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PERLCYGWIN(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLCYGWIN(1) NAME perlcygwin - Perl for Cygwin SYNOPSIS This document will help you configure, make, test and install Perl on Cygwin. This document also describes features of Cygwin that will affect how Perl behaves at runtime. NOTE: There are pre-built Perl packages available for Cygwin and a version of Perl is provided in the normal Cygwin install. If you do not need to customize the configuration, consider using one of those packages. PREREQUISITES FOR COMPILING PERL ON CYGWIN Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it) The Cygwin tools are ports of the popular GNU development tools for Win32 platforms. They run thanks to the Cygwin library which provides the UNIX system calls and environment these programs expect. More information about this project can be found at: <https://www.cygwin.com/> A recent net or commercial release of Cygwin is required. At the time this document was last updated, Cygwin 3.0.7 was current. Cygwin Configuration While building Perl some changes may be necessary to your Cygwin setup so that Perl builds cleanly. These changes are not required for normal Perl usage. NOTE: The binaries that are built will run on all Win32 versions. They do not depend on your host system or your Cygwin configuration (binary/text mounts, cygserver). The only dependencies come from hard-coded pathnames like /usr/local. However, your host system and Cygwin configuration will affect Perl's runtime behavior (see "TEST"). • "PATH" Set the "PATH" environment variable so that Configure finds the Cygwin versions of programs. Any not-needed Windows directories should be removed or moved to the end of your "PATH". • nroff If you do not have nroff (which is part of the groff package), Configure will not prompt you to install man pages. CONFIGURE PERL ON CYGWIN The default options gathered by Configure with the assistance of hints/cygwin.sh will build a Perl that supports dynamic loading (which requires a shared cygperl5_16.dll). This will run Configure and keep a record: ./Configure 2>&1 | tee log.configure If you are willing to accept all the defaults run Configure with -de. However, several useful customizations are available. Stripping Perl Binaries on Cygwin It is possible to strip the EXEs and DLLs created by the build process. The resulting binaries will be significantly smaller. If you want the binaries to be stripped, you can either add a -s option when Configure prompts you, Any additional ld flags (NOT including libraries)? [none] -s Any special flags to pass to g++ to create a dynamically loaded library? [none] -s Any special flags to pass to gcc to use dynamic linking? [none] -s or you can edit hints/cygwin.sh and uncomment the relevant variables near the end of the file. Optional Libraries for Perl on Cygwin Several Perl functions and modules depend on the existence of some optional libraries. Configure will find them if they are installed in one of the directories listed as being used for library searches. Pre-built packages for most of these are available from the Cygwin installer. • "-lcrypt" The crypt package distributed with Cygwin is a Linux compatible 56-bit DES crypt port by Corinna Vinschen. Alternatively, the crypt libraries in GNU libc have been ported to Cygwin. As of libcrypt 1.3 (March 2016), you will need to install the libcrypt-devel package for Configure to detect crypt(). • "-lgdbm_compat" ("use GDBM_File") GDBM is available for Cygwin. NOTE: The GDBM library only works on NTFS partitions. • "-ldb" ("use DB_File") BerkeleyDB is available for Cygwin. NOTE: The BerkeleyDB library only completely works on NTFS partitions. • "cygserver" ("use IPC::SysV") A port of SysV IPC is available for Cygwin. NOTE: This has not been extensively tested. In particular, "d_semctl_semun" is undefined because it fails a Configure test. It also creates a compile time dependency because perl.h includes <sys/ipc.h> and <sys/sem.h> (which will be required in the future when compiling CPAN modules). CURRENTLY NOT SUPPORTED! • "-lutil" Included with the standard Cygwin netrelease is the inetutils package which includes libutil.a. Configure-time Options for Perl on Cygwin The INSTALL document describes several Configure-time options. Some of these will work with Cygwin, others are not yet possible. Also, some of these are experimental. You can either select an option when Configure prompts you or you can define (undefine) symbols on the command line. • "-Uusedl" Undefining this symbol forces Perl to be compiled statically. • "-Dusemymalloc" By default Perl does not use the malloc() included with the Perl source, because it was slower and not entirely thread-safe. If you want to force Perl to build with the old -Dusemymalloc define this. • "-Uuseperlio" Undefining this symbol disables the PerlIO abstraction. PerlIO is now the default; it is not recommended to disable PerlIO. • "-Dusemultiplicity" Multiplicity is required when embedding Perl in a C program and using more than one interpreter instance. This is only required when you build a not-threaded perl with "-Uuseithreads". • "-Uuse64bitint" By default Perl uses 64 bit integers. If you want to use smaller 32 bit integers, define this symbol. • "-Duselongdouble" gcc supports long doubles (12 bytes). However, several additional long double math functions are necessary to use them within Perl ({atan2, cos, exp, floor, fmod, frexp, isnan, log, modf, pow, sin, sqrt}l, strtold). These are not yet available with newlib, the Cygwin libc. • "-Uuseithreads" Define this symbol if you want not-threaded faster perl. • "-Duselargefiles" Cygwin uses 64-bit integers for internal size and position calculations, this will be correctly detected and defined by Configure. • "-Dmksymlinks" Use this to build perl outside of the source tree. Details can be found in the INSTALL document. This is the recommended way to build perl from sources. MAKE ON CYGWIN Simply run make and wait: make -jn 2>&1 | tee log.make where n is the maximum number of simultaneous compilations you want; omitting this parameter is the same as specifying "-j1". TEST ON CYGWIN There are two steps to running the test suite: make test 2>&1 | tee log.make-test cd t; ./perl harness 2>&1 | tee ../log.harness The same tests are run both times, but more information is provided when running as "./perl harness", and you can run the tests in parallel by instead specifying cd t; TEST_JOBS=n ./perl harness 2>&1 | tee ../log.harness where n is the maximum number of tests to run simulataneously. Test results vary depending on your host system and your Cygwin configuration. If a test can pass in some Cygwin setup, it is always attempted and explainable test failures are documented. It is possible for Perl to pass all the tests, but it is more likely that some tests will fail for one of the reasons listed below. File Permissions on Cygwin UNIX file permissions are based on sets of mode bits for {read,write,execute} for each {user,group,other}. By default Cygwin only tracks the Win32 read-only attribute represented as the UNIX file user write bit (files are always readable, files are executable if they have a .{com,bat,exe} extension or begin with "#!", directories are always readable and executable). On WinNT with the ntea "CYGWIN" setting, the additional mode bits are stored as extended file attributes. On WinNT with the default ntsec "CYGWIN" setting, permissions use the standard WinNT security descriptors and access control lists. Without one of these options, these tests will fail (listing not updated yet): Failed Test List of failed ------------------------------------ io/fs.t 5, 7, 9-10 lib/anydbm.t 2 lib/db-btree.t 20 lib/db-hash.t 16 lib/db-recno.t 18 lib/gdbm.t 2 lib/ndbm.t 2 lib/odbm.t 2 lib/sdbm.t 2 op/stat.t 9, 20 (.tmp not an executable extension) NDBM_File and ODBM_File do not work on FAT filesystems Do not use NDBM_File or ODBM_File on FAT filesystem. They can be built on a FAT filesystem, but many tests will fail: ../ext/NDBM_File/ndbm.t 13 3328 71 59 83.10% 1-2 4 16-71 ../ext/ODBM_File/odbm.t 255 65280 ?? ?? % ?? ../lib/AnyDBM_File.t 2 512 12 2 16.67% 1 4 ../lib/Memoize/t/errors.t 0 139 11 5 45.45% 7-11 ../lib/Memoize/t/tie_ndbm.t 13 3328 4 4 100.00% 1-4 run/fresh_perl.t 97 1 1.03% 91 If you intend to run only on FAT (or if using AnyDBM_File on FAT), run Configure with the -Ui_ndbm and -Ui_dbm options to prevent NDBM_File and ODBM_File being built. With NTFS (and no CYGWIN=nontsec), there should be no problems even if perl was built on FAT. fork() failures in io_* tests A fork() failure may result in the following tests failing: ext/IO/lib/IO/t/io_multihomed.t ext/IO/lib/IO/t/io_sock.t ext/IO/lib/IO/t/io_unix.t See comment on fork in "Miscellaneous" below. Specific features of the Cygwin port Script Portability on Cygwin Cygwin does an outstanding job of providing UNIX-like semantics on top of Win32 systems. However, in addition to the items noted above, there are some differences that you should know about. This is a very brief guide to portability, more information can be found in the Cygwin documentation. • Pathnames Cygwin pathnames are separated by forward (/) slashes, Universal Naming Codes (//UNC) are also supported. Since cygwin-1.7 non-POSIX pathnames should not be used. Names may contain all printable characters. File names are case insensitive, but case preserving. A pathname that contains a backslash or drive letter is a Win32 pathname, and not subject to the translations applied to POSIX style pathnames, but cygwin will warn you, so better convert them to POSIX. For conversion we have Cygwin::win_to_posix_path() and Cygwin::posix_to_win_path(). Since cygwin-1.7 pathnames are UTF-8 encoded. • Text/Binary Since cygwin-1.7 textmounts are deprecated and strongly discouraged. When a file is opened it is in either text or binary mode. In text mode a file is subject to CR/LF/Ctrl-Z translations. With Cygwin, the default mode for an open() is determined by the mode of the mount that underlies the file. See "Cygwin::is_binmount"(). Perl provides a binmode() function to set binary mode on files that otherwise would be treated as text. sysopen() with the "O_TEXT" flag sets text mode on files that otherwise would be treated as binary: sysopen(FOO, "bar", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TEXT) lseek(), tell() and sysseek() only work with files opened in binary mode. The text/binary issue is covered at length in the Cygwin documentation. • PerlIO PerlIO overrides the default Cygwin Text/Binary behaviour. A file will always be treated as binary, regardless of the mode of the mount it lives on, just like it is in UNIX. So CR/LF translation needs to be requested in either the open() call like this: open(FH, ">:crlf", "out.txt"); which will do conversion from LF to CR/LF on the output, or in the environment settings (add this to your .bashrc): export PERLIO=crlf which will pull in the crlf PerlIO layer which does LF -> CRLF conversion on every output generated by perl. • .exe The Cygwin stat(), lstat() and readlink() functions make the .exe extension transparent by looking for foo.exe when you ask for foo (unless a foo also exists). Cygwin does not require a .exe extension, but gcc adds it automatically when building a program. However, when accessing an executable as a normal file (e.g., cp in a makefile) the .exe is not transparent. The install program included with Cygwin automatically appends a .exe when necessary. • Cygwin vs. Windows process ids Cygwin processes have their own pid, which is different from the underlying windows pid. Most posix compliant Proc functions expect the cygwin pid, but several Win32::Process functions expect the winpid. E.g. $$ is the cygwin pid of /usr/bin/perl, which is not the winpid. Use Cygwin::pid_to_winpid() and Cygwin::winpid_to_pid() to translate between them. • Cygwin vs. Windows errors Under Cygwin, $^E is the same as $!. When using Win32 API Functions, use Win32::GetLastError() to get the last Windows error. • rebase errors on fork or system Using fork() or system() out to another perl after loading multiple dlls may result on a DLL baseaddress conflict. The internal cygwin error looks like like the following: 0 [main] perl 8916 child_info_fork::abort: data segment start: parent (0xC1A000) != child(0xA6A000) or: 183 [main] perl 3588 C:\cygwin\bin\perl.exe: *** fatal error - unable to remap C:\cygwin\bin\cygsvn_subr-1-0.dll to same address as parent(0x6FB30000) != 0x6FE60000 46 [main] perl 3488 fork: child 3588 - died waiting for dll loading, errno11 See <https://cygwin.com/faq/faq.html#faq.using.fixing-fork-failures> It helps if not too many DLLs are loaded in memory so the available address space is larger, e.g. stopping the MS Internet Explorer might help. +Use the rebase utilities to resolve the conflicting dll addresses. The rebase package is included in the Cygwin setup. Use setup.exe from <https://cygwin.com/install.html> to install it. 1. kill all perl processes and run "</bin/find <dir" -xdev -name \*.dll | /bin/rebase -OT ->> or 2. kill all cygwin processes and services, and run setup.exe. • Miscellaneous File locking using the "F_GETLK" command to fcntl() is a stub that returns "ENOSYS". The Cygwin chroot() implementation has holes (it can not restrict file access by native Win32 programs). Inplace editing "perl -i" of files doesn't work without doing a backup of the file being edited "perl -i.bak" because of windowish restrictions, therefore Perl adds the suffix ".bak" automatically if you use "perl -i" without specifying a backup extension. Prebuilt methods: "Cwd::cwd" Returns the current working directory. "Cygwin::pid_to_winpid" Translates a cygwin pid to the corresponding Windows pid (which may or may not be the same). "Cygwin::winpid_to_pid" Translates a Windows pid to the corresponding cygwin pid (if any). "Cygwin::win_to_posix_path" Translates a Windows path to the corresponding cygwin path respecting the current mount points. With a second non-null argument returns an absolute path. Double-byte characters will not be translated. "Cygwin::posix_to_win_path" Translates a cygwin path to the corresponding cygwin path respecting the current mount points. With a second non-null argument returns an absolute path. Double-byte characters will not be translated. Cygwin::mount_table() Returns an array of [mnt_dir, mnt_fsname, mnt_type, mnt_opts]. perl -e 'for $i (Cygwin::mount_table) {print join(" ",@$i),"\n";}' /bin c:\cygwin\bin system binmode,cygexec /usr/bin c:\cygwin\bin system binmode /usr/lib c:\cygwin\lib system binmode / c:\cygwin system binmode /cygdrive/c c: system binmode,noumount /cygdrive/d d: system binmode,noumount /cygdrive/e e: system binmode,noumount "Cygwin::mount_flags" Returns the mount type and flags for a specified mount point. A comma-separated string of mntent->mnt_type (always "system" or "user"), then the mntent->mnt_opts, where the first is always "binmode" or "textmode". system|user,binmode|textmode,exec,cygexec,cygdrive,mixed, notexec,managed,nosuid,devfs,proc,noumount If the argument is "/cygdrive", then just the volume mount settings, and the cygdrive mount prefix are returned. User mounts override system mounts. $ perl -e 'print Cygwin::mount_flags "/usr/bin"' system,binmode,cygexec $ perl -e 'print Cygwin::mount_flags "/cygdrive"' binmode,cygdrive,/cygdrive "Cygwin::is_binmount" Returns true if the given cygwin path is binary mounted, false if the path is mounted in textmode. "Cygwin::sync_winenv" Cygwin does not initialize all original Win32 environment variables. See the bottom of this page <https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-env.html> for "Restricted Win32 environment". Certain Win32 programs called from cygwin programs might need some environment variable, such as e.g. ADODB needs %COMMONPROGRAMFILES%. Call Cygwin::sync_winenv() to copy all Win32 environment variables to your process and note that cygwin will warn on every encounter of non-POSIX paths. INSTALL PERL ON CYGWIN This will install Perl, including man pages. make install 2>&1 | tee log.make-install NOTE: If "STDERR" is redirected "make install" will not prompt you to install perl into /usr/bin. You may need to be Administrator to run "make install". If you are not, you must have write access to the directories in question. Information on installing the Perl documentation in HTML format can be found in the INSTALL document. MANIFEST ON CYGWIN These are the files in the Perl release that contain references to Cygwin. These very brief notes attempt to explain the reason for all conditional code. Hopefully, keeping this up to date will allow the Cygwin port to be kept as clean as possible. Documentation INSTALL README.cygwin README.win32 MANIFEST pod/perl.pod pod/perlport.pod pod/perlfaq3.pod pod/perldelta.pod pod/perl5004delta.pod pod/perl56delta.pod pod/perl561delta.pod pod/perl570delta.pod pod/perl572delta.pod pod/perl573delta.pod pod/perl58delta.pod pod/perl581delta.pod pod/perl590delta.pod pod/perlhist.pod pod/perlmodlib.pod pod/perltoc.pod Porting/Glossary pod/perlgit.pod Porting/updateAUTHORS.pl dist/Cwd/Changes ext/Compress-Raw-Zlib/Changes dist/Time-HiRes/Changes ext/Compress-Raw-Zlib/README ext/Compress-Zlib/Changes ext/DB_File/Changes ext/Encode/Changes ext/Sys-Syslog/Changes ext/Win32API-File/Changes lib/ExtUtils/CBuilder/Changes lib/ExtUtils/Changes lib/ExtUtils/NOTES lib/ExtUtils/PATCHING lib/ExtUtils/README lib/Net/Ping/Changes lib/Test/Harness/Changes lib/Term/ANSIColor/ChangeLog lib/Term/ANSIColor/README Build, Configure, Make, Install cygwin/Makefile.SHs ext/IPC/SysV/hints/cygwin.pl ext/NDBM_File/hints/cygwin.pl ext/ODBM_File/hints/cygwin.pl hints/cygwin.sh Configure - help finding hints from uname, shared libperl required for dynamic loading Makefile.SH Cross/Makefile-cross-SH - linklibperl Porting/patchls - cygwin in port list installman - man pages with :: translated to . installperl - install dll, install to 'pods' makedepend.SH - uwinfix regen_lib.pl - file permissions plan9/mkfile vms/descrip_mms.template win32/Makefile Tests t/io/fs.t - no file mode checks if not ntsec skip rename() check when not check_case:relaxed t/io/tell.t - binmode t/lib/cygwin.t - builtin cygwin function tests t/op/groups.t - basegroup has ID = 0 t/op/magic.t - $^X/symlink WORKAROUND, s/.exe// t/op/stat.t - no /dev, skip Win32 ftCreationTime quirk (cache manager sometimes preserves ctime of file previously created and deleted), no -u (setuid) t/op/taint.t - can't use empty path under Cygwin Perl t/op/time.t - no tzset() Compiled Perl Source EXTERN.h - __declspec(dllimport) XSUB.h - __declspec(dllexport) cygwin/cygwin.c - os_extras (getcwd, spawn, and several Cygwin:: functions) perl.c - os_extras, -i.bak perl.h - binmode doio.c - win9x can not rename a file when it is open pp_sys.c - do not define h_errno, init _pwent_struct.pw_comment util.c - use setenv util.h - PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE macro pp.c - Comment about Posix vs IEEE math under Cygwin perlio.c - CR/LF mode perliol.c - Comment about EXTCONST under Cygwin Compiled Module Source ext/Compress-Raw-Zlib/Makefile.PL - Can't install via CPAN shell under Cygwin ext/Compress-Raw-Zlib/zlib-src/zutil.h - Cygwin is Unix-like and has vsnprintf ext/Errno/Errno_pm.PL - Special handling for Win32 Perl under Cygwin ext/POSIX/POSIX.xs - tzname defined externally ext/SDBM_File/sdbm/pair.c - EXTCONST needs to be redefined from EXTERN.h ext/SDBM_File/sdbm/sdbm.c - binary open ext/Sys/Syslog/Syslog.xs - Cygwin has syslog.h ext/Sys/Syslog/win32/compile.pl - Convert paths to Windows paths ext/Time-HiRes/HiRes.xs - Various timers not available ext/Time-HiRes/Makefile.PL - Find w32api/windows.h ext/Win32/Makefile.PL - Use various libraries under Cygwin ext/Win32/Win32.xs - Child dir and child env under Cygwin ext/Win32API-File/File.xs - _open_osfhandle not implemented under Cygwin ext/Win32CORE/Win32CORE.c - __declspec(dllexport) Perl Modules/Scripts ext/B/t/OptreeCheck.pm - Comment about stderr/stdout order under Cygwin ext/Digest-SHA/bin/shasum - Use binary mode under Cygwin ext/Sys/Syslog/win32/Win32.pm - Convert paths to Windows paths ext/Time-HiRes/HiRes.pm - Comment about various timers not available ext/Win32API-File/File.pm - _open_osfhandle not implemented under Cygwin ext/Win32CORE/Win32CORE.pm - History of Win32CORE under Cygwin lib/Cwd.pm - hook to internal Cwd::cwd lib/ExtUtils/CBuilder/Platform/cygwin.pm - use gcc for ld, and link to libperl.dll.a lib/ExtUtils/CBuilder.pm - Cygwin is Unix-like lib/ExtUtils/Install.pm - Install and rename issues under Cygwin lib/ExtUtils/MM.pm - OS classifications lib/ExtUtils/MM_Any.pm - Example for Cygwin lib/ExtUtils/MakeMaker.pm - require MM_Cygwin.pm lib/ExtUtils/MM_Cygwin.pm - canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive lib/File/Fetch.pm - Comment about quotes using a Cygwin example lib/File/Find.pm - on remote drives stat() always sets st_nlink to 1 lib/File/Spec/Cygwin.pm - case_tolerant lib/File/Spec/Unix.pm - preserve //unc lib/File/Spec/Win32.pm - References a message on cygwin.com lib/File/Spec.pm - Pulls in lib/File/Spec/Cygwin.pm lib/File/Temp.pm - no directory sticky bit lib/Module/CoreList.pm - List of all module files and versions lib/Net/Domain.pm - No domainname command under Cygwin lib/Net/Netrc.pm - Bypass using stat() under Cygwin lib/Net/Ping.pm - ECONREFUSED is EAGAIN under Cygwin lib/Pod/Find.pm - Set 'pods' dir lib/Pod/Perldoc/ToMan.pm - '-c' switch for pod2man lib/Pod/Perldoc.pm - Use 'less' pager, and use .exe extension lib/Term/ANSIColor.pm - Cygwin terminal info lib/perl5db.pl - use stdin not /dev/tty utils/perlbug.PL - Add CYGWIN environment variable to report Perl Module Tests dist/Cwd/t/cwd.t ext/Compress-Zlib/t/14gzopen.t ext/DB_File/t/db-btree.t ext/DB_File/t/db-hash.t ext/DB_File/t/db-recno.t ext/DynaLoader/t/DynaLoader.t ext/File-Glob/t/basic.t ext/GDBM_File/t/gdbm.t ext/POSIX/t/sysconf.t ext/POSIX/t/time.t ext/SDBM_File/t/sdbm.t ext/Sys/Syslog/t/syslog.t ext/Time-HiRes/t/HiRes.t ext/Win32/t/Unicode.t ext/Win32API-File/t/file.t ext/Win32CORE/t/win32core.t lib/AnyDBM_File.t lib/Archive/Extract/t/01_Archive-Extract.t lib/Archive/Tar/t/02_methods.t lib/ExtUtils/t/Embed.t lib/ExtUtils/t/eu_command.t lib/ExtUtils/t/MM_Cygwin.t lib/ExtUtils/t/MM_Unix.t lib/File/Compare.t lib/File/Copy.t lib/File/Find/t/find.t lib/File/Path.t lib/File/Spec/t/crossplatform.t lib/File/Spec/t/Spec.t lib/Net/hostent.t lib/Net/Ping/t/110_icmp_inst.t lib/Net/Ping/t/500_ping_icmp.t lib/Net/t/netrc.t lib/Pod/Simple/t/perlcyg.pod lib/Pod/Simple/t/perlcygo.txt lib/Pod/Simple/t/perlfaq.pod lib/Pod/Simple/t/perlfaqo.txt lib/User/grent.t lib/User/pwent.t BUGS ON CYGWIN Support for swapping real and effective user and group IDs is incomplete. On WinNT Cygwin provides setuid(), seteuid(), setgid() and setegid(). However, additional Cygwin calls for manipulating WinNT access tokens and security contexts are required. AUTHORS Charles Wilson <cwilson AT ece.edu>, Eric Fifer <egf7 AT columbia.edu>, alexander smishlajev <als AT turnhere.com>, Steven Morlock <newspost AT morlock.net>, Sebastien Barre <Sebastien.Barre AT utc.fr>, Teun Burgers <burgers AT ecn.nl>, Gerrit P. Haase <gp AT familiehaase.de>, Reini Urban <rurban AT cpan.org>, Jan Dubois <jand AT activestate.com>, Jerry D. Hedden <jdhedden AT cpan.org>. HISTORY Last updated: 2019-11-14 perl v5.38.2 2026-08-18 PERLCYGWIN(1)
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