# phpman > man > nmh(7) [NMH(7mh)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/NMH/7mh/markdown) [NMH(7mh)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/NMH/7mh/markdown) ## NAME nmh - new MH message system ## DESCRIPTION **nmh** is the name of a powerful message handling system. Rather than being a single comprehen‐ sive program, **nmh** consists of a collection of fairly simple single-purpose programs to send, retrieve, save, and manipulate messages. Unlike most mail clients in Unix, **nmh** is not a closed system which must be explicitly run, then exited when you wish to return to the shell. You may freely intersperse **nmh** commands with other shell commands, allowing you to read and answer your mail while you have (for ex‐ ample) a compilation running, or search for a file or run programs as needed to find the an‐ swer to someone's question before answering their mail. The rest of this manual entry is a quick tutorial which will teach you the basics of **nmh**. You should read the manual entries for the individual programs for complete documentation (see the section on _COMMANDS_ below). To get started using **nmh**, put the directory “/usr/bin/mh” in your **$PATH**. Run the **install-mh** command. If you've never used **nmh** before, it will create the necessary default files and di‐ rectories after asking you if you wish it to do so. **inc** moves mail from your system mail drop into your **nmh** “+inbox” folder, breaking it up into separate files and converting it to **nmh** format. It prints one line for each message it pro‐ cesses, containing the from field, the subject field and as much of the first line of the message as will fit. It leaves the first message it processes as your current message. You'll need to run **inc** each time you wish to incorporate new mail into your **nmh** file. **scan** prints a list of the messages in your current folder. The commands **show**, **next**, and **prev** are used to read specific messages from the current folder. **show** displays the current message, or a specific message specified by its number which is passed as an argument. **next** and **prev** display, respectively, the message numerically after or before the current message. In all cases, the message displayed becomes the current message. If there is no current message, **show** may be called with an argument, or **next** may be used to advance to the first message. **rmm** (remove message) deletes the current message. It may be called, with message numbers passed as arguments, to delete specific messages. **repl** is used to respond to the current message (by default). It places you in the editor with a prototype response form. While you're in the editor, you may peruse the item you're responding to by reading the file **@**. After completing your response, type “l” to **list** (re‐ view) it, or “s” to **send** it. **comp** allows you to compose a message by putting you in the editor on a prototype message form, and then lets you send it via the **whatnow** command. **whatnow** also supports easy-to-use management of MIME attachments via its **attach** and related responses, as described in its man page. **nmh** command arguments are usually called _switches_. Some switches have a corresponding “-no” switch, which negates all previous occurrences of that switch on the command line. This al‐ lows a user to conveniently override, on the command line, a switch in their profile. Switches may be abbreviated as long as there is no ambiguity with another switch of the same command. To avoid ambiguity with any switches that may be added in the future, it is recom‐ mended that full switch names be used in durable code such as shell scripts, functions, and aliases. Each **nmh** command may be run with the single switch **-help**, which causes it to print its avail‐ able switches, along with any profile components that apply, and then exit. All the **nmh** commands may be run with the single switch **-version**, which causes them to print the version number of the **nmh** distribution, and then exit. Commands which take a message number as an argument (**scan**, **show**, **repl**, ...) also take one of the words “first”, “prev”, “cur”, “next”, or “last” to indicate (respectively) the first, previous, current, next, or last message in the current folder (assuming they are defined). As a shorthand, “.” is equivalent to “cur”. Commands which take a range of message numbers (**rmm**, **scan**, **show**, ...) also take any of the abbreviations: __-__ Indicates all messages in the range to , inclusive. The range must be nonempty. all Indicates all messages, i.e., _first_-_last_. __:+_N_ __:-N Up to _N_, where _N_ must be a positive number, messages beginning with (or end‐ ing with) message _num_. _Num_ may be any of the pre-defined symbols **first**, **prev**, **cur**, **next** or **last**. The + can be omitted. first:_N_ prev:_N_ next:_N_ last:_N_ As many of the first, previous, next, or last N messages that exist. As above, N can be preceded with - to end the listing at the specified message, or with an optional +. Commands that take a folder name (**inc**, **refile**, **scan,** ...) accept the folder name in two for‐ mats: “+folder” or “@folder”. In both cases, “folder” can be a “/”-separated path, e.g. “foo/bar”. “+folder” specifies a directory path to a folder. If “folder” starts with “/” then it's an absolute path from the root directory. If it is “.” or “..”, or starts with “./” or “../”, then it's relative to the current working directory. Otherwise it's relative to [mh-profile(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-profile/5/markdown)'s “_Path_”, i.e. as given by `**mhpath** **+**`. “@folder” is a shorthand for “+cur‐ folder/folder”; it's a relative path from the current folder. “curfolder” is given by `**mh**‐‐ **path**`. For example, assuming a **Path** profile component of Mail, **scan** _+inbox_ scans $HOME/Mail/inbox **scan** _+work/todo_ scans $HOME/Mail/work/todo **scan** _@todo_ scans $HOME/Mail/work/todo, if current folder is +work **refile** _@../done_ refiles to $HOME/Mail/work/done, if the current folder is +work/todo **scan** _+/tmp_ scans /tmp **scan** _+._ scans the current directory **refile** _@._ refiles current message to end of current folder. There are many other possibilities such as creating multiple folders for different topics, and automatically refiling messages according to subject, source, destination, or content. These are beyond the scope of this manual entry. ## COMMANDS Following is a list of all the **nmh** commands, grouped loosely according to their role. ### Sending [_comp_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/comp/1/markdown) compose a message [_forw_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/forw/1/markdown) forward messages [_repl_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/repl/1/markdown) reply to a message [_whatnow_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/whatnow/1/markdown) prompting front-end for send Note that although **whatnow** provides much of the primary **nmh** user interface for sending mail, it is almost never invoked manually, but rather is invoked indirectly by one of the above commands, after you've composed a message in your editor, and before you've decided to send it. Here you can add attachments, check the recipient list, decide to quit and send it later, etc. Related utilities: [_ali_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ali/1/markdown) list mail aliases [_anno_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/anno/1/markdown) annotate messages [_whom_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/whom/1/markdown) report to whom a message would go [_dist_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/dist/1/markdown) redistribute a message to additional addresses Advanced commands, only sometimes invoked directly: [_mhbuild_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhbuild/1/markdown) translate MIME composition draft [_send_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/send/1/markdown) send a message [_sendfiles_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/sendfiles/1/markdown) send multiple files in a MIME message ### Incorporating [_inc_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/inc/1/markdown) incorporate new mail Related utilities: [_burst_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/burst/1/markdown) explode digests into messages [_msgchk_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/msgchk/1/markdown) check for messages [_rcvdist_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rcvdist/1/markdown) asynchronously redistribute new mail [_rcvpack_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rcvpack/1/markdown) append message to file [_rcvstore_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rcvstore/1/markdown) asynchronously incorporate new mail [_slocal_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/slocal/1/markdown) asynchronously filter and deliver new mail ### Viewing [_next_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/next/1/markdown) show the next message [_prev_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/prev/1/markdown) show the previous message [_show_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/show/1/markdown) show (display) messages [_scan_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/scan/1/markdown) produce a one line per message scan listing [_fnext_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/fnext/1/markdown) select the next folder with new messages [_fprev_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/fprev/1/markdown) select the previous folder with new messages Related utilities, only sometimes invoked directly: [_mhl_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhl/1/markdown) produce formatted listings of nmh messages [_mhlist_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhlist/1/markdown) list information about content of MIME messages [_mhn_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhn/1/markdown) display/list/store/cache MIME messages [_mhshow_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhshow/1/markdown) display MIME messages [_mhstore_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhstore/1/markdown) store contents of MIME messages into files ### Searching Within a folder: [_pick_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pick/1/markdown) select messages by content Across folders: [_new_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/new/1/markdown) list folders with new messages [_unseen_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/unseen/1/markdown) list new messages in a given set of folders [_flist_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/flist/1/markdown) list folders with messages in given sequence(s) [_flists_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/flists/1/markdown) list all folders with messages in given sequence(s) [_folder_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/folder/1/markdown) set/list current folder/message [_folders_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/folders/1/markdown) list all folders ### Organizing [_mark_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mark/1/markdown) mark messages [_refile_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/refile/1/markdown) file messages in other folders [_rmf_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rmf/1/markdown) remove folder [_rmm_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rmm/1/markdown) remove messages [_sortm_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/sortm/1/markdown) sort messages ### Convenience Wrappers [_mhmail_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhmail/1/markdown) send or read mail ### Utilities [_mhfixmsg_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhfixmsg/1/markdown) rewrite MIME messages with various transformations [_mhparam_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhparam/1/markdown) print nmh profile components [_mhpath_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mhpath/1/markdown) print full pathnames of nmh messages and folders [_packf_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/packf/1/markdown) compress a folder into a single file [_prompter_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/prompter/1/markdown) prompting editor front end [_rcvtty_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rcvtty/1/markdown) report new mail ### Indirectly Invoked Commands [_ap_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ap/8/markdown) parse addresses RFC 822-style [_dp_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/dp/8/markdown) parse dates RFC 822-style [_fmtdump_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/fmtdump/8/markdown) decode [_mh-format_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-format/5/markdown) files [_install-mh_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/install-mh/8/markdown) initialize the nmh environment [_post_(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/post/8/markdown) deliver a message ### Files Used by nmh Commands [_mh-alias_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-alias/5/markdown) alias file for nmh message system [_mh-format_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-format/5/markdown) format file for nmh message system [_mh-profile_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-profile/5/markdown) user customization for nmh message system [_mh-tailor_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-tailor/5/markdown) mail transport customization for nmh message system ### Formats [_mh-draft_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-draft/5/markdown) draft folder facility [_mh-folders_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-folders/5/markdown) nmh message storage format specification [_mh-mail_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-mail/5/markdown) message format for nmh message system [_mh-sequence_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-sequence/5/markdown) sequence specification for nmh message system ## FILES /usr/bin/mh contains **nmh** commands /etc/nmh contains **nmh** format files /usr/lib/mh contains **nmh** library commands $HOME/.mh_profile The user's nmh profile ## SEE ALSO [_install-mh_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/install-mh/1/markdown), [_mh-profile_(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-profile/5/markdown), [_mh-chart_(7)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-chart/7/markdown), [_mh-mime_(7)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mh-mime/7/markdown) ## BUGS Send bug reports, questions, suggestions, and patches to <_nmh-workers@nongnu.org_>. That mail‐ ing list is relatively quiet, so user questions are encouraged. Users are also encouraged to subscribe, and view the archives, at . If problems are encountered with an **nmh** program, they should be reported to the local main‐ tainers of **nmh**, if any, or to the mailing list noted above. When doing this, the name of the program should be reported, along with the version information for the program. To find out what version of an **nmh** program is being run, invoke the program with the **-version** switch. This prints the version of **nmh**, the host it was compiled on, and the date the pro‐ gram was linked. New releases, and other information of potential interest, are announced at nmh-1.7.1 2016-09-26 [NMH(7mh)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/NMH/7mh/markdown)