks (col_verbatim)
           Color of verbatim blocks

### Color of article subject lines (col_subject)
           Color of article subject

### Color of text lines (col_text)
           Color of text-lines

### Color of help/mail sign (col_title)
           Color of help/mail sign

### Which actions require confirmation (confirm_choice)
           Ask for manual confirmation to protect the user.

            •  **commands **Ask for confirmation before  executing  certain  dangerous  commands  (e.g.,
               **Catchup  **('**c**')).  Commands  that  this affects are marked in this manual with '[after
               confirmation]'. Default is commands & quit.

            •  **quit **You'll be asked to confirm that you wish to exit **tin **when you use the **Quit **('**q**')
               command.

            •  **select **Ask for confirmation before marking  all  not  selected  (with  **GroupMarkUnse‐**
               **lArtRead **('**X**') command) articles as read.

### Format string for display of dates (date_format)
           Format string **tin **uses for date representation. A description of the different format op‐
           tions can be found at [**strftime**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/strftime/3/markdown).  **tin **uses [**strftime**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/strftime/3/markdown) when available and supports most
           format options in his fallback code.  Default is "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S".

### (default_art_search)

### (default_author_search)

### (default_config_search)
           The last article/author/config option that was searched for.

### (default_filter_days)
           Default is 28.

### (default_filter_kill_case)
           Default  for  quick  (1  key) kill filter case.  ON = filter case sensitive, OFF = ignore
           case. Default is OFF.

### (default_filter_kill_expire)
           Default for quick (1 key) kill filter expire.  ON = limit to **default_filter_days**,  OFF  =
           don't ever expire. Default is OFF.

### (default_filter_kill_global)
           Default  for quick (1 key) kill filter global.  ON=apply to all groups, OFF=apply to cur‐
           rent group. Default is ON.

### (default_filter_kill_header)
           Default for quick (1 key) kill filter header.

            0  ''Subject:'' (case sensitive)

            1  ''Subject:'' (ignore case)

            2  ''From:'' (case sensitive)

            3  ''From:'' (ignore case)

            4  ''Message-ID:'' & full ''References:'' line

            5  ''Message-ID:'' & last ''References:'' entry only

            6  ''Message-ID:'' entry only

            7  ''Lines:''

### (default_filter_select_case)
           Default for quick (1 key) auto-selection filter case. ON=filter case  sensitive,  OFF=ig‐
           nore case. Default is OFF.

### (default_filter_select_expire)
           Default  for  quick  (1  key)  auto-selection  filter expire.  ON = limit to **default_fil‐**
           **ter_days**, OFF = don't ever expire.  Default is OFF.

### (default_filter_select_global)
           Default for quick (1 key) auto-selection filter global.  ON=apply to all groups,  OFF=ap‐
           ply to current group. Default is ON.

### (default_filter_select_header)
           Default for quick (1 key) auto-selection filter header.

            0  ''Subject:'' (case sensitive)

            1  ''Subject:'' (ignore case)

            2  ''From:'' (case sensitive)

            3  ''From:'' (ignore case)

            4  ''Message-ID:'' & full ''References:'' line

            5  ''Message-ID:'' & last ''References:'' entry only

            6  ''Message-ID:'' entry only

            7  ''Lines:''

### (default_goto_group)

### (default_group_search)

### (default_mail_address)

### (default_move_group)

### (default_pattern)

### (default_pipe_command)

### (default_post_newsgroups)

### (default_post_subject)

### (default_range_group)

### (default_range_select)

### (default_range_thread)

### (default_repost_group)

### (default_save_file)

### (default_save_mode)

### (default_select_pattern)

### (default_shell_command)

### (default_subject_search)

### Draw -> instead of highlighted bar (draw_arrow)
           Allows  groups/articles to be selected by an arrow '->' if set ON or by a highlighted bar
           if set OFF. Default is OFF.

### Invocation of your editor (editor_format)
           The format string used to create the editor start command with  parameters.   Default  is
           '%E  +%N  %F'  with %E=Editor, %N=Linenumber and %F=Filename (e.g., /bin/vi +7 .article).
           See also $**VISUAL **and $**EDITOR **under "ENVIRONMENT".

### Detection of external quotes (extquote_handling)
           If ON quotes from external sources will be detected. Default is OFF.

### Regex used to show external quotes (extquote_regex)
           A regular expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching  lines  are
           shown in **col_extquote**. If **extquote_regex **is blank, then **tin **uses a built-in default.

### Force redraw after certain commands (force_screen_redraw)
           Specifies  whether a screen redraw should always be done after certain external commands.
           Default is OFF.

### Number of articles to get (getart_limit)
           If **getart_limit **is > 0 not more than the last  **getart_limit  **articles/group  are  fetched
           from  the server. If **getart_limit **is < 0 **tin **will start fetching articles from your first
           unread minus absolute value of **getart_limit**. Default is 0, which means no limit.

### Catchup group using left key (group_catchup_on_exit)
           If ON catchup group when leaving with the left arrow key. Default is ON.

### Format string for the Group level (group_format)
           Format string **tin **uses for Group level representation. See the section  "CUSTOMIZING  THE
           SCREEN FORMAT". Default is "%n %m %R %L  %s  %F".

### Go to the next unread article with (goto_next_unread)
           Which  keys **tin **should accept to jump to the next unread article.  Possible is any combi‐
           nation of **PageDown **and **PageNextUnread**.  When **PageDown **is set **tin **jumps to the next  arti‐
           cle  at  the  end of the current one. When **PageNextUnread **is set **tin **jumps immediately to
           the next article when **PageNextUnread **('**<TAB>**') is pressed. Default is **PageNextUnread**.

### Display uue data as an attachment (hide_uue)
           If set to 'No' then raw uuencoded data is displayed. If set to  'Yes'  then  sections  of
           uuencoded  data  will be shown with a single tag line showing the size and filename (much
           the same as a MIME attachment).  If set to 'Hide all' then any line that looks like uuen‐
           coded data will be folded into a tag line. This is useful when uuencoded  data  is  split
           across  more than one article but can also lead to false positives. This setting can also
           be toggled in the article viewer.  Default is 'No'.

### External inews (inews_prog)
           Path, name and options of external [**inews**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/inews/1/markdown).  If you are reading  via  NNTP  the  default
           value  is  "--internal"  (use built-in NNTP inews), else it is "inews -h". The article is
           passed to **inews_prog **on STDIN via '< article'.

### (info_in_last_line)
           If ON, show current group description or article subject in the last  line  (not  in  the
           pager  and global menu) — **ToggleInfoLastLine **('**i**') toggles setting. This facility is use‐
           ful as the full width of the screen is available to display  long  subjects.  Default  is
           OFF.

### Use interactive mail reader (interactive_mailer)
           Interactive mailreader: if greater than 0 your mailreader will be invoked earlier for re‐
           ply so you can use more of its features (e.g. MIME, pgp, ...). 1 means include headers, 2
           means don't include headers (old use_mailreader_i=ON option). 0 turns off usage. This op‐
           tion has to suit **mailer_format**. Default is 0.

### Use inverse video for page headers (inverse_okay)
           If ON use inverse video for page headers and URL highlighting.  Default is ON.

### Keep failed arts in ~/dead.articles (keep_dead_articles)
           If  ON  keep all failed postings in _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/dead.articles_ besides keeping
           the last failed posting in _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/dead.article_. Default is ON.

### Filter which articles (kill_level)
           This option controls the processing and display of articles that are killed.  There are 3
           options:

            0  **Kill only unread arts **is the 'traditional' behavior of **tin**. Only unread articles  are
               killed  once  only by marking them read. As filtering only happens on unread articles
               with **kill_level **set to 0, **art_marked_killed  **and  **art_marked_read_selected  **are  only
               shown once. When you reenter the group the mark will be gone.

            1  **Kill  all  arts  &  show  with K **will process all articles in the group and therefore
               there is a processing overhead when using this option. Killed articles  are  threaded
               as normal but they will be marked with **art_marked_killed**.

            2  **Kill  all  arts  and  never show **will process all articles in the group and therefore
               there is a processing overhead when using this option. Killed  articles  simply  does
               not get displayed at all.
       Default is 0 (**Kill only unread arts**).

### Use 8bit characters in mail headers (mail_8bit_header)
           Allows  8bit  characters unencoded in the header of mail message. Default is OFF. Turning
           it ON is effective only if **mail_mime_encoding **is also set to 8bit. Leaving it OFF is safe
           for most users and compliant to Internet Mail Standard (**RFC5322 **and **RFC2047**). Default  is
           OFF.

### Mail address (mail_address)
           User's mail address (and full name), if not username@host. This is used when creating ar‐
           ticles, sending mail and when [**pgp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgp/1/markdown) / [**gpg**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/gpg/1/markdown) signing (**RFC4880**).

### MIME encoding in mail messages (mail_mime_encoding)
           MIME  encoding of the body in mail message, if necessary (8bit, base64, quoted-printable,
           7bit). Default is quoted-printable.

### Quote line when mailing (mail_quote_format)
           Format of quote line when  replying  (via  mail)  to  an  article  (%A=Address,  %D=Date,
           %F=Fullname+Address,  %G=Groupname,  %M=Message-ID,  %N=Fullname,  %C=Firstname,  %I=Ini‐
           tials). Default is "In article %M you wrote:"

### Format of the mailbox (mailbox_format)
           Select one of the following mailbox-formats: MBOXO (default, except on  SCO),  MBOXRD  or
           MMDF  (default  on SCO). See [**mbox**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mbox/5/markdown) and **RFC4155 **for more details on MBOXO and MBOXRD and
           [**mmdf**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mmdf/5/markdown) for more details about MMDF.

### Mail directory (maildir)
           The directory where articles/threads are to be saved in [**mbox**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mbox/5/markdown) format. This  feature  is
           mainly  for  use  with  the  [**mutt**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mutt/1/markdown)  mail  program.  It  allows  the  user to save arti‐
           cles/threads/groups simply by giving  '='  as  the  filename  to  save  to.   Default  is
           _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/Mail_.

### Invocation of your mail command (mailer_format)
           The  format  string  used  to  create the mailer command with parameters that is used for
           mailing articles to other people. Default is '%M "%T" < %F'  (e.g.,  /bin/mail  "iain"  <
           ~/.article). The flexible format allows other mailers with different command line parame‐
           ters to be used such as
              sendmail -oem -t < %F
              mutt -s "%S" -- "%T" < %F
              mutt -H %F
              claws-mail --compose "mailto:%T?subject=%S&insert=%F"
           **interactive_mailer **must be set adequate. The following substitutions are supported:
              %F              filename
              %M              default_mailer
              %S              subject-field
              %T              to-filed
              %U              username
              %%              %

### 'Mark as (un)read' ignores tags (mark_ignore_tags)
           When this is ON, the **GroupMarkThdRead **('**K**'), **ThreadMarkArtRead **('**K**'), **MarkThdUnread **('**Z**')
           at  Group  level  and **MarkArtUnread **('**z**') at Thread level functions mark just the current
           article or thread, ignoring other tagged, (un)read articles. When OFF, the same  function
           presents  a  menu with choices of the current thread or article, all tagged, unread arti‐
           cles, or nothing.

### Mark saved articles/threads as read (mark_saved_read)
           If ON mark articles that are saved as read. Default is ON.

### Viewer program for MIME articles (metamail_prog)
           Path, name and options of external [**metamail**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/metamail/1/markdown) program used to view non-textual parts  of
           articles.   To use the built-in viewer, set to --internal. This is the default value when
           [**metamail**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/metamail/1/markdown) is not installed. Leave it blank if you don't want any automatic  viewing  of
           non-textual  attachments. The **PageViewAttach **('**V**') command can always be used to manually
           view any attachments. See also **ask_for_metamail**.

### MM_CHARSET (mm_charset)
           Charset supported locally, which is also used for  MIME  header  (charset  parameter  and
           charset name in header encoding) in mail and news postings. If **MIME_STRICT_CHARSET **is de‐
           fined  at compile time, text in charset other than the value of this parameter is consid‐
           ered not displayable and represented as '?'. Otherwise, all character sets  are  regarded
           as  compatible  with  the display. If it's not set, the value of the environment variable
           $**MM_CHARSET **is used. US-ASCII or compile-time default is used in case neither of them  is
           defined.  If  your  system  supports [**iconv**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/iconv/3/markdown), this option is disabled and you should use
           **mm_network_charset **instead.

### MM_NETWORK_CHARSET (mm_network_charset)
           Charset used for posting and  MIME  headers;  replaces  **mm_charset**.   Conversion  between
           **mm_network_charset  **and  local  charset  (determined  via  [**nl_langinfo**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/nllanginfo/3/markdown))  is  done  via
           [**iconv**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/iconv/3/markdown), if this function is not available on your system this option  is  disabled  and
           you have to use **mm_charset **instead. **mm_network_charset **is limited to one of the following
           charsets:
              US-ASCII,  ISO-8859-{1,2,3,4,5,7,9,10,13,14,15,16},  KOI8-{R,U,RU}  EUC-{CN,JP,KR,TW},
              ISO-2022-{CN,CN-EXT,JP,JP-1,JP-2}, Big5, UTF-8
           Not all values might work on your system, see [**iconv_open**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/iconvopen/3/markdown) for more details. If it's not
           set, the value of the environment variable $**MM_CHARSET **is used. US-ASCII or  compile-time
           default is used in case neither of them is defined.

### Attribute of highlighting with _dash_ (mono_markdash)
           Character  attribute  of  words emphasized like _this_. It depends on your terminal which
           attributes are usable. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

### Attribute of highlighting with /slash/ (mono_markslash)
           Character attribute of words emphasized like /this/. It depends on  your  terminal  which
           attributes are usable. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

       **Attribute of highlighting with *stars* (mono_markstar)**
           Character  attribute  of  words emphasized like *this*. It depends on your terminal which
           attributes are usable. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

### Attribute of highlighting with -stroke- (mono_markstroke)
           Character attribute of words emphasized like -this-. It depends on  your  terminal  which
           attributes are usable. See also **word_h_display_marks **and **word_highlight**.

### (newnews)
           These  are  internal  timers  used by **tin **to keep track of new newsgroups.  Do not change
           them unless you understand what they are for.

       **Display these header fields (or *) (news_headers_to_display)**
           Which news headers you wish to see. If you want to see _all_ the headers, place an '*' as
           this value. This is the only way a wildcard can be used.  If you enter 'X-' as the value,
           you will see all headers beginning with 'X-' (like X-Alan or X-Pape). You can  list  more
           than one by delimiting with spaces. Not defining anything turns off this option.

### Do not display these header fields (news_headers_to_not_display)
           Same  as **news_headers_to_display **except it denotes the opposite. An example of using both
           options might be if you thought 'X-' headers were A Good Thing(tm), but thought Alan  and
           Pape  were miscreants... well then you would do something like this: **news_headers_to_dis‐**
           **play=X- news_headers_to_not_display=X-Alan X-Pape **Not defining anything  turns  off  this
           option.

### Quote line when following up (news_quote_format)
           Format  of quote line when posting/following up an article (%A=Address, %D=Date, %F=Full‐
           name+Address, %G=Groupname, %M=Message-ID, %N=Fullname, %C=Firstname,  %I=Initials).  De‐
           fault is "%F wrote:".

### NNTP read timeout in seconds (nntp_read_timeout_secs)
           Time  in seconds to wait for a response from the server. Default is 120.  Setting this to
           0 means no timeout. As if you use the "**-C**" option in conjunction with  a  low  value  for
           **nntp_read_timeout_secs  **may  result in a timeout (and disconnect in batch mode) when con‐
           necting to large servers or entering large groups, because the timer is set when the com‐
           mand is sent to the server and that needs some time to compress the large  response,  the
           value should not be set too small.

### Unicode normalization form (normalization_form)
           The  normalization  form  **tin **should use to normalize unicode input.  The possible values
           are:

            0  **None**: no normalization

            1  **NFKC**: Compatibility Decomposition, followed by Canonical Composition

            2  **NFKD**: Compatibility Decomposition

            3  **NFC**: Canonical Decomposition, followed by Canonical Composition

            4  **NFD**: Canonical Decomposition

            5  **NFKC_CF**: Compatibility Decomposition, followed  by  Canonical  Composition  and  Case
               Folding
       Some  normalization modes are only available if they are supported by the library **tin **uses to
       do the normalization. NFC should be used if possible.

### Format string for the display of mime header at Article level (page_mime_format)
           Format string **tin **uses for mime header at Page level. See the  section  "CUSTOMIZING  THE
           SCREEN FORMAT".  Default is "[-- %T%S%*n%z%*l%!c%!d%*e --]".

### Format string for the display of uue header at Article level (page_uue_format)
           Format  string  **tin  **uses  for uue header at Page level. See the section "CUSTOMIZING THE
           SCREEN FORMAT".  Default is "[-- %T%S%*n%I%!d%*e --]".

### Go to first unread article in group (pos_first_unread)
           If ON put cursor at first unread article in group otherwise at last article.  Default  is
           ON.

### Use 8bit characters in news headers (post_8bit_header)
           Allows  8bit  characters unencoded in the header of a news article, if set this also dis‐
           ables the generation of MIME-headers when they are usually required. Default is OFF. Only
           enacted if **post_mime_encoding **is also set to 8bit. In a number of local hierarchies where
           8bit characters are used, using unencoded (raw) 8bit characters in header  is  acceptable
           and  sometimes  even  recommended so that you need to check the convention adopted in the
           local hierarchy of your interest to determine what to do with this  and  **post_mime_encod‐**
           **ing**.

### MIME encoding in news messages (post_mime_encoding)
           MIME encoding of the body in news message, if necessary. (8bit, base64, quoted-printable,
           7bit). Default is 8bit, which leads to no encoding.  base64 and quoted-printable are usu‐
           ally undesired on usenet.

### View post-processed files (post_process_view)
           If  ON,  then **tin **will start an appropriate viewer program to display any files that were
           post processed and uudecoded. The program is determined using the  [**mailcap**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mailcap/5/markdown)  file.  De‐
           fault is ON.

### Post process saved articles (post_process_type)
           This  specifies  whether to perform post processing on saved articles.  Because the shell
           archive may contain commands you may not want to be executed, be careful when  extracting
           shell archives.  The following values are allowed:

            0  **No **(default), no post processing is done.

            1  **Shell archives**, unpacking of multi-part [**shar**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/shar/1/markdown) files only.

            2  **Yes**, binary attachments and data will be decoded and saved.

### Filename to be used for storing posted articles (posted_articles_file)
           Keep posted articles in given file. If the given filename does not contain any expandable
           strings  it  will  be  prefixed with _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/Mail/_. If no filename is set
           then postings will not be saved. See the section "MAILING PIPING PRINTING  REPOSTING  AND
           SAVING  ARTICLES" for more information about the various expansion characters. Default is
           'posted'.

### Print all headers when printing (print_header)
           If ON, then the full article header is sent to the printer.  Otherwise  only  the  ''Sub‐
           ject:'' and ''From:'' fields are output. Default is OFF.

### Printer program with options (printer)
           The  printer  program  with options that is to be used to print articles.  The default is
           [**lpr**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/lpr/1/markdown) for BSD machines and [**lp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/lp/1/markdown) for SysV machines. Printing from **tin **may have been dis‐
           abled by the System Administrator.

### Process only unread articles (process_only_unread)
           If ON only save/print/pipe/mail unread articles (tagged articles excepted).   Default  is
           OFF.

### Show empty Followup-To in editor (prompt_followupto)
           If ON show empty ''Followup-To:'' header when editing an article. Default is OFF.

### Characters used as quote-marks (quote_chars)
           The  character  used  in quoting included text to article followups and mail replies. The
           '_' character represents a blank character and is replaced with ' ' when read, %I is  re‐
           placed by author's initials. Default is '>_'.

### Quoting behavior (quote_style)
           How  articles  should be quoted when following up or replying to them. There are a number
           of things that can be done: empty lines can be  quoted,  signatures  can  be  quoted  and
           quote_chars  can  be compressed when quoting multiple times (for example, '> > >' will be
           turned into '>>>'). The default is to compress quotes, and to quote empty lines.
           When you are viewing an article in raw mode ('**^H**'), and follow up or  reply  to  it,  the
           signature  will  be quoted even if it would otherwise not be.  If **show_signatures **is off,
           then the signature will never be quoted.

### Regex used to show quoted lines (quote_regex)
           A regular expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching  lines  are
           shown in **col_quote**. If **quote_regex **is blank, then **tin **uses a built-in default.

### Regex used to show twice quoted l. (quote_regex2)
           A  regular  expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching lines are
           shown in **col_quote2**. If **quote_regex2 **is blank, then **tin **uses a built-in default.

### Regex used to show >= 3 times q.l. (quote_regex3)
           A regular expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching  lines  are
           shown in **col_quote3**. If **quote_regex3 **is blank, then **tin **uses a built-in default.

### Article recentness time limit (recent_time)
           If  set to 0, this feature is deactivated, otherwise it means the number of days. Default
           is 2.

### Render BiDi (render_bidi)
           If ON **tin **does the rendering of bi-directional text. If OFF **tin **leaves the  rendering  of
           bi-directional text to the terminal. Default is OFF.

### Interval in seconds to reread active (reread_active_file_secs)
           The  news _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}"/"${TIN_ACTIVEFILE:-active}_ file is reread at regular
           intervals to show if any new news has arrived. Default is 1200. Setting this  to  0  will
           disable this feature.

### Directory to save arts/threads in (savedir)
           Directory where articles/threads are saved. Default is _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/News_.

### Score limit (kill) (score_limit_kill)
           If  the  score  of  an  article  is  below or equal this value the article gets marked as
           killed.

### Score limit (select) (score_limit_select)
           If the score of an article is above or equal this value the article gets marked as hot.

### Default score to kill articles (score_kill)
           Score of an article which should be killed, this must be <= **score_limit_kill**.

### Default score to select articles (score_select)
           Score of an article which should be marked hot, this must be >= **score_limit_select**.

### Number of lines to scroll in pager (scroll_lines)
           The number of lines that will be scrolled up/down in the article pager when using cursor-
           up/down. The default is 1 (line-by-line). Set to 0 to get  traditional  **tin  **page-by-page
           scrolling.  Set  to -1 to get page-by-page scrolling where the top/bottom line is carried
           over onto the next page.  This setting supersedes show_last_line_prev_page=ON. Set to  -2
           to get half-page scrolling. This setting supersedes **full_page_scroll**=OFF.

### Format string for the Selection level (select_format)
           Format  string  **tin **uses for Selection level representation. See the section "CUSTOMIZING
           THE SCREEN FORMAT". Default is "%f %n %U  %G  %d".

### In group and thread level, show author by (show_author)
           Which information about the author should be shown. Default is 2, authors full name.

            0  **None**, only the ''Subject:'' line will be displayed.

            1  **Address**, ''Subject:'' line & the address part of the ''From:'' line are displayed.

            2  **Full Name**, ''Subject:'' line & the authors full name part of the ''From:''  line  are
               displayed (default).

            3  **Address and Name**, ''Subject:'' line & all of the ''From:'' line are displayed.

### Show description of each newsgroup (show_description)
           If  ON  show  a  short group description text after newsgroup name at the group selection
           level. The ''**-d**'' command-line flag will override the setting and turn descriptions  off.
           The  text  used  is  taken from the _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/newsgroups_ file and if sup‐
           ported (requires  **tin  **to  be  built  with  mh-mail-handling  support)  from  _${TIN_HOME‐_
           _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/mailgroups_ for mailgroups. Default is ON.

### Function for sorting articles (sort_function)
           Function used for sorting articles. Default is 0.

            0  Use [**qsort**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/qsort/3/markdown) for sorting.

            1  Use  [**heapsort**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/heapsort/3/markdown)  for sorting. This might be faster in large groups with long threads
               (somewhat presorted data).

### Show help/mail sign in level titles (show_help_mail_sign)
           Allows you to select whether **tin **shows a help indication, a new mail indication, both, or
           neither in the various level titles.  Default is 3.

            0  **Don't show help or mail sign**.

            1  **Show only help sign**.

            2  **Show only mail sign if new mail**, show only the mail sign, and only if  new  mail  has
               arrived.

            3  **Show  mail if new mail else help s.**, show mail sign if new mail has arrived otherwise
               show help sign.

### Show only unread articles (show_only_unread_arts)
           If ON show only new/unread articles otherwise show all articles.  Default is ON.

### Show only groups with unread arts (show_only_unread_groups)
           If ON show only subscribed groups that contain unread articles. Default is OFF.

### Display signatures (show_signatures)
           If OFF don't show signatures when displaying articles. Default is ON.

### Display score (show_art_score)
           If ON show article score in the lower left corner when displaying articles.   Default  is
           OFF. See also **col_score_neg **and **col_score_pos**.

### Prepend signature with '\n-- \n' (sigdashes)
           If ON prepend the signature with sigdashes. Default is ON.

### Create signature from path/command (sigfile)
           The path that specifies the signature file to use when posting, following up to or reply‐
           ing  to an article. If the path is a directory then the signature will be randomly gener‐
           ated from files that are in the specified directory. If the path starts with a ! the pro‐
           gram the path points to will be executed to generate a signature. In order  to  pass  the
           group  name to the program, %G can be specified. This will be replaced by the name of the
           current  newsgroup.  --none  will  suppress  any  signature.   Default   is   _${TIN_HOME‐_
           _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.Sig_.

### Add signature when reposting (signature_repost)
           If ON add signature to reposted articles. Default is ON.

### Regex used to highlight /slashes/ (slashes_regex)
           A  regular  expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching words are
           shown in **col_markslash **or **mono_markslash**. If **slashes_regex **is  blank,  then  **tin  **uses  a
           built-in default.

### Sort articles by (sort_article_type)
           This  specifies how articles should be sorted. Sort by ascending Date (6) is the default.
           The following sort types are allowed:

            0  **Nothing**, don't sort articles.

            1  **Subject: (descending)**, sort articles by ''Subject:'' field descending.

            2  **Subject: (ascending)**, sort articles by ''Subject:'' field ascending.

            3  **From: (descending)**, sort articles by ''From:'' field descending.

            4  **From: (ascending)**, sort articles by ''From:'' field ascending.

            5  **Date: (descending)**, sort articles by ''Date:'' field descending.

            6  **Date: (ascending)**, sort articles by ''Date:'' field ascending (default).

            7  **Score (descending)**, sort articles by filtering score descending.

            8  **Score (ascending)**, sort articles by filtering score ascending.

            9  **Lines: (descending)**, sort articles by ''Lines:'' field descending.

            10 **Lines: (ascending)**, sort articles by ''Lines:'' field ascending.

### Sort threads by (sort_threads_type)
           This specifies how threads will be sorted. Sort by descending Score (1) is  the  default.
           The following sort types are allowed:

            0  **Nothing**, don't sort threads.

            1  **Score (descending)**, sort threads by filtering score descending (default).

            2  **Score (ascending)**, sort threads by filtering score ascending.

            3  **Last posting date (descending)**, sort threads by date of last posting descending.

            4  **Last posting date (ascending)**, sort threads by date of last posting ascending.

### Spamtrap warning address parts (spamtrap_warning_addresses)
           Set  this option to a list of comma-separated strings to be warned if you are replying to
           an article by mail where the e-mail address contains one of these strings.  The  matching
           is case-insensitive. Example:

           _spam,delete,remove_

       **Regex used to highlight *stars* (stars_regex)**
           A  regular  expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching words are
           shown in **col_markstar **or **mono_markstar**. If **stars_regex **is blank, then **tin **uses a built-in
           default.

### Strip blanks of end of lines (strip_blanks)
           Strips the blanks from the end of each line therefore speeding up the display when  read‐
           ing on a slow terminal or via modem. Default is ON.

### Remove bogus groups from newsrc (strip_bogus)
           Bogus  groups  are  groups  that are present in your _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_ file
           that no longer exist on the news server. There are 3 options. 0 means do nothing & always
           keep bogus groups.  1 means bogus groups will be permanently removed. 2 means that  bogus
           groups  will  appear on the Group Selection Menu, prefixed with a 'D'. This allows you to
           unsubscribe from them as and when you wish. Default is 0 (Always Keep).

### No unsubscribed groups in newsrc (strip_newsrc)
           If ON, then unsubscribed  groups  will  be  permanently  removed  from  your  _${TIN_HOME‐_
           _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_ file. Default is OFF.

### Regex with Subject prefixes (strip_re_regex)
           A regular expression to find Subject prefixes like "Re:" to remove.  If **strip_re_regex **is
           blank, then [**tin**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/1/markdown) uses a built-in default.

### Regex with Subject suffixes (strip_was_regex)
           A regular expression to find Subject suffixes like "(was:" to remove.  If **strip_was_regex**
           is blank, then [**tin**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/1/markdown) uses a built-in default.

### Regex used to highlight -strokes- (strokes_regex)
           A  regular  expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching words are
           shown in **col_markstroke **or **mono_markstroke**.  If **strokes_regex **is blank, then **tin  **uses  a
           built-in default.

### Wrap around threads on next unread (wrap_on_next_unread)
           If  enabled  a  search  for the next unread article will wrap around all articles to find
           also previous unread articles. If disabled the search stops at  the  end  of  the  thread
           list. Default is ON.

### Display "a as Umlaut-a (tex2iso_conv)
           If ON, show "a as Umlaut-a, etc. Default is OFF. This behavior can also be toggled in the
           article viewer via **PageToggleTex2iso **('**"**').

### Thread articles by (thread_articles)
           Defines  which  threading method to use. It's possible to set the threading type on a per
           group basis by setting the group attribute variable **thread_arts **to 0  –  4  in  the  file
           _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/attributes_.  (See  also "GROUP ATTRIBUTES".)  The default is
           Both Subject and References.  The choices are:

            0  **None**, don't thread.

            1  **Subject**, thread on ''Subject:'' only.

            2  **References**, thread on ''References:'' only.

            3  **Both Subject and References**, thread on ''References:'' then ''Subject:'' (default).

            4  **Multipart Subject**, thread multipart articles on ''Subject:''.

            5  **Percentage Match**, thread base upon a partial character match on ''Subject:''.

### Catchup thread by using left key (thread_catchup_on_exit)
           If ON catchup group/thread when leaving with the left arrow key. Default is ON.

### Format string for the Thread level (thread_format)
           Format string **tin **uses for Thread level representation. See the section "CUSTOMIZING  THE
           SCREEN FORMAT". Default is "%n %m  [%L]  %T  %F".

### Matchingness of a thread (thread_perc)
           How  closely  the  subjects  must match for two threads to be considered part of the same
           thread. This is a percentage and the default if 75%.

### Score of a thread (thread_score)
           How the total score of a thread is computed. Default is 0,  the  maximum  score  in  this
           thread.

            0  **Max**, the maximum score in this thread.

            1  **Sum**, the sum of all scores in this thread.

            2  **Average**, the average score in this thread.

### CA certificate file (tls_ca_cert_file)
           The   name   of file containing all trusted CA certificates used for NNTPS (**RFC8143**) con‐
           nections. If left  empty  the system default will be used.

### Transliteration (translit)
           If ON append //TRANSLIT to the first argument of [**iconv_open**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/iconvopen/3/markdown) to enable transliteration.
           This means that when a character cannot be represented in the target  character  set,  it
           can be approximated through one or several similarly looking characters. On systems where
           this extension doesn't exist, this option is disabled. Default is OFF.

### How to treat blank lines (trim_article_body)
           Allows  you  to  select how **tin **treats blank lines in article bodies.  Default is 0. This
           option does not affect lines within verbatim blocks.

            0  **Don't trim article body**, do nothing.

            1  **Skip leading blank lines**.

            2  **Skip trailing blank lines**.

            3  **Skip leading and trailing blank l.**, skip leading and trailing blank lines.

            4  **Compact multiple between text**, replace multiple blank lines between text blocks  with
               one blank line.

            5  **Compact multiple and skip leading**, 4 + 1

            6  **Compact multiple and skip trailing**, 4 + 2

            7  **Compact mltpl., skip lead. & trai.**, 4 + 3

### Suppress soft hyphens (suppress_soft_hyphens)
           If  ON remove soft hyphens in non verbatim blocks of articles in UTF-8 when they are dis‐
           played in a UTF-8 locale. The character SOFT HYPHEN (U+00AD) is an invisible format char‐
           acter that merely indicates a preferred intraword line break position. However, some ter‐
           minal emulators display a space or a hyphen, for example, in the place of  the  soft  hy‐
           phen. This setting can be used to improve the display of those articles. Default is OFF.

### Regex used to highlight _underline_ (underscores_regex)
           A  regular  expression that will be applied when reading articles. All matching words are
           shown in **col_markdash **or **mono_markdash**. If **underscores_regex **is blank, then  **tin  **uses  a
           built-in default.

### Remove ~/.article after posting (unlink_article)
           If ON remove _~/.article_ after posting. Default is ON.

### Program that opens URLs (url_handler)
           The  program that will be run when launching URLs in the article viewer using **PageViewUrl**
           ('**U**'). The actual URL will be appended.  Default is **url_handler.pl**.

### URL highlighting in message body (url_highlight)
           Enable highlighting URLs in message body. Default is ON.

### Use ANSI color (use_color)
           If enabled **tin **uses ANSI-colors. Default is OFF.

### Use scroll keys on keypad (use_keypad)
           Default is OFF.

### Use mouse in xterm (use_mouse)
           Allows the mouse button support in an [**xterm**(1x)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1x/markdown) to be enabled/disabled.  Default is OFF.

### Use slrnface to show ''X-Face:''s (use_slrnface)
           If enabled **tin **uses [**slrnface**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/slrnface/1/markdown) to interpret the ''X-Face:'' header. For this  option  to
           have  any  effect,  **tin  **must  be running in an [**xterm**(1x)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1x/markdown) and [**slrnface**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/slrnface/1/markdown) must be in your
           $**PATH**. Default is OFF.

### Use UTF-8 graphics (utf8_graphics)
           If ON use UTF-8 characters for indicator  ('->'),  thread/attachment  tree  and  ellipsis
           ('...'). Default is OFF.

### Regex for begin of a verbatim block (verbatim_begin_regex)
           A regular expression that **tin **will use to find the begin of a verbatim block.

### Regex for end of a verbatim block (verbatim_end_regex)
           A regular expression that **tin **will use to find the end of a verbatim block.

### Detection of verbatim blocks (verbatim_handling)
           If ON verbatim blocks will be detected. Default is ON.

### Wildcard matching (wildcard)
           Allows  you  to  select how **tin **matches strings. The default is 0 and uses the [**wildmat**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/wildmat/3/markdown)
           notation, which is how this has traditionally been handled.  Setting this to 1 allows you
           to use [**perl**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/perl/1/markdown) compatible regular expressions [**pcre**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre/3/markdown) or [**pcre2**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre2/3/markdown) (see also [**perlre**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/perlre/1/markdown) and
           [**pcrepattern**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcrepattern/3/markdown) or [**pcre2pattern**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre2pattern/3/markdown)).  You will probably want to update your filter file if
           you use this regularly.  NB: Newsgroup names will always be matched using the  [**wildmat**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/wildmat/3/markdown)
           notation.

### What to display instead of mark (word_h_display_marks)
           Should  the leading and ending stars, slashes, strokes and dashes also be displayed, even
           when they are highlighting marks?

            0  **no**

            1  yes, **display mark**

            2  print a **space **instead

### Word highlighting in message body (word_highlight)
           Enable  word  highlighting.  See  **word_h_display_marks  **for  the  options  available.  If
           **use_color  **is  enabled  the colors specified in **col_markdash**, **col_markslash**, **col_markstar**
           and **col_markstroke **are used for word highlighting else the character attributes specified
           in **mono_markdash**, **mono_markslash**, **mono_markstar **and **mono_markstroke **are used. Default  is
           ON.

### Page line wrap column (wrap_column)
           Sets  the  column  at which a displayed article body should be wrapped.  If this value is
           equal to 0, it defaults to the current screen width.  If this value is greater than  your
           current  screen width the part off-screen is not displayed. Thus setting this option to a
           large value can be used to disable wrapping. If this value is negative the wrap margin is
           the current screen width plus the given value (as long as the result is  still  positive,
           otherwise  it  will fall back to the current screen width). Default is 0, wrapping at the
           current screen width.

### Quote line when crossposting (xpost_quote_format)
           Format is the same as for **news_quote_format**, this is used when answering to a  crosspost‐
           ing to several groups with no ''Followup-To:'' set.

   **ATTRIBUTES MENU AND GROUP ATTRIBUTES**
       **tin  **allows  certain  attributes to be set on a per group basis. If it exists, the global at‐
       tributes file, _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/attributes_ is read. After that, the user's  own  at‐
       tributes file _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/attributes_ is read.  The global attributes file is
       useful for distributing system-wide defaults to new users who have no private attributes file
       yet.

       Note  that the _scope=<grouplist>_ line has to be specified before the attributes are specified
       for that list. All attributes are set to a reasonable default so you only have to specify the
       attribute that you want to change (e.g., **savedir**). All toggle attributes are set by  specify‐
       ing  ON/OFF. Otherwise, these function exactly the same as their global equivalents. For more
       details see [**tin**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/5/markdown).

       Attributes can also be changed from the attributes menu which can be accessed  by  **ConfigTog‐**
       **gleAttrib  **('**<TAB>**')  from  the  options menu or **ScopeSelect **('**^J**' or '**<CR>**') from the scopes
       menu.  The attributes menu looks and behaves very similar to  the  options  menu.  The  title
       shows  the current scope. Attributes set in the current scope are marked with '+' to the left
       of the attributes number.

       Besides the keys for moving around and changing values known from the options  menu  the  at‐
       tributes  menu  provides  the  following command: **ConfigResetAttrib **('**r**') which resets an at‐
       tribute to a default value.

   **SCOPES MENU**
       The scopes menu (accessible from the options  menu  with  **ConfigScopeMenu  **('**S**'))  shows  all
       scopes  read  from  the  global and local attributes file.  Scopes from the global attributes
       file are marked with '!' to the left of the scope number. Delete/rename/move are not possible
       with those scopes.

       In addition to the common moving keys the following commands are available: **ScopeSelect **('**^J**'
       or '**<CR>**') enter the attributes menu for the  current  scope,  **ScopeEditAttributesFile  **('**E**')
       edit  the local attributes file, **ScopeAdd **('**a**') add a new scope, **ScopeDelete **('**d**') delete the
       current scope, **ScopeMove **('**m**') move the current scope to a new  position,  **ScopeRename  **('**r**')
       rename the current scope. **ToggleHelpDisplay **('**H**') toggles the help mini menu at the bottom of
       the screen and posting etiquette after composing an article (**beginner_level**).

   **FILTERING ARTICLES**
       When  there  is  a subject or an author which you are either very interested in, or find com‐
       pletely uninteresting, you can easily instruct **tin **to _auto-select_ or _auto-kill_ articles  that
       match  _rules_ that you specify. This can be anything from the name of the author to the number
       of lines in an article.

       When **tin **starts up the user's kill-file _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/filter_ (see also [**tin**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/5/markdown))
       is read. Each time a newsgroup is entered the rules are applied and articles  killed  or  se‐
       lected when they meet certain criteria.

       The  degree  to  which  rules  are applied depend on the **kill_level **tinrc setting. By default
       killed articles will only be marked read. Adjust **kill_level **for more  aggressive  processing.
       Articles that match an auto-selection rule are marked with a ''*''.

       Filtering  rules  can be manually entered into _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/filter_ (but don't
       do this whilst running **tin **else you will lose your changes) or by  using  an  on-screen  menu
       within **tin**.

       The  filtering capabilities of **tin **have been significantly enhanced over previous versions to
       include scoring and better pattern matching. It is recommended that you read the file _filter‐_
       _ing_ in the **tin **documentation directory. This file can also be read online at
       <<http://www.tin.org/filtering.txt>>.

       The on-screen filtering menu is accessed by pressing **MenuFilterKill **('**^K**')  or  **MenuFilterSe‐**
       **lect  **('**^A**') at the Group and Article levels. It allows the user to kill or select an article
       that matches the current ''Subject:'' line, ''From:'' line or a string entered by  the  user.
       The  user  entered string can be applied to the ''Subject:'' or ''From:'' line of an article.
       The filter can be limited to the current newsgroup or it can apply to  all  newsgroups.  Once
       entered the user can abort the command and not save the new filter, edit the full filter file
       or save filter.

   **POSTING ARTICLES**
       **tin  **allows  posting  of  articles,  follow-up to already posted articles and replying direct
       through mail to the author of an article.

       Use the **Post **('**w**') command to post an article to a newsgroup.  After entering the  post  sub‐
       ject the default editor (i.e., [**vi**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/vi/1/markdown)) or the editor specified by the $**VISUAL **or $**EDITOR **envi‐
       ronment variable will be started and the article can be entered. To crosspost articles simply
       add  a  comma  and the name of the newsgroup(s) to the end of the ''Newsgroups:'' line at the
       beginning of the article. After saving and exiting the editor you are asked if  you  wish  to
       a)bort  posting  the  article,  e)dit the article again or p)ost the article to the specified
       newsgroup(s).

       Use the **DisplayPostHist **('**W**') command to display a history of the articles you  have  posted.
       The  date the article was posted, which newsgroups the article was posted to and the articles
       subject line are displayed. See the section "POSTING HISTORY LISTING" for more information.

       Use the **PageFollowupQuote **('**f**'), **PageFollowup **('**F**') or **PageFollowupQuoteHeaders  **('**^W**')  com‐
       mand  to post a follow-up article to an already posted article. The **PageFollowupQuote **command
       will copy the text of the original article into the editor. The **PageFollowupQuoteHeaders **com‐
       mand will copy the text and all headers of the original article into the editor. The  editing
       procedure is the same as when posting an article with the **Post **('**w**') command.

       Use  the **PageReplyQuote **('**r**'), **PageReply **('**R**') or **PageReplyQuoteHeaders **('**^E**') command to re‐
       ply direct through mail to the author of an already posted article. The  **PageReplyQuote  **com‐
       mand  will  copy  the text of the original article into the editor. The **PageReplyQuoteHeaders**
       command will copy the text and all headers of the original article into the editor. The edit‐
       ing procedure is the same as when posting an article with the **Post **('**w**') command. After  sav‐
       ing  and  exiting  the  editor  you  are  asked  if you wish to abort sending the article via
       **PostAbort **('**a**'), edit the article again via **PostEdit **('**e**') or send the article to the  author
       via **PostSend **('**s**').

   **CUSTOMIZING THE ARTICLE QUOTE STRING**
       When  posting  a  followup  to  an article or replying direct to the author of an article via
       email the text of the article can be quoted. The beginning of the quoted text can contain in‐
       formation about the quoted article (e.g., Name and the Message-ID of the article).  To  allow
       for  different  situations  certain  information  from  the article can be used in the quoted
       string. The following variables are expanded if found in the tinrc variables  **mail_quote_for‐**
       **mat**, **news_quote_format **or **xpost_quote_format**:
              **%A  **Address (Email)
              **%D  **Date (uses **date_format**)
              **%F  **Full address (%N <%A>)
              **%G  **Groupname
              **%M  **Message-ID
              **%N  **Fullname of author
              **%C  **Firstname of author
              **%I  **Initials of author
       e.g.,
              mail_quote_format=On %D in %G you wrote:
              news_quote_format=In %M, %F wrote:
       would expand to:
              On 21 Sep 1993 09:45:51 -0400 in alt.sources you wrote:
              In <<abcINN123@example.org>>, Joe Bar <<joe@example.org>> wrote:
       The  quoted text section of an article is marked by a preceding quote string at the beginning
       of each quoted line. The default quote string is set to '>_'. The default can be  changed  by
       setting  the  tinrc  variable **quote_chars **to ones own preference. (Note that '_' underline is
       used to represent a space).

### MAILING PIPING PRINTING REPOSTING AND SAVING ARTICLES
       The command interface to **GroupMail**, **PageMail**, **PostMail **or **ThreadMail **('**m**'), **Pipe **('**|**'), **Print**
       ('**o**'), **PageRepost **or **GroupRepost  **('**x**')  and  **GroupSave**,  **PageSave  **or  **ThreadSave  **('**s**'  and
       **GroupAutoSave**, **PageAutoSave **or **ThreadAutoSave **'**S**') articles is the same for ease of use.

       Auto-saving with ***AutoSave **('**S**') is a special case and operates only on marked articles. They
       will processed without any further prompting according to the default save parameters defined
       in tinrc or by any attributes set for the current group.

       Otherwise,  the  initial  prompt  will ask you to select which article, thread, hot (auto-se‐
       lected), regular expression pattern, tagged articles you wish to mail, pipe etc.

       Tagged articles must have already been tagged with a ***Tag **('**t**') command. All tagged  articles
       can be untagged by a ***Untag **('**U**') untag command.

       If  a regular expression pattern is selected you are asked to enter a pattern (e.g., to match
       all articles subject lines containing 'net News' you enter "net  News").  Any  articles  that
       match  the entered expression will be mailed, piped etc. See also the **wildcard **tinrc variable
       for advanced pattern matching options.

       Various expansion characters are recognized when entering the directory and file to save  to.
       Environment  variables  (prefixed  with  '$')  and  user home directories (prefixed by '~' or
       '~username') can be specified.  Environment variables can themselves  contain  other  special
       characters.

       To  save  articles  to a mailbox enter '=<mailbox name>' when asked for the save filename. If
       you enter just '=' then articles will be saved to a mailbox with  the  name  of  the  current
       newsgroup (eg, alt.sources).  See **maildir**.

       To  save  in  savedir/<news.group.name>/<filename>  format enter '+<filename>'.  See **savedir**.
       Like '+' %G is expanded to the current news.group.name but without **savedir  **prefixed.  %P  is
       expanded to the news.group.name with all '.' replaced by '/'.

       If  saving  multiple  files  at once the filename (if not referring to a mailbox) will be ex‐
       tended by ".num" where "num" is at least 3 digit number counting up from 1. Environment vari‐
       ables are allowed within a filename (e.g., _$SOURCES/dir/filename_).

       When saving articles you can specify whether the saved files should be post processed. A  de‐
       fault process type can be set via **post_process_type**.

   **AUTOMATIC MAILING AND SAVING NEW NEWS**
       **tin  **allows new/unread news articles to be mailed (''**-M**'' and ''**-N**'' option) or saved (''**-S**''
       option) in batch mode for later reading. Useful when going on holiday and you don't  want  to
       return  and  find  that  expire  has removed a whole load of unread articles. Best to run via
       [**cron**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/cron/8/markdown) everyday while away, after which you will be mailed a report of which  articles  were
       mailed/saved  from  which  newsgroups and the total number of articles mailed/saved. Articles
       are saved in a private news structure under your **savedir **directory  (default  is  _${TIN_HOME‐_
       _DIR:-"$HOME"}/News_).  Be careful of using this option if you read a lot of groups because you
       could overflow your file system.

       When using ''**-S**'' together with a given directory to save to (''**-s**'' option), the same direc‐
       tory must be specified when reading the articles by ''**-R**''.

       If  you only want to save some of your groups use the **batch_save **tinrc variable. Set to ON or
       OFF in tinrc to enable/disable saving of all groups and then use the **batch_save **attribute  to
       fine  tune which groups you want to have saved. For example, if you want to save most of your
       groups, then set **batch_save **to ON in tinrc and selectively turn off the ones you  don't  want
       using attributes.

### tin -M iain -c -f newsrc.mail
                           (mail  any unread articles in newsgroups specified in file newsrc.mail to
                           the local user iain and mark them as read)

### tin -S -c -f newsrc.save
                           (save any unread articles in newsgroups specified in file newsrc.save and
                           mark them as read)

       **tin -R              **(read any articles saved by **tin -S**)

   **RANGES**
       A range is simply a group of items marked using the **SetRange **(**'#'**) key. Certain **tin  **commands
       will  operate  on  a range if one exists rather than just the current item. A range is an ex‐
       pression of the form <min>–<max>, e.g. 10–15 will highlight items 10 through 15 on  the  cur‐
       rent  screen.  Other than absolute numeric positions, '.' can be used in place of the current
       cursor position and '$' can be used to mean the highest number available. Entering '0' at the
       prompt undoes the previously entered range selection. Currently the only commands that under‐
       stand ranges are **GroupMarkThdRead **('**K**'), **MarkArtUnread **('**z**') and **MarkThdUnread **('**Z**').

### NEWSGROUP LISTS & WILDCARDS
       Several places in **tin **allow you to specify a list of newsgroups. These  include  command-line
       groups, (un)subscribe groups, the AUTO[UN]SUBSCRIBE mechanism. The scope= attributes file tag
       and  the  filter file group= tag also use the same syntax. **tin **interprets this variable simi‐
       larly to [**rn**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rn/1/markdown).  It contains a list of patterns, separated by commas  and  possibly  prefixed
       with exclamation points. An exclamation point negates the meaning of a match on this pattern,
       and  can  be  used to cancel certain matches. See [**wildmat**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/wildmat/3/markdown) for details about the understood
       patterns. Some examples:

       _alt.config,news.*,!news.test_

       Matches alt.config and everything in the 'news' hierarchy except news.test

       See the explanation for the $**AUTOSUBSCRIBE **and $**AUTOUNSUBSCRIBE **variables for  further  exam‐
       ples.

   **SIGNATURES**
       **tin  **will  recognize  a signature in either _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.signature_ or _${TIN_HOME‐_
       _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.Sig_.  If _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.signature_ exists, then the signature will be
       pulled into the editor for mail commands only. A signature in _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.signa‐_
       _ture_ will not be pulled into the editor for posting commands since [**inews**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/inews/1/markdown) will  append  the
       signature itself.

       A  signature  in _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.Sig_ will be pulled into the editor for both posting
       and mailing commands.

       The following is an example of a _.Sig_ file:
              NAMES  Joe Bar <<joe@example.org>>
              SNAIL  Musterweg 12, 99999 Notreal, Germany

       **tin **also has the capability to generate random signatures on a per newsgroup basis if so  de‐
       sired.  The way to accomplish this is to specify the default signature or the group attribute
       sigfile as a directory. If for example the sigfile path is _/usr/iain/.sigs_ and _.sigs_ is a di‐
       rectory then **tin **will select a random signature from any file that is in the directory  _.sigs_
       (note:  one signature per numbered file). A random signature can also consist of a fixed part
       signature that can contain your name, address etc. followed by the random sig. The fixed part
       of the random sig is read from the file _$HOME/.sigfixed_.

   **CUSTOMIZING THE SCREEN FORMAT**
       The look of the Selection, Group and Thread level can be customized via format strings. These
       format strings define the content and the position of each element on the  screen.  Variables
       are used within the format strings as placeholders. The following variables are available:

          **%D    **date
          **%F    **from, name and/or address
          **%G    **newsgroup name
          **%I    **initials
          **%L    **line count
          **%M    **message-id
          **%R    **number of responses in thread
          **%S    **score
          **%T    **thread tree
          **%U    **unread count
          **%d    **newsgroup description
          **%f    **newsgroup flag
          **%m    **article marks
          **%n    **current group/thread/article number
          **%s    **subject
          **%%    **%

       Not all variables can be used in each level. The following table provides an overview:

              **select_format group_format thread_format**
          **%D                      **X            X
          **%F                      **X            X
          **%G        **X
          **%I                      **X            X
          **%L                      **X            X
          **%M                      **X            X
          **%R                      **X
          **%S                      **X            X
          **%T                                   **X
          **%U        **X
          **%d        **X
          **%f        **X
          **%m                      **X            X
          **%n        **X             X            X
          **%s                      **X
          **%%        **X             X            X

       Defaults for the format strings:

          **select_format**: "**%f %n %U  %G  %d**"
          **group_format**:  "**%n %m %R %L  %s  %F**"
          **thread_format**: "**%n %m  [%L]  %T  %F**"

       **show_description  **controls whether the newsgroup description is shown or not. The description
       can also be toggled with **SelectToggleDescriptions **('**d**').

       The information displayed with '**%F**' depends on the value of **show_author**.  **GroupToggleSubjDis‐**
       **play **resp.  **ThreadToggleSubjDisplay **('**d**') switches through all available options.

       For  date  representation  '**%D**'  uses **date_format**. It is possible to specify a different date
       format in round brackets (e.g. '**%(%d %b %y %H:%M)D**'). See **date_format **for more details.

       The length of each item (except '**%%**') can be defined with a positive number  after  the  '**%**'.
       The following example displays the score in the thread level 10 characters wide: '**%10S**'.

       If  the newsgroup name is displayed together with the newsgroup description, the width of the
       newsgroup name can  be  controlled  via  an  optional  comma  separated  second  value  (e.g.
       '**%60,20G**').  It  is  valid  to  omit  the first value (e.g. ('**%,20G**')). If no second value is
       given, **tin **uses a default value of 32.

       Some variables do have a default width which may lead to truncation.   Truncation  for  vari‐
       ables which contain only numbers happens by dividing the value with a sufficient power of ten
       and  adding  a  SI  suffix to the result, that is the variable holds a value of 54321 and the
       width for the variable is 4 the result will be "54 k". If that's undesired you have to  spec‐
       ify a larger width manually, e.g. '**%6n**'. Here is an overview of the defaults:

          Variable  width
          **%I         **3
          **%L         **4
          **%M        **10
          **%R         **3
          **%S         **6
          **%U         **5
          **%n         **4

       If  no  length  is given for '**%D**', the length is determined by the format string for the date
       and the date of the current day. If the date format string contains weekdays or months  names
       it  may  happen  that the date is longer than determined in the first pass. In this case, the
       date is truncated before display. This occurs, for example, if the current month is  May  and
       the  article  to  which  the date is displayed was posted in December. In such cases it might
       useful to determine the maximum length manually and specify the length in the format string.

       In case the format string contains '**%G**' and '**%d**' and no length are given, **tin **determines  the
       longest newsgroup name and uses this length for '**%G**'. The remaining space will used for '**%d**'.

       When  the  format  string  contains  the specifier '**%F**' and '**%s**' resp. '**%T**' and no length are
       given, '**%F**' will use one third and '**%s**' resp. '**%T**' will use two third of the available space.

       In addition, a minimum screen width can be defined for each item (except '**%%**'). In this case,
       the item will only be displayed when the screen is wider than specified. This comes in  handy
       to  not  overload  a small screen but have maximum information on a large screen. The minimum
       screen width has to be specified by a positive number preceded by an '**>**'.  In  the  following
       example **tin **will display the score only if the screen is wider than 100 characters: '**%>100S**'.

       If  both  the length and the minimum screen width should be specified for an item, the length
       must be the first parameter and the minimum screen width must be the second one. The  follow‐
       ing  example  displays  the  score with a length of 10 characters only if the screen is wider
       than 100 characters: '**%10>100S**'.

       The look of the Attachment level and the mime and uue header at Page level can be  customized
       too via format strings.  The following variables are available:

          **%C    **Charset
          **%c    **Like %C but with description
          **%D    **Line count
          **%d    **Like %D but with description
          **%E    **Content encoding
          **%e    **Like %E but with description
          **%I    **Complete/incomplete UUE part indicator
          **%L    **Language
          **%l    **Like %L but with description
          **%N    **Name
          **%n    **Like %N but with description
          **%S    **Content subtype
          **%s    **Like %S but with description
          **%T    **Content type
          **%t    **Like %T but with description
          **%Z    **Size in bytes
          **%z    **Like %Z but with description
          **%%    **%

       Not all items can be used in each variable. The following table provides an overview:

### attachment_format page_mime_format  page_uue_format
          **%C   **X                 X
          **%c   **X                 X
          **%D   **X                 X                X
          **%d   **X                 X                X
          **%E   **X                 X                X
          **%e   **X                 X                X
          **%I                                      **X
          **%L   **X                 X
          **%l   **X                 X
          **%N                     **X                X
          **%n                     **X                X
          **%S   **X                 X                X
          **%s   **X                 X                X
          **%T   **X                 X                X
          **%t   **X                 X                X
          **%Z   **X                 X                X
          **%z   **X                 X                X
          **%%   **X                 X                X

       By  default,  the  string is not truncated. If it exceeds the screen width, it is wrapped. If
       the % sign is followed by an exclamation mark ('!') for uppercase  letters,  the  element  is
       omitted  if  there  is not enough space. If the % sign is followed by an asterisk ('*') for a
       lowercase letter, the description is omitted if there is not enough space. If the %  sign  is
       followed  by  an  exclamation  mark  ('!') for a lowercase letter, the description is omitted
       first and then the content. The shortening is always from right to left, first  the  descrip‐
       tion  is omitted and when no more description is displayed, the content is omitted. If %T and
       %S follow each other directly a '/' will be inserted in between. %Z will always have one dec‐
       imal point and may have a one letter bi-suffix.

       Defaults for the format strings:

          **attachment_format**:           "**%T%S%E%C%d**"
          **page_mime_format**:            "**[-- %T%S%*n%z%*l%!c%!d%*e --]**"
          **page_uue_format**:             "**[-- %T%S%*n%I%!d%*e --]**"

   **TIPS AND TRICKS**
       **tin **can be pretty much be navigated by using the four cursor keys.  The left arrow  key  goes
       up  a  level,  the right arrow key goes down a level, the up arrow key goes up a line and the
       down arrow key goes down a line.

       The following newsgroups provide useful information concerning news software:
           —news.software.readers (info. about news user agents tin, rn, nn, slrn etc.)
           —news.software.nntp (info. about NNTP)
           —news.answers (Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about many different themes)

       Many prompts within **tin **offer a default choice that the cursor is positioned on. By  pressing
       '**<CR>**' the default value is taken.  Most prompts can be aborted by pressing '**<ESC>**'.

       When **tin **is run in an [**xterm**(1x)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1x/markdown) it will resize itself each time the [**xterm**(1x)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1x/markdown) is resized.

       **tin  **will reread the _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}"/"${TIN_ACTIVEFILE:-active}_ file at set inter‐
       vals (**reread_active_file_secs**) to show any newly arrived news.

       If you find large number of new newsgroups cluttering up  your  screen,  pressing  **SelectTog‐**
       **gleReadDisplay **('**r**') will make them go away.

   **XTERM BUTTONS**
       If  the  environment  variable **$TERM **is set to [**xterm**(1x)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1x/markdown), then button pressing can be used to
       select groups and articles. In this discussion, the buttons are assumed to be  assigned  con‐
       ventionally (i.e., Button1 is the left button).

       In general (i.e., for the group, thread and article menus),

       Button1 (left)
                 enters next (lower) level if you click on an article, otherwise pages down.

       Button2 (center)
                 returns  to  the previous (upper) level if you click on an article, otherwise pages
                 up.

       Button3 (right)
                 positions on the article line under mouse cursor, or pages down if  you've  clicked
                 outside the list of articles.

       In the group selection menu, if the mouse is pointing at a group then:

       left button
                 moves to and selects the group pointed at, just like **SelectReadGrp **('**<CR>**').

       center button
                 quits the program, just like **Quit **('**q**').

       right button
                 moves to the group pointed at.

       In the article menu, if the mouse is pointing at an article (or thread) then:

       left button
                 reads  the article pointed at, just like **GroupReadBasenote **('**<CR>**'), or the thread,
                 just like **GroupListThd **('**l**').

       center button
                 exits the menu, catching up on the group if you have **group_catchup_on_exit  **set  in
                 your configuration, just like **Quit **('**q**').

       right button
                 moves to the article (or thread) pointed at.

       In the thread menu, if the mouse is pointing at an article then:

       left button
                 reads article pointed at, just like **ThreadReadArt **('**<CR>**').

       center button
                 exits the menu, catching up on the thread if you have **thread_catchup_on_exit **set in
                 your configuration, just like **Quit **('**q**').

       right button
                 moves to the article pointed at.

       In  other  menus  and areas button pressing reverts back to usual cut and paste of [**xterm**(1x)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1x/markdown),
       but after one click of any button.

   **INDEX FILES**
       If your news server supports NOV index files (see [**newsoverview**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/newsoverview/5/markdown), most modern  installations
       will) and you have a fast connection to your news server then this section can be ignored.

       If  your  news  server  doesn't support NOV index files or you have a very slow connection to
       your news server then **tin **can cache the index for each newsgroup if  **cache_overview_files  **is
       set  to ON.  Note that this cache can use up large amounts of disk space if you read a lot of
       groups and/or high traffic groups.

       Each user creates/updates his/her own  index  files  that  are  stored  in  _${TIN_INDEX_NEWS‐_
       _DIR:-"${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin"}/.news/_. If you are reading via NNTP then the news server
       name  will be appended to keep the indexes for different servers separate. If you are reading
       off the local spool and local overview files already exist then turning on caching will  have
       no  effect. Likewise unless you see significant delays entering a group when reading via NNTP
       then turning on caching will have little or no effect.

       Entering a group the first time tends to be slow because the index file must  be  built  from
       scratch.  To  alleviate  the  slowness start **tin **to create all index files for the groups you
       subscribe to with **tin -u -v **and go for a coffee. Subsequent readings of  a  group  will  only
       need  to  do incremental updating of the index file and will be much faster as only new arti‐
       cles will need to be cached.

       As indexing might take some time you may want to run **tin **from the system batcher [**cron**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/cron/8/markdown) with
       the ''**-u**'' option:

              30 6 * * * /usr/local/bin/tin -u

       If you are low on local disk space you should consider to  manually  purge  cached  data  for
       groups you are not reading anymore with something like:

              find ${TIN_INDEX_NEWSDIR:-"${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin"}/.news* \
              -type f -name "[0-9]*.[0-9]" -atime +28 | xargs rm -f

## FILES
       For a detailed description see [**tin**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/5/markdown).

       _$MAILCAPS_
       _~/.mailcap_
       _/etc/mailcap_
       _/usr/etc/mailcap_
       _/usr/local/etc/mailcap_
       _/etc/mail/mailcap_

       _/etc/news/server_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.cancelsecret_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.mime.types_
       _/etc/mime.types_
       _/etc/tin/mime.types_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsauth_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/$NNTPSERVER${NNTPPORT:+":$NNTPPORT"}/.oldnewsrc_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.signature_
       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.Sig_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.sigfixed_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/.inputhistory_

       _${TIN_INDEX_MAILDIR:-"${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin"}/.mail/_

       _${TIN_INDEX_NEWSDIR:-"${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin"}/.news${NNTPSERVER:+"-$NNTPSERVER"}/_

       _${TIN_INDEX_SAVEDIR:-"${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin"}/.save/_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/active.mail_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/active.save_

       _/etc/tin/attributes_
       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/attributes_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/filter_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/keymap${${LC_ALL:-"${LC_MESSAGES:-"${LC_CTYPE:-"$LANG"}"}"}:+".${LC_ALL:-"${LC_MESSAGES:-"${LC_CTYPE:-"$LANG"}"}"}"}_
       _/etc/tin/keymap${${LC_ALL:-"${LC_MESSAGES:-"${LC_CTYPE:-"$LANG"}"}"}:+".${LC_ALL:-"${LC_MESSAGES:-"${LC_CTYPE:-"$LANG"}"}"}"}_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/mailgroups_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/newsrctable_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/posted_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/Mail/posted_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/postponed.articles_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/$NNTPSERVER${NNTPPORT:+":$NNTPPORT"}/newsgroups_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/$NNTPSERVER${NNTPPORT:+":$NNTPPORT"}/serverrc_

       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/$NNTPSERVER${NNTPPORT:+":$NNTPPORT"}/msglog_

       _/etc/tin/tinrc_
       _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/tinrc_

       _/etc/tin/tin.defaults_

       _/usr/local/share/locale/${LC_MESSAGES}/LC_MESSAGES/tin.mo_

       _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}"/"${TIN_ACTIVEFILE:-active}_

       _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/active.times_

       _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/newsgroups_

       _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/organization_

       _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/overview.fmt_

       _${TIN_LIBDIR:-NEWSLIBDIR}/subscriptions_

## ENVIRONMENT
       **TINRC  **Define  this  variable  if you want to specify command-line options that **tin **should be
              started with to save typing them each time it is started. The contents of the environ‐
              ment variable are added to the front of the command-line options before it  is  parsed
              therefore allowing an option specified on the command-line to override the same option
              specified in the environment.

       **TIN_HOMEDIR**
              Define  this  variable  if  you do not want the _.tin_ directory in _$HOME/_. E.g., if you
              want all **tin**'s private files in _/tmp/.tin_ you would set $**TIN_HOMEDIR **to _/tmp_.

       **TIN_INDEX_NEWSDIR**
              Define  this  variable  if  you  do  not  want  the  _.news_  directory  in  _${TIN_HOME‐_
              _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/_.  E.g.,  if  you want all **tin**'s news index files in _/tmp/.news_ you
              would set $**TIN_INDEX_NEWSDIR **to _/tmp_.

       **TIN_INDEX_MAILDIR**
              Define  this  variable  if  you  do  not  want  the  _.mail_  directory  in  _${TIN_HOME‐_
              _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/_.  E.g.,  if  you want all **tin**'s mail index files in _/tmp/.mail_ you
              would set $**TIN_INDEX_MAILDIR **to _/tmp_.

       **TIN_INDEX_SAVEDIR**
              Define  this  variable  if  you  do  not  want  the  _.save_  directory  in  _${TIN_HOME‐_
              _DIR:-"$HOME"}/.tin/_.  E.g.,  if  you want all **tin**'s save index files in _/tmp/.save_ you
              would set $**TIN_INDEX_SAVEDIR **to _/tmp_.

       **TIN_LIBDIR**
              Define this variable if you want to override the **NEWSLIBDIR  **path  that  was  compiled
              into the **tin **binary, default is _/usr/lib/news_.  If **tin **is running in NNTP mode setting
              this variable has no effect.

       **TIN_SPOOLDIR**
              Define  this variable if you want to override the **SPOOLDIR **path that was compiled into
              the **tin **binary, default is _/var/spool/news_.  If **tin **is running in  NNTP  mode  setting
              this variable has no effect.

       **TIN_NOVROOTDIR**
              Define  this  variable  if  you want to override the **NOVROOTDIR **path that was compiled
              into the **tin **binary, default is **SPOOLDIR **(see above). If **tin **is running in  NNTP  mode
              setting this variable has no effect.

       **TIN_NOVFILENAME**
              Define  this variable if you want to override the **OVERVIEW_FILE **filename that was com‐
              piled into the **tin **binary, default is _.overview_. If **tin **is running in NNTP  mode  set‐
              ting this variable has no effect.

       **TIN_ACTIVEFILE**
              Define  this variable if you want to override the **NEWSLIBDIR/active **path that was com‐
              piled into the **tin **binary. If **tin **is running in NNTP mode setting this variable has no
              effect. If $**TIN_LIBDIR **is set it is prepended to $**TIN_ACTIVEFILE**.

       **NNTPSERVER**
              The default NNTP server to remotely read news from. This variable only needs to be set
              if the ''**-r**'' command-line option is specified and the file _/etc/news/server_ does  not
              exist. The ''**-g**'' command line option overrides $**NNTPSERVER**.

       **NNTPPORT**
              The  NNTP  TCP-port  to read news from. This variable only needs to be set if the TCP-
              port is not 119 (the default). The ''**-p**'' and ''**-T**'' command-line options do  override
              $**NNTPPORT**.

       **DISTRIBUTION**
              Set the article header field ''Distribution:'' to the contents of the variable instead
              of the system default.

       **ISO2ASC**
              Set  the  ISO  to ASCII charset decoding table character to use in decoding an article
              text. Values can range from -1 to 6.

            **-1     **no conversion

            **0      **universal table for many languages

            **1      **single-spacing universal table

            **2      **table for Danish, Dutch, German, Norwegian and Swedish

            **3      **table for Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish using the  appropriate  ISO  646
                   variant

            **4      **table with **RFC1345 **codes in brackets

            **5      **table for printers that allow overstriking with backspace

            **6      **table for IBM PC character set (code page 437)

       **ORGANIZATION**
              Set the article header field ''Organization:'' to the contents of the variable instead
              of  the  system  default. If it points to a readable file a random line from that file
              will be used. If reading news on an Apollo DomainOS machine the  environment  variable
              $**NEWSORG **has to be used instead of $**ORGANIZATION**.

### NEWSORG (DomainOS)
              DomainOS specific, same as $**ORGANIZATION **on other OSs (see above).

       **REPLYTO**
              Set  the  article  header  field  ''Reply-To:'' to the return address specified by the
              variable. This is useful if you wish to receive replies at a different address.

       **NAME   **Overrides the full name given in the gecos-field in  _/etc/passwd_,  see  also  **mail_ad‐**
              **dress**.

       **REALNAME**
              Same as $**NAME**.

       **HOME   **Pathname of the user's home directory. See [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more info.

       **MAILER **This variable has precedence over the default mailer that is used in all mailing oper‐
              ations within **tin**.

       **MAIL   **Full path to the user's mailbox.

       **VISUAL **This variable has precedence over the default editor (i.e., [**vi**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/vi/1/markdown)) that is used in all
              editing  operations  within **tin **(e.g., posting, replying, follow-ups, ...). Evaluation
              order is _${VISUAL:-"${EDITOR:-vi}"}_. See [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more info.

       **EDITOR **If $**VISUAL **is unset, then this variable is looked up for a default editor. If  $**EDITOR**
              and  $**VISUAL **are both unset, **tin **uses the systems default editor (i.e.  [**vi**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/vi/1/markdown) on UNIX-
              systems). See [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more info.

       **AUTOSUBSCRIBE**
              A new group is checked against the list of patterns; if it matches, **tin **subscribes the
              user to the group without further query.  See the section  "NEWSGROUP  LISTS  &  WILD‐
              CARDS" for an explanation of the valid syntax. For example, setting

              _AUTOSUBSCRIBE=comp.os.unix.*,talk.*,!talk.politics.*_

              will automatically subscribe the user to all new groups in the comp.os.unix hierarchy,
              and  all  talk  groups  other  than talk.politics groups (which will be queried for as
              usual). Of course this does not work if **tin **is started with  the  ''**-X**''  command-line
              switch.

       **AUTOUNSUBSCRIBE**
              Is  handled  like the $**AUTOSUBSCRIBE **variable, but groups matching the list are unsub‐
              scribed from without further query. For example, setting

              _AUTOUNSUBSCRIBE=alt.flame.*,u*,!uk.*_

              will automatically unsubscribe the user from all new alt.flame groups and  all  groups
              starting with u (university groups) other than UK groups (which will be queried for as
              usual).

       **TMPDIR **A pathname of a directory made available for **tin **to create temporary files.

       **MAILCAPS**
              This  variable  can  be used to override the default path search for [**mailcap**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mailcap/5/markdown) files.
              See also [**tin**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/5/markdown).

       **NOMETAMAIL**
              Set this variable to disable the use of [**metamail**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/metamail/1/markdown) or a replacement (e.g. metamutt).

       **MM_CHARSET**
              MIME character set used if not configured via the tinrc variable **mm_charset**.

       **ISPELL **Set this variable to point to [**ispell**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ispell/1/markdown) or a replacement and its cmd-line options.

       **PGPOPTS**
              Define any additional options that you wish to pass to your [**pgp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgp/1/markdown) or [**gpg**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/gpg/1/markdown) program.

       **PGPPATH**
              Override the name of the [**pgp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgp/1/markdown) directory in **$HOME **that holds your keys etc..

       **GNUPGHOME**
              Override the name of the [**gpg**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/gpg/1/markdown) directory in **$HOME **that holds your keys etc..

       **LC_CTYPE**
              This variable determines the [**locale**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/locale/5/markdown) category for character handling functions. Usu‐
              ally it determines the character classes for pattern matching character classification
              and case conversion. Currently this is  not  true  for  **tin  **(which  temporary  unsets
              **$LC_CTYPE  **right before any match is done to avoid confusion).  Its value should be of
              the form _language_[__territory_][_.codeset_][_@modifier_]. See [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for  more  informa‐
              tion.

       **LC_MESSAGES**
              Formats  of  informative and diagnostic messages and interactive responses.  Its value
              should be of the form  _language_[__territory_][_.codeset_][_@modifier_].  See  [**locale**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/locale/5/markdown)  and
              [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more information.

       **LC_TIME**
              Date  and  time  formats.  Its value should be of the form _language_[__territory_][_.code‐_
              _set_][_@modifier_]. See [**locale**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/locale/5/markdown) and [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more information.

       **LC_ALL **This variable overrides the value of the **$LANG **variable and any other  **$LC_  **variable.
              Its  value  should  be  of  the form _language_[__territory_][_.codeset_]. See [**locale**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/locale/5/markdown) and
              [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more information.

       **LANG   **This variable determines the [**locale**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/locale/5/markdown) category for any category not specifically  se‐
              lected  with  a  variable  starting  with  **$LC_**.  Its value should be of the form _lan‐_
              _guage_[__territory_][_.codeset_]. See [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more information.

       **LANGUAGE**
              This variable defines a priority list for translations. Whenever a translation is  not
              available  in  the  language  selected via **$LC_ALL **or **$LANG **the next language from the
              list is tried. Its value should  be  of  the  form  _language:language[:language]_.  See
              [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more information.

       **COLUMNS**
              A  decimal integer > 0 used to indicate the user's preferred width in column positions
              for the terminal screen or window. If this variable is unset or null, the  implementa‐
              tion  determines  the  number of columns, appropriate for the terminal or window. When
              **$COLUMNS **is set, any terminal-width information implied by **$TERM **will  be  overridden.
              Users  and  portable applications should not set **$COLUMNS **unless they wish to override
              the system selection and produce output unrelated to the terminal characteristics.

       **LINES  **A decimal integer > 0 used to indicate the user's preferred number of lines on a  page
              or the vertical screen or window size in lines. A line in this case is a vertical mea‐
              sure  large enough to hold the tallest character in the character set being displayed.
              If this variable is unset or null, the implementation determines the number of  lines,
              appropriate for the terminal or window. When **$LINES **is set, any terminal-height infor‐
              mation implied by **$TERM **will be overridden. Users and portable applications should not
              set **$LINES **unless they wish to override the system selection.

       **TERM   **The  type  of  terminal  in  use. This is used when looking up termcap sequences.  See
              [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown) for more information.

       **DISPLAY**
              Display name, pointing to the X server; required for xface.

       **WINDOWID**
              Used for determining terminal's X window id; required for xface. Should be set by  the
              terminal emulator.

       **SHELL  **The pathname of the user's login shell. Used to set **default_shell_command**.

       **XDG_RUNTIME_DIR**
              The pathname of the user's dir to put non-essential run time files into.

## SIGNALS
       **tin **handles a couple of signals:

       **SIGHUP **Terminate gracefully.

       **SIGTERM**
              Terminate gracefully.

       **SIGUSR1**
              Terminate gracefully but do not restore terminal (tty).

       **SIGUSR2**
              Write out _${TIN_HOMEDIR:-"$HOME"}/.newsrc_-file.

## SECURITY
       If  **tin  **is  started  in debug mode (''**-D n**'') it will create world readable files in **$TMPDIR**
       which may contain sensitive data like the users NNTP password in cleartext (if  running  ver‐
       bose).  On  multiuser-systems **$TMPDIR **should be set to a safe location before starting **tin **in
       (verbose) debug mode (e.g. **TMPDIR=$HOME tin -vD 1**).

       Using the ''**-k**'' option to skip certificate verification makes the session  insecure  as  the
       server's certificate is not checked; avoid this option whenever possible.

       If the server does not initially require authentication but supports compression and compres‐
       sion  is  requested, **tin **will exit when authentication is required later on. Using the ''**-A**''
       command line option in conjunction with ''**-C**'' circumvents this behavior.

## CONFORMING TO
       **tin **does conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, Section 12,  Utility
       Conventions (Utility Argument Syntax, Utility Syntax Guidelines).

## NOTES
       Regular  expression support is provided by the PCRE library package [**pcre**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre/3/markdown) or [**pcre2**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre2/3/markdown) which
       is open source software, written by Philip Hazel, and copyright © by the University  of  Cam‐
       bridge, England.
       <<https://www.pcre.org/>>

## BUGS
       **CNews **NNTPd, [**noffle**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/noffle/1/markdown) (<= V1.0-pre5) and **NewsCache **(<= V1.1.91) can't handle pipelined GROUP
       commands (**RFC3977**).  If you run into trouble with any of the mentioned historical servers de‐
       fine DISABLE_PIPELINING in include/autoconf.h and recompile.

       Using the ''**-C**'' (COMPRESS) flag with **INN **nnrpd versions between 2.6.1 and 2.7.1 (both incl.)
       may  cause  **tin **to hang and later timeout when posting. This has been fixed in **INN **nnrpd ver‐
       sion 2.7.2. As a workaround simply don't use ''**-C**''.

       Before mailing a bug-report to <<tin-bugs@tin.org>> please check if you are  using  the  latest
       (stable)  release,  and  if  not,  please upgrade first! Have a look at the doc/TODO file for
       known bugs. If you still think you've found a bug, please use the  **BugReport  **('**R**')  function
       and  write  in English. Please do NOT enclose a core-file in your bug-report until we request
       it.

## HISTORY
       **tin **is based on the [**tass**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tass/1/markdown) newsreader that was developed  by  Rich  Skrenta  and  posted  to
       alt.sources  in  March 1991; its first version was released on August 23rd 1991.  [**tass**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tass/1/markdown) it‐
       self was heavily influenced by notesfiles a public domain UNIX version of PLATO Notes, devel‐
       oped at the University of Illinois by Ray Essick and Rob  Kolstad  in  1982.  For  a  version
       overview see
       <<http://www.tin.org/history.html>>.

## CREDITS
       Rich Skrenta
              author of [**tass**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tass/1/markdown) v3.2 which this newsreader used as its base.

       Bill Davidsen
              author of envarg.c environment variable reading routine.

       Mike Gleason
              author of sigfile.c random signature generation routines.

       Markus Kuhn <<Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk>>
              author of langinfo.c, charset.c and iso2asc.txt ISO-8859-1 documentation.

       Arnold Robbins
              author of strftime.c date formatting routine.

       Rich Salz
              author of wildmat.c pattern matching and parsdate.y date parsing routines.

       Dave Taylor
              author of curses.c from the [**elm**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/elm/1/markdown) mailreader.

       Chris Thewalt
              author of getline.c [**emacs**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/emacs/1/markdown) style editing routine.

       Steven Madsen
              for adding [**pgp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgp/1/markdown) (Pretty Good Privacy) support.

       Philip Hazel <<ph10@cam.ac.uk>>
              for [**pcre**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre/3/markdown), [**pcre2**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre2/3/markdown) (Perl-compatible regular expression library).

       Mark Martinec <<mark.martinec@ijs.si>>
              for [**snprintf**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/snprintf/3/markdown) and [**vsnprintf**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/vsnprintf/3/markdown) fallbacks.

## AUTHOR
       Iain Lea <<iain@bricbrac.de>>

## MAINTAINER
       Urs Janssen <<urs@tin.org>>

## SEE ALSO
       [**elm**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/elm/1/markdown),   [**emacs**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/emacs/1/markdown),   [**gpg**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/gpg/1/markdown),  [**inews**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/inews/1/markdown),  [**ispell**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ispell/1/markdown),  [**lp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/lp/1/markdown),  [**lpr**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/lpr/1/markdown),  [**metamail**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/metamail/1/markdown),  [**mutt**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mutt/1/markdown),
       [**noffle**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/noffle/1/markdown), [**perl**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/perl/1/markdown), [**perlre**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/perlre/1/markdown), [**pgp**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgp/1/markdown), [**rn**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rn/1/markdown),  [**sendmail**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/sendmail/1/markdown),  [**shar**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/shar/1/markdown),  [**slrnface**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/slrnface/1/markdown),  [**tass**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tass/1/markdown),
       [**unshar**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/unshar/1/markdown),    [**uudecode**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/uudecode/1/markdown),    [**vi**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/vi/1/markdown),   [**xterm**(1x)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1x/markdown),   [**heapsort**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/heapsort/3/markdown),   [**iconv**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/iconv/3/markdown),   [**iconv_open**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/iconvopen/3/markdown),
       [**nl_langinfo**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/nllanginfo/3/markdown), [**pcre**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre/3/markdown), [**pcre2**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre2/3/markdown), [**pcrepattern**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcrepattern/3/markdown),  [**pcre2pattern**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pcre2pattern/3/markdown),  [**qsort**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/qsort/3/markdown),  [**snprintf**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/snprintf/3/markdown),
       [**strftime**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/strftime/3/markdown),  [**vsnprintf**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/vsnprintf/3/markdown),  [**wildmat**(3)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/wildmat/3/markdown), [**environ**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/environ/5/markdown), [**locale**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/locale/5/markdown), [**mailcap**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mailcap/5/markdown), [**mbox**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mbox/5/markdown), [**mmdf**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mmdf/5/markdown),
       [**newsoverview**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/newsoverview/5/markdown), [**tin**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/5/markdown), [**cron**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/cron/8/markdown), **RFC1345**, **RFC1524**, **RFC2045**, **RFC2046**, **RFC2047**, **RFC2048**,  **RFC‐**
       **2231**,  **RFC2980**,  **RFC3156**, **RFC3977**, **RFC4155**, **RFC4643**, **RFC4880**, **RFC5322**, **RFC5536**, **RFC5537**, **RFC‐**
       **6048**, **RFC8054**, **RFC8143**

2.6.4                                    December 24th, 2023                                  [_tin_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tin/1/markdown)