# mcdiff - man - phpMan [MC(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/MC/1/markdown) GNU Midnight Commander [MC(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/MC/1/markdown) ## NAME mc - Visual shell for Unix-like systems. ## SYNOPSIS **mc** [-abcCdfhPstuUVx] [-l log] [dir1 [dir2]] [-e [file] ...] [-v file] ## DESCRIPTION GNU Midnight Commander is a directory browser/file manager for Unix-like operating systems. ## OPTIONS _-a,_ _--stickchars_ Disable usage of graphic characters for line drawing. _-b,_ _--nocolor_ Force black and white display. _-c,_ _--color_ Force color mode, please check the section Colors for more information. _-C_ _arg,_ _--colors=arg_ Specify a different color set in the command line. The format of arg is documented in the Colors section. _--configure-options_ Display configure options. _-d,_ _--nomouse_ Disable mouse support. _-D_ _N,_ _--debuglevel=N_ Save the debug level for SMB VFS. N is in 0-10 range. _-e_ _[file],_ _--edit[=file]_ Start the internal editor. If the file is specified, open it on startup. See also **mcedit** **(1)**. _-f,_ _--datadir_ Display the compiled-in search paths for Midnight Commander files. _-F,_ _--datadir-info_ Display extended info about compiled-in paths for Midnight Commander. _-g,_ _--oldmouse_ Force a "normal tracking" mouse mode. Used when running on xterm-capable terminals (tmux/screen). _-k,_ _--resetsoft_ Reset softkeys to their default from the termcap/terminfo database. Only useful on HP terminals when the function keys don't work. _-K_ _file,_ _--keymap=file_ Specify a name of keymap file in the command line. _-l_ _file,_ _--ftplog=file_ Save the ftpfs dialog with the server in file. _--nokeymap_ Don't load key bindings from any file, use default hardcoded keys. _-P_ _file,_ _--printwd=file_ Print the last working directory to the specified file. This option is not meant to be used directly. Instead, it's used from a special shell script that automatically changes the current directory of the shell to the last directory Midnight Commander was in. Source the file **/usr/lib/mc/mc.sh** (bash and zsh users) or **/usr/lib/mc.csh** (tcsh users) respectively to define **mc** as an alias to the appropriate shell script. _-s,_ _--slow_ Turn on the slow terminal mode, in this mode the program will not draw expensive line drawing characters and will toggle verbose mode off. _-S_ _arg,_ _--skin=arg_ Specify a name of skin in the command line. Technology of skins is documented in the Skins section. _-t,_ _--termcap_ Used only if the code was compiled with S-Lang and terminfo: it makes Midnight Comman‐ der use the value of the **TERMCAP** variable for the terminal information instead of the information on the system wide terminal database _-u,_ _--nosubshell_ Disable use of the concurrent shell (only makes sense if Midnight Commander has been built with concurrent shell support). _-U,_ _--subshell_ Enable use of the concurrent shell support (only makes sense if the Midnight Commander was built with the subshell support set as an optional feature). _-v_ _file,_ _--view=file_ Start the internal viewer to view the specified file. See also **mcview** **(1)**. _-V,_ _--version_ Display the version of the program. _-x,_ _--xterm_ Force xterm mode. Used when running on xterm-capable terminals (two screen modes, and able to send mouse escape sequences). _-X,_ _--no-x11_ Do not use X11 to get the state of modifiers Alt, Ctrl, Shift If both paths are specified, the first path name is the directory to show in the active panel; the second path name is the directory to be shown in the other panel. If one path is specified, the path name is the directory to show in the active panel; value of "other_dir" from panels.ini is the directory to be shown in the passive panel. If no paths are specified, current directory is shown in the active panel; value of "other_dir" from panels.ini is the directory to be shown in the passive panel. ## Overview The screen of Midnight Commander is divided into four parts. Almost all of the screen space is taken up by two directory panels. By default, the second line from the bottom of the screen is the shell command line, and the bottom line shows the function key labels. The topmost line is the menu bar line. The menu bar line may not be visible, but appears if you click the topmost line with the mouse or press the F9 key. Midnight Commander provides a view of two directories at the same time. One of the panels is the current panel (a selection bar is in the current panel). Almost all operations take place on the current panel. Some file operations like Rename and Copy by default use the directory of the unselected panel as a destination (don't worry, they always ask you for confirmation first). For more information, see the sections on the Directory Panels, the Left and Right Menus and the File Menu. You can execute system commands from Midnight Commander by simply typing them. Everything you type will appear on the shell command line, and when you press Enter, Midnight Commander will execute the command line you typed; read the Shell Command Line and Input Line Keys sections to learn more about the command line. ### Mouse Support Midnight Commander comes with mouse support. It is activated whenever you are running on an [**xterm(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/xterm/1/markdown)** terminal (it even works if you take a telnet, ssh or rlogin connection to another machine from the xterm) or if you are running on a Linux console and have the **gpm** mouse server running. When you left click on a file in the directory panels, that file is selected; if you click with the right button, the file is marked (or unmarked, depending on the previous state). Double-clicking on a file will try to execute the command if it is an executable program; and if the extension file has a program specified for the file's extension, the specified program is executed. Also, it is possible to execute the commands assigned to the function key labels by clicking on them. The default auto repeat rate for the mouse buttons is 400 milliseconds. This may be changed to other values by editing the ~/.config/mc/ini file and changing the _mouse_repeat_rate_ pa‐ rameter. If you are running Midnight Commander with the mouse support, you can get the default mouse behavior (cutting and pasting text) by holding down the Shift key. ## Keys Some commands in Midnight Commander involve the use of the _Control_ (sometimes labeled CTRL or CTL) and the _Meta_ (sometimes labeled ALT or even Compose) keys. In this manual we will use the following abbreviations: ### C- means hold the Control key while typing the character . Thus C-f would be: hold the Control key and type f. ### Alt- means hold the Meta or Alt key down while typing . If there is no Meta or Alt key, type _Esc_, release it, then type the character . ### S- means hold the Shift key down while typing . All input lines in Midnight Commander use an approximation to the GNU Emacs editor's key bindings (default). You may redefine key bindings. See _redefine_ _hotkey_ _bindings_ for more info. All other key bindings (described in this manual) are relative to default be‐ havior. There are many sections which tell about the keys. The following are the most important. The File Menu section documents the keyboard shortcuts for the commands appearing in the File menu. This section includes the function keys. Most of these commands perform some action, usually on the selected file or the tagged files. The Directory Panels section documents the keys which select a file or tag files as a target for a later action (the action is usually one from the file menu). The Shell Command Line section list the keys which are used for entering and editing command lines. Most of these copy file names and such from the directory panels to the command line (to avoid excessive typing) or access the command line history. Input Line Keys are used for editing input lines. This means both the command line and the input lines in the query dialogs. ### Redefine hotkey bindings Hotkey bindings may be read from external file (keymap-file). Initially, Midnight Commander creates key bindings using keymap defined in the source code. Then, two files **/usr/share/mc/mc.keymap** and **/etc/mc/mc.keymap** are loaded always, sequentially reassigned key bindings defined earlier. User-defined keymap-file is searched on the following algorithm (to the first one found): 1) command line option **-K** **** or **--keymap=** 2) Environment variable **MC**___**KEYMAP** 3) Parameter **keymap** in section **[Midnight-Commander]** of config file. 4) File **~/.config/mc/mc.keymap** Command line option, environment variable and parameter in config file may contain the abso‐ lute path to the keymap-file (with the extension .keymap or without it). Search of keymap-file will occur in (to the first one found): 1) **~/.config/mc** 2) **/etc/mc/** 3) **/usr/share/mc/** ### Miscellaneous Keys Here are some keys which don't fall into any of the other categories: **Enter** if there is some text in the command line (the one at the bottom of the panels), then that command is executed. If there is no text in the command line then if the selec‐ tion bar is over a directory the Midnight Commander does a [**chdir(2)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/chdir/2/markdown)** to the selected directory and reloads the information on the panel; if the selection is an executable file then it is executed. Finally, if the extension of the selected file name matches one of the extensions in the extensions file then the corresponding command is exe‐ cuted. **C-l** repaint all the information in Midnight Commander. **C-x** **c** run the Chmod command on a file or on the tagged files. **C-x** **o** run the Chown command on the current file or on the tagged files. **C-x** **l** run the hard link command. **C-x** **s** run the absolute symbolic link command. **C-x** **v** run the relative symbolic link command. See the File Menu section for more information about symbolic links. **C-x** **i** set the other panel display mode to information. **C-x** **q** set the other panel display mode to quick view. **C-x** **!** execute the External panelize command. **C-x** **h** run the add directory to hotlist command. **Alt-!** executes the Filtered view command, described in the view command. **Alt-?** executes the Find file command. **Alt-c** pops up the quick cd dialog. **C-o** when the program is being run in the Linux or FreeBSD console or under an xterm, it will show you the output of the previous command. When ran on the Linux console, Mid‐ night Commander uses an external program (cons.saver) to handle saving and restoring of information on the screen. When the subshell support is compiled in, you can type C-o at any time and you will be taken back to Midnight Commander's main screen, to return to your application just type C-o. If you have an application suspended by using this trick, you won't be able to execute other programs from Midnight Commander until you terminate the suspended application. ### Directory Panels This section lists the keys which operate on the directory panels. If you want to know how to change the appearance of the panels take a look at the section on Left and Right Menus. ### Tab, C-i change the current panel. The old other panel becomes the new current panel and the old current panel becomes the new other panel. The selection bar moves from the old current panel to the new current panel. ### Insert, C-t to tag files you may use the Insert key (the kich1 terminfo sequence). To untag files, just retag a tagged file. **Alt-e** to change charset of panel you may use Alt-e (M-e). Recoding is made from selected codepage into system codepage. To cancel the recoding, select "No translation" in the dialog of encodings. ### Alt-g, Alt-r, Alt-j used to select the top file in a panel, the middle file and the bottom one, respec‐ tively. **Alt-t** toggle the current display listing to show the next display listing format. With this it is possible to quickly switch to brief listing, long listing, user defined listing format, and back to the default. ### C-\ (control-backslash) show the directory hotlist and change to the selected directory. ### + (plus) this is used to select (tag) a group of files. Midnight Commander will prompt for a selection options. When _Files_ _only_ checkbox is on, only files will be selected. If _Files_ _only_ is off, as files as directories will be selected. When _Shell_ _Patterns_ checkbox is on, the regular expression is much like the filename globbing in the shell (* standing for zero or more characters and ? standing for one character). If _Shell_ _Patterns_ is off, then the tagging of files is done with normal regular expressions (see ed (1)). When _Case_ _sensitive_ checkbox is on, the selection will be case sensitive characters. If _Case_ _sensitive_ is off, the case will be ignored. ### \ (backslash) use the "\" key to unselect a group of files. This is the opposite of the Plus key. ### up-key, C-p move the selection bar to the previous entry in the panel. ### down-key, C-n move the selection bar to the next entry in the panel. ### home, a1, Alt-< move the selection bar to the first entry in the panel. ### end, c1, Alt-> move the selection bar to the last entry in the panel. ### next-page, C-v move the selection bar one page down. ### prev-page, Alt-v move the selection bar one page up. **Alt-o** If the currently selected file is a directory, load that directory on the other panel and moves the selection to the next file. If the currently selected file is not a di‐ rectory, load the parent directory on the other panel and moves the selection to the next file. **Alt-i** make the current directory of the current panel also the current directory of the other panel. Put the other panel to the listing mode if needed. If the current panel is panelized, the other panel doesn't become panelized. ### C-PageUp, C-PageDown only when supported by the terminal: change to ".." and to the currently selected di‐ rectory respectively. **Alt-y** moves to the previous directory in the history, equivalent to clicking the _<_ with the mouse. **Alt-u** moves to the next directory in the history, equivalent to clicking the _>_ with the mouse. ### Alt-S-h, Alt-H displays the directory history, equivalent to depressing the 'v' with the mouse. ### Quick search The Quick search mode allows you to perform fast file search in file panel. Press _C-s_ or _Alt-s_ to start a filename search in the directory listing. When the search is active, the user input will be added to the search string instead of the command line. If the _Show_ _mini-status_ option is enabled the search string is shown on the mini-status line. When typing, the selection bar will move to the next file starting with the typed letters. The _Backspace_ or _DEL_ keys can be used to correct typing mistakes. If C-s is pressed again, the next match is searched for. If quick search is started with double pressing of C-s, the previous quick search pattern will be used for current search. Besides the filename characters, you can also use wildcard characters '*' and '?'. ### Shell Command Line This section lists keys which are useful to avoid excessive typing when entering shell com‐ mands. ### Alt-Enter copy the currently selected file name to the command line. ### C-Enter same a Alt-Enter. May not work on remote systems and some terminals. ### C-S-Enter copy the full path name of the currently selected file to the command line. May not work on remote systems and some terminals. ### Alt-Tab does the filename, command, variable, username and hostname completion for you. ### C-x t, C-x C-t copy the tagged files (or if there are no tagged files, the selected file) of the cur‐ rent panel (C-x t) or of the other panel (C-x C-t) to the command line. ### C-x p, C-x C-p the first key sequence copies the current path name to the command line, and the sec‐ ond one copies the unselected panel's path name to the command line. **C-q** the quote command can be used to insert characters that are otherwise interpreted by Midnight Commander (like the '+' symbol) ### Alt-p, Alt-n use these keys to browse through the command history. Alt-p takes you to the last en‐ try, Alt-n takes you to the next one. **Alt-h** displays the history for the current input line. ### General Movement Keys The help viewer, the file viewer and the directory tree use common code to handle moving. Therefore they accept exactly the same keys. Each of them also accepts some keys of its own. Other parts of Midnight Commander use some of the same movement keys, so this section may be of use for those parts too. ### Up, C-p moves one line backward. ### Down, C-n moves one line forward. ### Prev Page, Page Up, Alt-v moves one page up. ### Next Page, Page Down, C-v moves one page down. ### Home, A1 moves to the beginning. ### End, C1 move to the end. The help viewer and the file viewer accept the following keys in addition the to ones men‐ tioned above: ### b, C-b, C-h, Backspace, Delete moves one page up. ### Space bar moves one page down. **u,** **d** moves one half of a page up or down. **g,** **G** moves to the beginning or to the end. ### Input Line Keys The input lines (they are used for the command line and for the query dialogs in the program) accept these keys: **C-a** puts the cursor at the beginning of line. **C-e** puts the cursor at the end of the line. ### C-b, move-left move the cursor one position left. ### C-f, move-right move the cursor one position right. **Alt-f** moves one word forward. **Alt-b** moves one word backward. ### C-h, Backspace delete the previous character. ### C-d, Delete delete the character in the point (over the cursor). **C-@** sets the mark for cutting. **C-w** copies the text between the cursor and the mark to a kill buffer and removes the text from the input line. **Alt-w** copies the text between the cursor and the mark to a kill buffer. **C-y** yanks back the contents of the kill buffer. **C-k** kills the text from the cursor to the end of the line. ### Alt-p, Alt-n Use these keys to browse through the command history. Alt-p takes you to the last en‐ try, Alt-n takes you to the next one. ### Alt-C-h, Alt-Backspace delete one word backward. ### Alt-Tab does the filename, command, variable, username and hostname completion for you. ### Menu Bar The menu bar pops up when you press F9 or click the mouse on the top row of the screen. The menu bar has five menus: "Left", "File", "Command", "Options" and "Right". The Left and Right Menus allow you to modify the appearance of the left and right directory panels. The File Menu lists the actions you can perform on the currently selected file or the tagged files. The Command Menu lists the actions which are more general and bear no relation to the cur‐ rently selected file or the tagged files. The Options Menu lists the actions which allow you to customize Midnight Commander. ### Left and Right (Above and Below) Menus The outlook of the directory panels can be changed from the **Left** and **Right** menus (they are named **Above** and **Below** when the horizontal panel split is chosen from the Layout options dia‐ log). ### Listing Format... The listing mode view is used to display a listing of files, there are four different listing formats available: **Full**, **Brief**, **Long** and **User**. The full directory view shows the file name, the size of the file and the modification time. The brief view shows only the file name and it has from 1 up to 9 columns (therefore showing more files unlike other views). The long view is similar to the output of **ls** **-l** command. The long view takes the whole screen width. If you choose the "User" display format, then you have to specify the display format. The user display format must start with a panel size specifier. This may be "half" or "full", and they specify a half screen panel and a full screen panel respectively. After the panel size, you may specify how many listings to fit in the panel, side-by-side (in other words: how many times to repeat the fields horizontally). This defaults to 1. You may change this by adding a number from 1 to 9 to the format string. After this you add the name of the fields with an optional size specifier. This are the available fields you may display: **name** displays the file name. **size** displays the file size. **bsize** is an alternative form of the **size** format. It displays the size of the files and for directories it just shows SUB-DIR or UP--DIR. **type** displays a one character wide type field. This character is similar to what is dis‐ played by ls with the -F flag - ***** for executable files, **/** for directories, **@** for links, **=** for sockets, **-** for character devices, **+** for block devices, **|** for pipes, **~** for symbolic links to directories and **!** for stale symlinks (links that point nowhere). **mark** an asterisk if the file is tagged, a space if it's not. **mtime** file's last modification time. **atime** file's last access time. **ctime** file's status change time. **perm** a string representing the current permission bits of the file. **mode** an octal value with the current permission bits of the file. **nlink** the number of links to the file. **ngid** the GID (numeric). **nuid** the UID (numeric). **owner** the owner of the file. **group** the group of the file. **inode** the inode of the file. Also you can use following keywords to define the panel layout: **space** a space in the display format. **|** add a vertical line to the display format. To force one field to a fixed size (a size specifier), you just add **:** followed by the number of characters you want the field to have. If the number is followed by the symbol **+**, then the size specifies the minimal field size - if the program finds out that there is more space on the screen, it will then expand that field. For example, the **Full** display corresponds to this format: half type name | size | mtime And the **Long** display corresponds to this format: full perm space nlink space owner space group space size space mtime space name This is a nice user display format: half name | size:7 | type mode:3 Panels may also be set to the following modes: **Info** The info view display information related to the currently selected file and if possi‐ ble information about the current file system. **Tree** The tree view is quite similar to the directory tree feature. See the section about it for more information. ### Quick View In this mode, the panel will switch to a reduced viewer that displays the contents of the currently selected file, if you select the panel (with the tab key or the mouse), you will have access to the usual viewer commands. ### Sort Order... The eight sort orders are by name, by extension, by modification time, by access time, and by inode information modification time, by size, by inode and unsorted. In the Sort order dia‐ log box you can choose the sort order and you may also specify if you want to sort in reverse order by checking the reverse box. By default directories are sorted before files but this can be changed from the Panel options menu (option **Mix** **all** **files**). ### Filter... The filter command allows you to specify a shell pattern (for example ***.tar.gz**) which the files must match to be shown. Regardless of the filter pattern, the directories and the links to directories are always shown in the directory panel. ### Reread The reread command reload the list of files in the directory. It is useful if other processes have created or removed files. ### File Menu Midnight Commander uses the F1 - F10 keys as keyboard shortcuts for commands appearing in the file menu. The escape sequences for the function keys are terminfo capabilities kf1 trough kf10. On terminals without function key support, you can achieve the same functionality by pressing the Esc key and then a number in the range 1 through 9 and 0 (corresponding to F1 to F9 and F10 respectively). The File menu has the following commands (keyboard shortcuts in parentheses): ### Help (F1) Invokes the built-in hypertext help viewer. Inside the help viewer, you can use the Tab key to select the next link and the Enter key to follow that link. The keys Space and Backspace are used to move forward and backward in a help page. Press F1 again to get the full list of accepted keys. ### Menu (F2) Invoke the user menu. The user menu provides an easy way to provide users with a menu and add extra features to Midnight Commander. ### View (F3, F13) View the currently selected file. By default this invokes the Internal File Viewer but if the option "Use internal view" is off, it invokes an external file viewer specified by the **VIEWER** environment variable. If **VIEWER** is undefined, the **PAGER** environment variable is tried. If **PAGER** is also undefined, the "view" command is invoked. If you use F13 instead, the viewer will be invoked without doing any formatting or preprocessing to the file. See parameters for external viewer for explain how you may specify an extended command line options for external viewers. ### Filtered View (Alt-!) This command prompts for a command and its arguments (the argument defaults to the currently selected file name), the output from such command is shown in the internal file viewer. ### Edit (F4, F14) Press F4 to edit the highlighted file. Press F14 (usually F14) to start the editor with a new, empty file. Currently they invoke the **vi** editor, or the editor specified in the **EDITOR** environment variable, or the Internal File Editor if the use_internal_edit option is on. See parameters for external editor for explain how you may specify an extended command line options for external editors. ### Copy (F5, F15) Press F5 to pop up an input dialog to copy the currently selected file (or the tagged files, if there is at least one file tagged) to the directory/filename you specify in the input dia‐ log. The destination defaults to the directory in the non-selected panel. Space for destina‐ tion file may be preallocated relative to preallocate_space configure option. During this process, you can press C-c or Esc to abort the operation. For details about source mask (which will be usually either * or ^\(.*\)$ depending on setting of Use shell patterns) and possible wildcards in the destination see Mask copy/rename. F15 (usually F15) is similar, but defaults to the directory in the selected panel. It always operates on the selected file, regardless of any tagged files. On some systems, it is possible to do the copy in the background by clicking on the back‐ ground button (or pressing Alt-b in the dialog box). The Background Jobs is used to control the background process. ### Link (C-x l) Create a hard link to the current file. ### Absolute symlink (C-x s) Create a absolute symbolic link to the current file. ### Relative symLink (C-x v) Create a relative symbolic link to the current file. To those of you who don't know what links are: creating a link to a file is a bit like copy‐ ing the file, but both the source filename and the destination filename represent the same file image. For example, if you edit one of these files, all changes you make will appear in both files. Some people call links aliases or shortcuts. A hard link appears as a real file. After making it, there is no way of telling which one is the original and which is the link. If you delete either one of them the other one is still intact. It is very difficult to notice that the files represent the same image. Use hard links when you don't even want to know. A symbolic link is a reference to the name of the original file. If the original file is deleted the symbolic link is useless. It is quite easy to notice that the files represent the same image. Midnight Commander shows an "@"-sign in front of the file name if it is a sym‐ bolic link to somewhere (except to directory, where it shows a tilde (~)). The original file which the link points to is shown on mini-status line if the _Show_ _mini-status_ option is en‐ abled. Use symbolic links when you want to avoid the confusion that can be caused by hard links. When you press "C-x s" Midnight Commander will automatically fill in the complete path+file‐ name of the original file and suggest a name for the link. You can change either one. Sometimes you may want to change the absolute path of the original into a relative path. An absolute path starts from the root directory: _/home/frodo/mc/mc_ _->_ _/home/frodo/new/mc_ A relative link describes the original file's location starting from the location of the link itself: _/home/frodo/mc/mc_ _->_ _../new/mc_ You can force Midnight Commander to suggest a relative path by pressing "C-x v" instead of "C-x s". ### Rename/Move (F6, F16) Press F6 to pop up an input dialog to copy the currently selected file (or the tagged files, if there is at least one file tagged) to the directory/filename you specify in the input dia‐ log. The destination defaults to the directory in the non-selected panel. For more details look at Copy (F5) operation above, most of the things are quite similar. F16 (usually F16) is similar, but defaults to the directory in the selected panel. It always operates on the selected file, regardless of any tagged files. On some systems, it is possible to do the copy in the background by clicking on the back‐ ground button (or pressing Alt-b in the dialog box). The Background Jobs is used to control the background process. ### Mkdir (F7) Pop up an input dialog and creates the directory specified. ### Delete (F8) Delete the currently selected file or the tagged files in the currently selected panel. Dur‐ ing the process, you can press C-c or Esc to abort the operation. **Quick** **cd** **(Alt-c)** Use the quick cd command if you have full command line and want to cd some‐ where. ### Select group (+) This is used to select (tag) a group of files. Midnight Commander will prompt for a selection options. When _Files_ _only_ checkbox is on, only files will be selected. If _Files_ _only_ is off, as files as directories will be selected. When _Shell_ _Patterns_ checkbox is on, the regular expression is much like the filename globbing in the shell (* standing for zero or more char‐ acters and ? standing for one character). If _Shell_ _Patterns_ is off, then the tagging of files is done with normal regular expressions (see ed (1)). When _Case_ _sensitive_ checkbox is on, the selection will be case sensitive characters. If _Case_ _sensitive_ is off, the case will be ignored. ### Unselect group (\) Used to unselect a group of files. This is the opposite of the _Select_ _group_ command. ### Quit (F10, S-F10) Terminate Midnight Commander. S-F10 is used when you want to quit and you are using the shell wrapper. S-F10 will not take you to the last directory you visited with Midnight Commander, instead it will stay at the directory where you started Midnight Commander. ### Quick cd This command is useful if you have a full command line and want to cd somewhere without hav‐ ing to yank and paste the command line. This command pops up a small dialog, where you enter everything you would enter after **cd** on the command line and then you press enter. This fea‐ tures all the things that are already in the internal cd command. ### Command Menu The Directory tree command shows a tree figure of the directories. The "Find file" command allows you to search for a specific file. The "Swap panels" command swaps the contents of the two directory panels. The "Switch panels on/off" command shows the output of the last shell command. This works only on xterm and on Linux and FreeBSD console. The "Compare directories" command compares the directory panels with each other. You can then use the Copy (F5) command to make the panels identical. There are three compare methods. The quick method compares only file size and file date. The thorough method makes a full byte-by-byte compare. The thorough method is not available if the machine does not support the [mmap(2)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mmap/2/markdown) system call. The size-only compare method just compares the file sizes and does not check the contents or the date times, it just checks the file size. The "External panelize" allows you to execute an external program, and make the output of that program the contents of the current panel. The "Command history" command shows a list of typed commands. The selected command is copied to the command line. The command history can also be accessed by typing Alt-p or Alt-n. The "Directory hotlist" command makes changing of the current directory to often used direc‐ tories faster. The "Screen list" command shows a dialog window with the list of currently running internal editors, viewers and other MC modules that support this mode. The "Edit extension file" command allows you to specify programs to executed when you try to execute, view, edit and do a bunch of other thing on files with certain extensions (filename endings). The "Edit Menu File" command may be used for editing the user menu (which appears by pressing F2). ### Directory Tree The Directory Tree command shows a tree figure of the directories. You can select a directory from the figure and Midnight Commander will change to that directory. There are two ways to invoke the tree. The real directory tree command is available from Com‐ mands menu. The other way is to select tree view from the Left or Right menu. To get rid of long delays, Midnight Commander creates the tree figure by scanning only a small subset of all the directories. If the directory which you want to see is missing, move to its parent directory and press C-r (or F2). You can use the following keys: General movement keys are accepted. **Enter.** In the directory tree, exits the directory tree and changes to this directory in the current panel. In the tree view, changes to this directory in the other panel and stays in tree view mode in the current panel. ### C-r, F2 (Rescan). Rescan this directory. Use this when the tree figure is out of date: it is missing subdirectories or shows some subdirectories which don't exist any more. ### F3 (Forget). Delete this directory from the tree figure. Use this to remove clutter from the fig‐ ure. If you want the directory back to the tree figure press F2 in its parent direc‐ tory. ### F4 (Static/Dynamic). Toggle between the dynamic navigation mode (default) and the static navigation mode. In the static navigation mode you can use the Up and Down keys to select a directory. All known directories are shown. In the dynamic navigation mode you can use the Up and Down keys to select a sibling direc‐ tory, the Left key to move to the parent directory, and the Right key to move to a child di‐ rectory. Only the parent, sibling and children directories are shown, others are left out. The tree figure changes dynamically as you traverse. ### F5 (Copy). Copy the directory. ### F6 (RenMov). Move the directory. ### F7 (Mkdir). Make a new directory below this directory. ### F8 (Delete). Delete this directory from the file system. ### C-s, Alt-s. Search the next directory matching the search string. If there is no such directory these keys will move one line down. ### C-h, Backspace. Delete the last character of the search string. ### Any other character. Add the character to the search string and move to the next directory which starts with these characters. In the tree view you must first activate the search mode by pressing C-s. The search string is shown in the mini status line. The following actions are available only in the directory tree. They aren't supported in the tree view. ### F1 (Help). Invoke the help viewer and show this section. ### Esc, F10. Exit the directory tree. Do not change the directory. The mouse is supported. A double-click behaves like Enter. See also the section on mouse sup‐ port. ### Find File The Find File feature first asks for the start directory for the search and the filename to be searched for. By pressing the Tree button you can select the start directory from the di‐ rectory tree figure. The "File name" input field contains a filename pattern to be searched for. It is interpreted as a shell pattern or as a regular expression depending on the state of the "Using shell pat‐ terns" checkbox. An empty value is valid and matches any file name. The "Content" input field contains a string to search for within the files. Leave this field empty to disable searching file contents. Option "Whole words" allows select only those files containing matches that form whole words. Like grep -w. You can start the search by pressing the OK button. During the search you can stop from the Stop button and continue from the Start button. You can browse the filelist with the up and down arrow keys. The Chdir button will change to the directory of the currently selected file. The Again button will ask for the parameters for a new search. The Quit button quits the search operation. The Panelize button will place the found files to the current directory panel so that you can do additional operations on them (view, copy, move, delete and so on). To return to the normal file listing, change di‐ rectory to "..". The 'Enable ignore directories' checkbox and input field below it allow one to set up the list of directories that should be skip during the search files (for example, you may want to avoid searches on a CD-ROM or on a NFS directory that is mounted across a slow link). List components must be separated with a colon, here is an example: /cdrom:/nfs/wuarchive:/afs Relative paths are supported also. The following example shows how to skip special directo‐ ries of version control systems: /cdrom:/nfs/wuarchive:/afs:.svn:.git:CVS Attention: input field can contain a dot (.), this means the current absolute path. You may consider using the External panelize command for some operations. Find file command is for simple queries only, while using External panelize you can do as mysterious searches as you would like. ### External panelize The External panelize allows you to execute an external program, and make the output of that program the contents of the current panel. For example, if you want to manipulate in one of the panels all the symbolic links in the current directory, you can use external panelization to run the following command: find . -type l -print Upon command completion, the directory contents of the panel will no longer be the directory listing of the current directory, but all the files that are symbolic links. If you want to panelize all of the files that have been downloaded from your FTP server, you can use this awk command to extract the file name from the transfer log files: awk '$9 ~! /incoming/ { print $9 }' < /var/log/xferlog You may want to save often used panelize commands under a descriptive name, so that you can recall them quickly. You do this by typing the command on the input line and pressing Add new button. Then you enter a name under which you want the command to be saved. Next time, you just choose that command from the list and do not have to type it again. ### Hotlist The Directory hotlist command shows the labels of the directories in the directory hotlist. Midnight Commander will change to the directory corresponding to the selected label. From the hotlist dialog, you can remove already created label/directory pairs and add new ones. To add new directories quickly, you can use the Add to hotlist command (C-x h), which adds the current directory into the directory hotlist, asking just for the label for the direc‐ tory. This makes cd to often used directories faster. You may consider using the CDPATH variable as described in internal cd command description. ### Edit Extension File This will invoke your editor on the file _~/.config/mc/mc.ext_. The format of this file fol‐ lowing: All lines starting with # or empty lines are thrown away. Lines starting in the first column should have following format: _keyword/expr_, i.e. everything after the slash until new line is _expr_. _keyword_ can be: _shell_ - _expr_ is an extension (no wildcards). File matches it its name ends with _expr_. Ex‐ ample: _shell/.tar_ matches _*.tar_. _regex_ - _expr_ is a regular expression. File matches if its name matches the regular expres‐ sion. _directory_ - _expr_ is a regular expression. File matches if it is a directory and its name matches the regular expression. _type_ - _expr_ is a regular expression. File matches if the output of _file_ _%f_ without the initial "filename:" part matches regular expression _expr_. _default_ - matches any file. _expr_ is ignored. _include_ - denotes a common section. _expr_ is the name of the section. Other lines should start with a space or tab and should be of the format: _keyword=command_ (with no spaces around =), where _keyword_ should be: _Open_ (invoked on Enter or double click), _View_ (F3), _Edit_ (F4) or _Include_ (to add rules from the common section). _command_ is any one-line shell command, with the simple macro substitution. Rules are matched from top to bottom, thus the order is important. If the appropriate action is missing, search continues as if this rule didn't match (i.e. if a file matches the first and second entry and View action is missing in the first one, then on pressing F3 the View action from the second entry will be used). _default_ should match all the actions. ### Background Jobs This lets you control the state of any background Midnight Commander process (only copy and move files operations can be done in the background). You can stop, restart and kill a back‐ ground job from here. ### Edit Menu File The user menu is a menu of useful actions that can be customized by the user. When you access the user menu, the file .mc.menu from the current directory is used if it exists, but only if it is owned by user or root and is not world-writable. If no such file found, ~/.con‐ fig/mc/menu is tried in the same way, and otherwise mc uses the default system-wide menu /usr/share/mc/mc.menu. The format of the menu file is very simple. Lines that start with anything but space or tab are considered entries for the menu (in order to be able to use it like a hot key, the first character should be a letter). All the lines that start with a space or a tab are the com‐ mands that will be executed when the entry is selected. When an option is selected all the command lines of the option are copied to a temporary file in the temporary directory (usually /usr/tmp) and then that file is executed. This allows the user to put normal shell constructs in the menus. Also simple macro substitution takes place before executing the menu code. For more information, see macro substitution. Here is a sample mc.menu file: A Dump the currently selected file od -c %f B Edit a bug report and send it to root I=`mktemp ${MC_TMPDIR:-/tmp}/mail.XXXXXX` || exit 1 vi $I mail -s "Midnight Commander bug" root < $I rm -f $I M Read mail emacs -f rmail N Read Usenet news emacs -f gnus H Call the info hypertext browser info J Copy current directory to other panel recursively tar cf - . | (cd %D && tar xvpf -) K Make a release of the current subdirectory echo -n "Name of distribution file: " read tar ln -s %d `dirname %d`/$tar cd .. tar cvhf ${tar}.tar $tar = f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n X Extract the contents of a compressed tar file tar xzvf %f ### Default Conditions Each menu entry may be preceded by a condition. The condition must start from the first col‐ umn with a '=' character. If the condition is true, the menu entry will be the default entry. Condition syntax: = or: = | ... or: = & ... Sub-condition is one of following: y syntax of current file matching pattern? (for edit menu only) f current file matching pattern? F other file matching pattern? d current directory matching pattern? D other directory matching pattern? t current file of type? T other file of type? x is it executable filename? ! negate the result of sub-condition Pattern is a normal shell pattern or a regular expression, according to the shell patterns option. You can override the global value of the shell patterns option by writing "shell_pat‐ terns=x" on the first line of the menu file (where "x" is either 0 or 1). Type is one or more of the following characters: n not a directory r regular file d directory l link c character device b block device f FIFO (pipe) s socket x executable file t tagged For example 'rlf' means either regular file, link or fifo. The 't' type is a little special because it acts on the panel instead of the file. The condition '=t t' is true if there are tagged files in the current panel and false if not. If the condition starts with '=?' instead of '=' a debug trace will be shown whenever the value of the condition is calculated. The conditions are calculated from left to right. This means = f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n is calculated as ( (f *.tar.gz) | (f *.tgz) ) & (t n) Here is a sample of the use of conditions: = f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n L List the contents of a compressed tar-archive gzip -cd %f | tar xvf - ### Addition Conditions If the condition begins with '+' (or '+?') instead of '=' (or '=?') it is an addition condi‐ tion. If the condition is true the menu entry will be included in the menu. If the condition is false the menu entry will not be included in the menu. You can combine default and addition conditions by starting condition with '+=' or '=+' (or '+=?' or '=+?' if you want debug trace). If you want to use two different conditions, one for adding and another for defaulting, you can precede a menu entry with two condition lines, one starting with '+' and another starting with '='. Comments are started with '#'. The additional comment lines must start with '#', space or tab. ### Options Menu Midnight Commander has some options that may be toggled on and off in several dialogs which are accessible from this menu. Options are enabled if they have an asterisk or "x" in front of them. The Configuration command pops up a dialog from which you can change most of settings of Mid‐ night Commander. The Layout command pops up a dialog from which you specify a bunch of options how mc looks like on the screen. The Panel options command pops up a dialog from which you specify options of file manager panels. The Confirmation command pops up a dialog from which you specify which actions you want to confirm. The Appearance command pops up a dialog from which you specify the skin. The Display bits command pops up a dialog from which you may select which characters is your terminal able to display. The Learn keys command pops up a dialog from which you test some keys which are not working on some terminals and you may fix them. The Virtual FS command pops up a dialog from which you specify some VFS related options. The Save setup command saves the current settings of the Left, Right and Options menus. A small number of other settings is saved, too. ### Configuration The options in this dialog are divided into several groups: "File operation options", "Esc key mode", "Pause after run" and "Other options". ### File operation options _Verbose_ _operation._ This toggles whether the file Copy, Rename and Delete operations are ver‐ bose (i.e., display a dialog box for each operation). If you have a slow terminal, you may wish to disable the verbose operation. It is automatically turned off if the speed of your terminal is less than 9600 bps. _Compute_ _totals._ If this option is enabled, Midnight Commander computes total byte sizes and total number of files prior to any Copy, Rename and Delete operations. This will provide you with a more accurate progress bar at the expense of some speed. This option has no effect, if _Verbose_ _operation_ is disabled. _Classic_ _progressbar._ If this option is enabled, the progressbar of Copy/Move/Delete opera‐ tions is always grown form left to right. If disabled, the growing direction of progressbar follows to direction of Copy/Move/Delete operation: from left panel to right one and vice versa. Enabled by default. _Mkdir_ _autoname._ When you press F7 to create a new directory, the input line in popup dialog will be filled by name of current file or directory in active panel. Disabled by default. _Preallocate_ _space._ Preallocate space for whole target file, if possible, before copy opera‐ tion. Disabled by default. ### Esc key mode. By default, Midnight Commander treats the Esc key as a key prefix. Therefore, you should press Esc code twice to exit a dialog. But there is a possibility to use a single press of Esc key for that action. _Single_ _press._ By default this option is disabled. If you'll enable it, the Esc key will act as a prefix key for set up time interval (see _Timeout_ option below), and if no extra keys have arrived, then the Esc key is interpreted as a cancel key (Esc Esc). _Timeout._ This options is used to setup the time interval (in microseconds) for single press of Esc key. By default, this interval is one second (1000000 microseconds). Also the timeout can be set via KEYBOARD_KEY_TIMEOUT_US environment variable (also in microseconds), which has higher priority than Timeout option value. ### Pause after run After executing your commands, Midnight Commander can pause, so that you can examine the out‐ put of the command. There are three possible settings for this variable: _Never._ Means that you do not want to see the output of your command. If you are using the Linux or FreeBSD console or an xterm, you will be able to see the output of the command by typing C-o. _On_ _dumb_ _terminals._ You will get the pause message on terminals that are not capable of show‐ ing the output of the last command executed (any terminal that is not an xterm or the Linux console). _Always._ The program will pause after executing all of your commands. ### Other options _Use_ _internal_ _editor._ If this option is enabled, the built-in file editor is used to edit files. If the option is disabled, the editor specified in the **EDITOR** environment variable is used. If no editor is specified, **vi** is used. See the section on the internal file editor. _Use_ _internal_ _viewer._ If this option is enabled, the built-in file viewer is used to view files. If the option is disabled, the pager specified in the **PAGER** environment variable is used. If no pager is specified, the **view** command is used. See the section on the internal file viewer. _Ask_ _new_ _file_ _name._ If this option is enabled, file name is asked before open new file in ed‐ itor. _Auto_ _menus._ If this option is enabled, the user menu will be invoked at startup. Useful for building menus for non-unixers. _Drop_ _down_ _menus._ When this option is enabled, the pull down menus will be activated as soon as you press the F9 key. Otherwise, you will only get the menu title, and you will have to activate the menu either with the arrow keys or with the hotkeys. It is recommended if you are using hotkeys. _Shell_ _Patterns._ By default the Select, Unselect and Filter commands will use shell-like reg‐ ular expressions. The following conversions are performed to achieve this: the '*' is re‐ placed by '.*' (zero or more characters); the '?' is replaced by '.' (exactly one character) and '.' by the literal dot. If the option is disabled, then the regular expressions are the ones described in [ed(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ed/1/markdown). _Complete:_ _show_ _all._ By default, Midnight Commander pops up all possible completions if the completion is ambiguous only when you press **Alt-Tab** for the second time. For the first time, it just completes as much as possible and beeps in the case of ambiguity. Enable this option if you want to see all possible completions even after pressing **Alt-Tab** the first time. _Rotating_ _dash._ If this option is enabled, the Midnight Commander shows a rotating dash in the upper right corner as a work in progress indicator. _Cd_ _follows_ _links._ This option, if set, causes Midnight Commander to follow the logical chain of directories when changing current directory either in the panels, or using the cd command. This is the default behavior of bash. When unset, Midnight Commander follows the real direc‐ tory structure, so cd .. if you've entered that directory through a link will move you to the current directory's real parent and not to the directory where the link was present. _Safe_ _delete._ If this option is enabled, deleting files and directory hotlist entries unin‐ tentionally becomes more difficult. The default selection in the confirmation dialogs for deletion changes from **Yes** to **No**. This option is disabled by default. _Safe_ _overwrite._ If this option is enabled, overwriting files unintentionally becomes more difficult. The default selection in the overwrite confirmation dialog changes from **Yes** to **No**. This option is disabled by default. _Auto_ _save_ _setup._ If this option is enabled, when you exit Midnight Commander, the config‐ urable options of Midnight Commander are saved in the ~/.config/mc/ini file. ### Layout The layout dialog gives you a possibility to change the general layout of screen. The options in this dialog are divided into several groups: "Panel split", "Console output" and "Other options". ### Panel split The rest of the screen area is used for the two directory panels. You can specify whether the area is split to the panels in _Vertical_ or _Horizontal_ direction. Panel layout can be changed using Alt-, (Alt-comma) shortcut. _Equal_ _split._ By default, panels have equal sizes. Using this option you can specify an un‐ equal split. ### Console output On the Linux or FreeBSD console you can specify how many lines are shown in the output win‐ dow. This option is available if Midnight Commander runs on native console only. ### Other options _Menu_ _bar_ _visible._ If enabled, main menu of Midnight Commander is always visible on the top row of screen above panels. Enabled by default. _Command_ _prompt._ If enabled, command line is available. Enabled by default. _Keybar_ _visible._ If enabled, 10 labels associated with F1-F10 keys are located at the bottom row of screen. Enabled by default. _Hintbar_ _visible._ If enabled, the one-line hints are visible below panels. Enabled by de‐ fault. _XTerm_ _window_ _title._ When run in a terminal emulator for X11, Midnight Commander sets the terminal window title to the current working directory and updates it when necessary. If your terminal emulator is broken and you see some incorrect output on startup and directory change, turn off this option. Enabled by default. _Show_ _free_ _space._ If enabled, free space and total space of current file system is shown at the bottom frame of panel. Enabled by default. ### Panel options ### Main panel options _Show_ _mini-status._ If enabled, one line of status information about the currently selected item is shown at the bottom of the panels. Enabled by default. _Use_ _SI_ _size_ _units._ If this option is enabled, Midnight Commander will use SI prefixes (base 10) when displaying any byte sizes. If disabled (default), Midnight Commander will use IEC prefixes (base 2). _Mix_ _all_ _files._ If this option is enabled, all files and directories are shown mixed to‐ gether. If the option is disabled (default), directories (and links to directories) are shown at the beginning of the listing, and other files below. _Show_ _backup_ _files._ If enabled, Midnight Commander will show files ending with a tilde. Oth‐ erwise, they won't be shown (like GNU's ls option -B). Enabled by default. _Show_ _hidden_ _files._ If enabled, Midnight Commander will show all files that start with a dot (like ls -a). Disabled by default. _Fast_ _directory_ _reload._ If this option is enabled, Midnight Commander will use a trick to de‐ termine if the directory contents have changed. The trick is to reload the directory only if the i-node of the directory has changed; this means that reloads only happen when files are created or deleted. If what changes is the i-node for a file in the directory (file size changes, mode or owner changes, etc) the display is not updated. In these cases, if you have the option on, you have to rescan the directory manually (with C-r). Disabled by default. _Mark_ _moves_ _down._ If enabled, the selection bar will move down when you mark a file (with In‐ sert key). Enabled by default. _Reverse_ _files_ _only._ Allow revert selection of files only. Enabled by default. If enabled, the reverse selection is applied to files only, not to directories. The selection of direc‐ tories is untouched. If off, the reverse selection is applied to files as well to directo‐ ries: all unselected items become selected, and vice versa. _Simple_ _swap._ If both panels contain file listing, simple swap means that panels exchange its screen positions: left panel become right one, and vice versa. If this option is unchecked, file listing panels exchange its content keeping listing format and sort options. Unchecked by default. _Auto_ _save_ _panels_ _setup._ If this option is enabled, when you exit Midnight Commander, the current settings of panels are saved in the ~/.config/mc/panels.ini file. Disabled by de‐ fault. ### Navigation _Lynx-like_ _motion._ If this option is enabled, you may use the arrows keys to automatically chdir if the current selection is a subdirectory and the shell command line is empty. By de‐ fault, this setting is off. _Page_ _scrolling._ If set (the default), panel will scroll by half the display when the cursor reaches the end or the beginning of the panel, otherwise it will just scroll a file at a time. _Center_ _scrolling._ If set, panel will scroll when the cursor reaches the middle of the panel column, only hitting the top or bottom of the panel when actually on the first or last file. This behavior applies when scrolling one file at a time, and does not apply to the page up/down keys. _Mouse_ _page_ _scrolling._ Controls whenever scrolling with the mouse wheel is done by pages or line by line on the panels. ### File highlight You can specify whether _permissions_ and _file_ _types_ should be highlighted with distinctive Colors. If the permission highlighting is enabled, the parts of the _perm_ and _mode_ display fields which apply to the user running Midnight Commander are highlighted with the color de‐ fined by the _selected_ keyword. If the file type highlighting is enabled, file names are col‐ ored according to rules described in /etc/mc/filehighlight.ini file. See Filenames Highlight for more info. ### Quick search You can specify how the Quick search mode should work: case insensitively, case sensitively or be matched to the panel sort order: case sensitive or not. ### Confirmation In this dialog you configure the confirmation options for file deletion, overwriting files, execution by pressing enter, quitting the program, directory hotlist entries deletion and history cleanup. ### Appearance In this dialog you can select the skin to be used and enable shadow for dialogs and drop down menus. See the Skins section for technical details about the skin definition files. _Shadows._ If this option is enabled, all dialogs and drop down menus will have a shadow. ### Display bits This is used to configure the range of visible characters on the screen. This setting may be 7-bits if your terminal/curses supports only seven output bits, ISO-8859-1 displays all the characters in the ISO-8859-1 map and full 8 bits is for those terminals that can display full 8 bit characters. ### Learn keys This dialog allows you to test and redefine functional keys, cursor arrows and some other keys to make them work properly on your terminal. They often don't, since many terminal databases are incomplete or broken. You can move around with the Tab key and with the vi moving keys ('h' left, 'j' down, 'k' up and 'l' right). Once you press any cursor movement key and it is recognized, you can use that key as well. You can test keys just by pressing each of them. When you press a key and it is recognized properly, OK should appear next to the name of that key. Once a key is marked OK it starts working as usually, e.g. F1 pressed the first time will just check that the F1 key works, but after that it will show help. The same applies to the arrow keys. The Tab key should be working always. If some keys do not work properly then you won't see OK appear after pressing one of these. Then you may want to redefine it. Do it by pressing the button with the name of that key (either by the mouse or by Enter or Space after selecting the button with Tab or arrows). Then a message box will appear asking you to press that key. Do it and wait until the mes‐ sage box disappears. If you want to abort, just press Escape once and wait. When you finish with all the keys, you can Save them. The definitions for the keys you have redefined will be written into the [terminal:TERM] section of your ~/.config/mc/ini file (where TERM is the name of your current terminal). The definitions of the keys that were al‐ ready working properly are not saved. ### Virtual FS This option gives you control over the settings of the Virtual File System. Midnight Commander keeps in memory the information related to some of the virtual file sys‐ tems to speed up the access to the files in the file system (for example, directory listings fetched from FTP servers). Also, in order to access the contents of compressed files (for example, compressed tar files), Midnight Commander needs to create temporary uncompressed files on your disk. Since both the information in memory and the temporary files on disk take up resources, you may want to tune the parameters of the cached information to decrease your resource usage or to maximize the speed of access to frequently used file systems. Because of the format of the tar archives, the _Tar_ _filesystem_ needs to read the whole file just to load the file entries. Since most tar files are usually kept compressed (plain tar files are species in extinction), the tar file system has to uncompress the file on the disk in a temporary location and then access the uncompressed file as a regular tar file. Now, since we all love to browse files and tar files all over the disk, it's common that you will leave a tar file and then re-enter it later. Since decompression is slow, Midnight Com‐ mander will cache the information in memory for a limited time. When the timeout expires, all the resources associated with the file system are released. The default timeout is set to one minute. The FTP File System (ftpfs) allows you to browse directories on remote FTP servers. It has several options. _ftp_ _anonymous_ _password_ is the password used when you login as "anonymous". Some sites re‐ quire a valid e-mail address. On the other hand, you probably don't want to give your real e-mail address to untrusted sites, especially if you are not using spam filtering. ftpfs keeps the directory listing it fetches from a FTP server in a cache. The cache expire time is configurable with the _ftpfs_ _directory_ _cache_ _timeout_ option. A low value for this op‐ tion may slow down every operation on the ftpfs because every operation would require sending a request to the FTP server. You can define an FTP proxy host for doing FTP. Note that most modern firewalls are fully transparent at least for passive FTP (see below), so FTP proxies are considered obsolete. If _Always_ _use_ _ftp_ _proxy_ is not set, you can use the exclamation sign to enable proxy for cer‐ tain hosts. See FTP File System for examples. If this option is set, the program will do two things: consult the /usr/lib/mc/mc.no_proxy file for lines containing host names that are local (if the host name starts with a dot, it is assumed to be a domain) and to assume that any hostnames without dots in their names are directly accessible. All other hosts will be accessed through the specified FTP proxy. You can enable using _~/.netrc_ file, which keeps login names and passwords for ftp servers. See netrc (5) for the description of the .netrc format. _Use_ _passive_ _mode_ enables using FTP passive mode, when the connection for data transfer is initiated by the client, not by the server. This option is recommended and enabled by de‐ fault. If this option is turned off, the data connection is initiated by the server. This may not work with some firewalls. ### Save Setup At startup, Midnight Commander tries to load initialization information from the ~/.con‐ fig/mc/ini file. If this file doesn't exist, the system-wide file **/etc/mc/mc.ini** is used. If this file doesn't exist, the system-wide file **/usr/share/mc/mc.ini** is used. If this file doesn't exist, MC uses the default settings. The _Save_ _Setup_ command creates the ~/.config/mc/ini file by saving the current settings of the Left, Right and Options menus. If you activate the _auto_ _save_ _setup_ option, MC will always save the current settings when ex‐ iting. There also exist settings which can't be changed from the menus. To change these settings you have to edit the setup file with your favorite editor. See the section on Special Settings for more information. ### Executing operating system commands You may execute commands by typing them directly in Midnight Commander's input line, or by selecting the program you want to execute with the selection bar in one of the panels and hitting Enter. If you press Enter over a file that is not executable, Midnight Commander checks the exten‐ sion of the selected file against the extensions in the Extensions File. If a match is found then the code associated with that extension is executed. A very simple macro expansion takes place before executing the command. ### The cd internal command The _cd_ command is interpreted by Midnight Commander, it is not passed to the command shell for execution. Thus it may not handle all of the nice macro expansion and substitution that your shell does, although it does some of them: _Tilde_ _substitution._ The (~) will be substituted with your home directory, if you append a username after the tilde, then it will be substituted with the login directory of the speci‐ fied user. For example, ~guest is the home directory for the user guest, while ~/guest is the directory guest in your home directory. _Previous_ _directory._ You can jump to the directory you were previously by using the special directory name '-' like this: **cd** **-** _CDPATH_ _directories._ If the directory specified to the **cd** command is not in the current di‐ rectory, then Midnight Commander uses the value in the environment variable **CDPATH** to search for the directory in any of the named directories. For example you could set your **CDPATH** variable to ~/src:/usr/src, allowing you to change your directory to any of the directories inside the ~/src and /usr/src directories, from any place in the file system by using its relative name (for example cd linux could take you to /usr/src/linux). ### Macro Substitution When accessing a user menu, or executing an extension dependent command, or running a command from the command line input, a simple macro substitution takes place. The macros are: _%i_ The indent of blank space, equal the cursor column position. For edit menu only. _%y_ The syntax type of current file. For edit menu only. _%k_ The block file name. _%e_ The error file name. _%m_ The current menu name. _%f_ and _%p_ In file manager user menu: the current file name in selected panel. In mcedit user menu: the name of opened file. _%x_ The extension of current file name. _%b_ The current file name without extension. _%d_ The current directory name. _%F_ The current file in the unselected panel. _%D_ The directory name of the unselected panel. _%t_ The currently tagged files. _%T_ The tagged files in the unselected panel. _%u_ and _%U_ Similar to the %t and %T macros, but in addition the files are untagged. You can use this macro only once per menu file entry or extension file entry, because next time there will be no tagged files. _%s_ and _%S_ The selected files: The tagged files if there are any. Otherwise the current file. _%cd_ This is a special macro that is used to change the current directory to the directory specified in front of it. This is used primarily as an interface to the Virtual File System. _%view_ This macro is used to invoke the internal viewer. This macro can be used alone, or with arguments. If you pass any arguments to this macro, they should be enclosed in brackets. The arguments are: _ascii_ to force the viewer into ascii mode; _hex_ to force the viewer into hex mode; _nroff_ to tell the viewer that it should interpret the bold and under‐ line sequences of nroff; _unformatted_ to tell the viewer to not interpret nroff com‐ mands for making the text bold or underlined. _%%_ The % character _%{some_ _text}_ Prompt for the substitution. An input box is shown and the text inside the braces is used as a prompt. The macro is substituted by the text typed by the user. The user can press Esc or F10 to cancel. This macro doesn't work on the command line yet. _%var{ENV:default}_ If environment variable _ENV_ is unset, the _default_ is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _ENV_ is substituted. ### The subshell support The subshell support is a compile time option, that works with the shells: bash, ash (BusyBox and Debian), tcsh, zsh and fish. When the subshell support is active, Midnight Commander will spawn a concurrent copy of your shell (the one defined in the **SHELL** variable and if it is not defined, then the one in the /etc/passwd file) and run it in a pseudo terminal, instead of invoking a new shell each time you execute a command, the command will be passed to the subshell as if you had typed it. This also allows you to change the environment variables, use shell functions and define aliases that are valid until you quit Midnight Commander. **bash** users may specify startup commands in ~/.local/share/mc/bashrc (fallback ~/.bashrc) and special keyboard maps in ~/.local/share/mc/inputrc (fallback ~/.inputrc). **ash/dash** users (BusyBox or Debian) may specify startup commands in ~/.local/share/mc/ashrc (fallback ~/.profile). **zsh** users may specify startup commands in ~/.local/share/mc/.zshrc (fallback ~/.zshrc). **tcsh,** **fish** users cannot specify mc-specific startup commands at present. They have to rely on shell-specific startup files. The following paragraphs are relevant only when the subshell support is active: You can suspend applications at any time with the sequence C-o and jump back to Midnight Com‐ mander, if you interrupt an application, you will not be able to run other external commands until you quit the application you interrupted. The basic prompt displayed by Midnight Commander is of the form "user@host:current_path$ ". When using a capable shell, like Bash, the prompt displayed by Midnight Commander will be the same prompt that you are currently using in your shell. (There's a known problem when using fish: the prompt is displayed only in full screen mode (Ctrl-o), not when the panels are visible.) The OPTIONS section has more information on how you can control subshell usage (-U/-u). Fur‐ thermore, to set a specific subshell different from your current SHELL variable or login shell defined in /etc/passwd, you may call MC like this: **SHELL=/bin/myshell** **mc** ## Chmod The Chmod window is used to change the attribute bits in a group of files and directories. It can be invoked with the C-x c key combination. The Chmod window has two parts - _Permissions_ and _File_. In the File section are displayed the name of the file or directory and its permissions in octal form, as well as its owner and group. In the Permissions section there is a set of check buttons which correspond to the file at‐ tribute bits. As you change the attribute bits, you can see the octal value change in the File section. To move between the widgets (buttons and check buttons) use the _arrow_ _keys_ or the _Tab_ key. To change the state of the check buttons or to select a button use _Space._ You can also use the hotkeys on the buttons to quickly activate them. Hotkeys are shown as highlighted let‐ ters on the buttons. To set the attribute bits, use the Enter key. When working with a group of files or directories, you just click on the bits you want to set or clear. Once you have selected the bits you want to change, you select one of the action buttons (Set marked or Clear marked). Finally, to set the attributes exactly to those specified, you can use the **[Set** **all]** button, which will act on all the tagged files. **[Marked** **all]** set only marked attributes to all selected files **[Set** **marked]** set marked bits in attributes of all selected files **[Clean** **marked]** clear marked bits in attributes of all selected files **[Set]** set the attributes of one file **[Cancel]** cancel the Chmod command ## Chown The Chown command is used to change the owner/group of a file. The hot key for this command is C-x o. ### Advanced Chown The Advanced Chown command is the Chmod and Chown command combined into one window. You can change the permissions and owner/group of files at once. ## Chattr The Chattr window is used to change the attributes of a group of files and directories on a Linux file system. It can be invoked with the C-x e key combination. Not all attributes are supported or utilized by all filesystems. List of available attribute flags is represented as a set of check buttons which correspond to the attribute flags (see [**chattr(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/chattr/1/markdown)** for details). As you change the attribute flags, you can see the symbolic value change below file name. To move between the widgets (buttons and check buttons) use the _arrow_ _keys_ or the _Tab_ key. To change the state of the check buttons or to select a button use **Space**. To set the attributes, use the Enter key. When working with a group of files or directories, you just click on the flags you want to set or clear. Once you have selected the flags you want to change, you select one of the ac‐ tion buttons (Set marked or Clear marked). Finally, to set the attributes exactly to those specified, you can use the **[Set** **all]** button, which will act on all the tagged files. **[Marked** **all]** set only marked attributes to all selected files. **[Set** **marked]** set marked flags in attributes of all selected files. **[Clean** **marked]** clear marked flags in attributes of all selected files. **[Set]** set the attributes of one file. **[Cancel]** cancel the Chattr command. ### File Operations When you copy, move or delete files, Midnight Commander shows the file operations dialog. It shows the files currently being processed and uses up to three progress bars. The file bar indicates the percentage of the current file that has been processed so far. The count bar shows how many of the tagged files have been handled. The bytes bar indicates the percentage of the total size of the tagged files that has been handled. If the verbose option is off, the file and bytes bars are not shown. There are two buttons at the bottom of the dialog. Pressing the Skip button will skip the rest of the current file. Pressing the Abort button will abort the whole operation, the rest of the files are skipped. There are three other dialogs which you can run into during the file operations. The error dialog informs about error conditions and has three choices. Normally you select either the Skip button to skip the file or the Abort button to abort the operation alto‐ gether. You can also select the Retry button if you fixed the problem from another terminal. The replace dialog is shown when you attempt to copy or move a file on the top of an existing file. The dialog shows the dates and sizes of the both files. Press the Yes button to over‐ write the file, the No button to skip the file, the All button to overwrite all the files, the None button to never overwrite and the Update button to overwrite if the source file is newer than the target file. You can abort the whole operation by pressing the Abort button. The recursive delete dialog is shown when you try to delete a directory which is not empty. Press the Yes button to delete the directory recursively, the No button to skip the direc‐ tory, the All button to delete all the directories and the None button to skip all the non-empty directories. You can abort the whole operation by pressing the Abort button. If you selected the Yes or All button you will be asked for a confirmation. Type "yes" only if you are really sure you want to do the recursive delete. If you have tagged files and perform an operation on them only the files on which the opera‐ tion succeeded are untagged. Failed and skipped files are left tagged. ### Mask Copy/Rename The copy/move operations let you translate the names of files in an easy way. To do it, you have to specify the correct source mask and usually in the trailing part of the destination specify some wildcards. All the files matching the source mask are copied/renamed according to the target mask. If there are tagged files, only the tagged files matching the source mask are renamed. There are other options which you can set: ### Follow links determines whether make the symlinks and hardlinks in the source directory (recursively in subdirectories) new links in the target directory or whether would you like to copy their content. ### Dive into subdirs determines the behavior when the source directory is about to be copied, but the target di‐ rectory already exists. The default action is to copy the contents of the source directory into the target directory. Enabling this option causes copying the source directory itself into the target directory. For example, you want to copy directory _/foo_ containing file _bar_ to _/bla/foo_, which is an al‐ ready existing directory. Normally (when **Dive** **into** **subdirs** is not set), mc would copy file _/foo/bar_ into the file _/bla/foo/bar_. By enabling this option the _/bla/foo/foo_ directory will be created, and _/foo/bar_ will be copied into _/bla/foo/foo/bar_. ### Preserve attributes determines whether to preserve the permissions, timestamps and (if you are root) the owner‐ ship of the original files. If this option is not set, the current value of the umask will be respected. ### Use shell patterns When this option is on you can use the '*' and '?' wildcards in the source mask. They work like they do in the shell. In the target mask only the '*' and '\' wildcards are al‐ lowed. The first '*' wildcard in the target mask corresponds to the first wildcard group in the source mask, the second '*' corresponds to the second group and so on. The '\1' wildcard corresponds to the first wildcard group in the source mask, the '\2' wildcard corresponds to the second group and so on all the way up to '\9'. The '\0' wildcard is the whole filename of the source file. Two examples: If the source mask is "*.tar.gz", the destination is "/bla/*.tgz" and the file to be copied is "foo.tar.gz", the copy will be "foo.tgz" in "/bla". Suppose you want to swap basename and extension so that "file.c" would become "c.file" and so on. The source mask for this is "*.*" and the destination is "\2.\1". ### Use shell patterns off When the shell patterns option is off the MC doesn't do automatic grouping anymore. You must use '\(...\)' expressions in the source mask to specify meaning for the wildcards in the tar‐ get mask. This is more flexible but also requires more typing. Otherwise target masks are similar to the situation when the shell patterns option is on. Two examples: If the source mask is "^\(.*\)\.tar\.gz$", the destination is "/bla/*.tgz" and the file to be copied is "foo.tar.gz", the copy will be "/bla/foo.tgz". Let's suppose you want to swap basename and extension so that "file.c" will become "c.file" and so on. The source mask for this is "^\(.*\)\.\(.*\)$" and the destination is "\2.\1". ### Case Conversions You can also change the case of the filenames. If you use '\u' or '\l' in the target mask, the next character will be converted to uppercase or lowercase correspondingly. If you use '\U' or '\L' in the target mask, the next characters will be converted to upper‐ case or lowercase correspondingly up to the next '\E' or next '\U', '\L' or the end of the file name. The '\u' and '\l' are stronger than '\U' and '\L'. For example, if the source mask is '*' ( _Use_ _shell_ _patterns_ on) or '^\(.*\)$' ( _Use_ _shell_ _patterns_ off) and the target mask is '\L\u*' the file names will be converted to have initial upper case and otherwise lower case. You can also use '\' as a quote character. For example, '\\' is a backslash and '\*' is an asterisk. ### Stable symlinks commands Midnight Commander, that it should change symlinks in the target, so that they'll point to the same location as it did before. With absolute symbolic links this does nothing, but if you have a relative one, it will recompute its value, adding necessary ../ and other directory parts and making the value as short as possible (most modern filesystems keep short symlinks inside inodes and thus don't waste much disk space). ### Select/Unselect Files The dialog of group of files and directories selection or uselection. The input line allow enter the regular expression of filenames that will be selected/unselected. When _Files_ _only_ checkbox is on, only files will be selected. If _Files_ _only_ is off, as files as directories will be selected. When _Shell_ _Patterns_ checkbox is on, the regular expression is much like the filename globbing in the shell (* standing for zero or more characters and ? standing for one character). If _Shell_ _Patterns_ is off, then the tagging of files is done with normal regular expressions (see ed (1)). When _Case_ _sensitive_ checkbox is on, the selection will be case sensitive characters. If _Case_ _sensitive_ is off, the case will be ignored. ### Internal Diff Viewer The mcdiff is a visual diff tool. You can compare two files and edit them in-place (diffs are updated dynamically). You can browse and view a working copy from popular version control systems (GIT, Subversion, etc). Following shortcuts are available in internal diff viewer of Midnight Commander. **F1** Invoke the built-in hypertext help viewer. **F2** Save modified files. **F4** Edit file of the left panel in the internal editor. **F14** Edit file of the right panel in the internal editor. **F5** Merge the current hunk. Only the current hunk will be merged. **F7** Start search. **F17** Continue search. ### F10, Esc, q Exit from diff viewer. ### Alt-s, s Toggle show of hunk status. ### Alt-n, l Toggle show of line numbers. **f** Maximize left panel. **=** Make panels equal in width. **>** Reduce the size of the right panel. **<** Reduce the size of the left panel. **c** Toggle show of trailing carriage return (CR) symbol as ^M. ### 2, 3, 4, 8 Set tabulation size **C-u** Swap contents of diff panels. **C-r** Refresh the screen. **C-o** Switch to the subshell and show the command screen. ### Enter, Space, n Find next diff hunk. ### Backspace, p Find previous diff hunk. **g** Go to line. **Down** Scroll one line forward. **Up** Scroll one line backward. **PageUp** Move one page up. ### PageDown Mves one page down. ### Home, A1 Moves to the line beginning. **End** Moves to the line end. **C-Home** Move to the file beginning. ### C-End, C1 Move to the file end. ### Internal File Viewer The internal file viewer provides two display modes: ASCII and hex. To toggle between modes, use the F4 key. The viewer will try to use the best method provided by your system or the file type to dis‐ play the information. Some character sequences, which appear most often in preformatted man‐ ual pages, are displayed bold and underlined, thus making a pretty display of your files. When in hex mode, the search function accepts text in quotes and constant numbers. Text in quotes is matched exactly after removing the quotes. Each number matches one byte. You can mix quoted text with constants like this: "String" 34 0xBB 012 "more text" Numbers are always interpreted in hex. In the example above, "34" is interpreted as 0x34. The prefix "0x" isn't really needed: we could type "BB" instead of "0xBB". And "012" is inter‐ preted as 0x12, not as an octal number. Here is a listing of the actions associated with each key that the Midnight Commander handles in the internal file viewer. **F1** Invoke the built-in hypertext help viewer. **F2** Toggle the wrap mode. **F4** Toggle the hex mode. **F5** Goto. You can specify a line number, offset or percentage of file size of position that you want to view. ### F7, /, ? Start search. These keys call the dialog window that allows you to set up the search options. If key is ? the "Backwards" option is on. **C-s** Continue forward search. **C-r** Continue reverse search. **F17,** **n** Continue search in the chosen direction. **N** Temporary change the search direction: backwards if forward search is chosen, and vice versa. **F8** Toggle Raw/Parsed mode: This will show the file as found on disk or if a processing filter has been specified in the mc.ext file, then the output from the filter. Current mode is always the other than written on the button label, since on the button is the mode which you enter by that key. **F9** Toggle the format/unformat mode: when format mode is on the viewer will interpret some string sequences to show bold and underline with different colors. Also, on button la‐ bel is the other mode than current. ### F10, Esc. Exit the internal file viewer. ### PageDown, space, C-v. Scroll one page forward. ### PageUp, Alt-v, C-b, Backspace. Scroll one page backward. **Down** Scroll one line forward. **Up** Scroll one line backward. **C-l** Refresh the screen. **C-o** Switch to the subshell and show the command screen. **[n]** **m** Set the mark n. **[n]** **r** Jump to the mark n. **C-f** Jump to the next file. **C-b** Jump to the previous file. **Alt-r** Toggle the ruler. **Alt-e** to change charset of displayed text may use Alt-e (M-e). Recoding is made from se‐ lected codepage into system codepage. To cancel the recoding you may select "" in charset selection dialog. It's possible to instruct the file viewer how to display a file, look at the Edit Extension File section ### Internal File Editor The internal file editor is a full-featured full screen editor. It can edit files up to 64 megabytes. It is possible to edit binary files. The internal file editor is invoked using **F4** if the _use_internal_edit_ option is set in the initialization file. The features it presently supports are: block copy, move, delete, cut, paste; key for key undo; pull-down menus; file insertion; macro commands; regular expression search and replace; S-arrow text highlighting (if supported by the terminal); insert-overwrite toggle; word wrap; autoindent; tunable tab size; syntax highlighting for various file types; and an option to pipe text blocks through shell commands like indent and ispell. Sections: Options of editor in ini-file The editor is very easy to use and requires no tutoring. To see what keys do what, just con‐ sult the appropriate pull-down menu. Other keys are: Shift movement keys do text highlight‐ ing. **C-Ins** copies to the file **mcedit.clip** and **S-Ins** pastes from mcedit.clip. **S-Del** cuts to **mcedit.clip**, and **C-Del** deletes highlighted text. Mouse highlighting also works, and you can override the mouse as usual by holding down the shift key while dragging the mouse to let normal terminal mouse highlighting work. To define a macro, press **C-R** and then type out the key strokes you want to be executed. Press **C-R** again when finished. You can then assign the macro to any key you like by pressing that key. The macro is executed when you press **C-A** and then the assigned key. The macro is also executed if you press Meta, Ctrl, or Esc and the assigned key, provided that the key is not used for any other function. Once defined, the macro commands go into the file **~/.lo**‐‐ **cal/share/mc/mcedit/mcedit.macros** You can delete a macro by deleting the appropriate line in this file. To change charset of displayed text may use Alt-e (M-e). Recoding is made from selected codepage into system codepage. To cancel the recoding you may select "" in charset selection dialog. **F19** will format the currently highlighted block (plain text or C or C++ code or another). This is controlled by the file **/usr/share/mc/edit.indent.rc** which is copied to **~/.lo**‐‐ **cal/share/mc/mcedit/edit.indent.rc** in your home directory the first time you use it. The editor also displays non-us characters (160+). When editing binary files, you should set **display** **bits** to 7 bits in the options menu to keep the spacing clean. ### Options of editor in ini-file Some editor options of ini-file are described in this section. Options are placed in [Mid‐ night-Commander] section _editor_wordcompletion_collect_entire_file_ Search autocomplete candidates in entire of file or just from begin of file to cursor position (0) ### Screen selector Midnight Commander supports running many internal modules (such as editor, viewer and diff viewer) simultaneously and switching between them without closing open files. Using several file managers at a time, however, is not currently supported. Let's call each of these modules a screen. There are three ways to switch between screens, using one of these global shortcuts: **Alt-}** switch to the next screen; **Alt-{** switch to the previous screen; **Alt-`** open a dialog window with the list of currently open screens (or use the "Screen list" menu item). ## Completion Let Midnight Commander type for you. Attempt to perform completion on the text before current position. MC attempts completion treating the text as variable (if the text begins with **$**), username (if the text begins with **~**), hostname (if the text begins with **@**) or command (if you are on the command line in the position where you might type a command, possible completions then include shell reserved words and shell built-in commands as well) in turn. If none of these matches, filename com‐ pletion is attempted. Filename, username, variable and hostname completion works on all input lines, command com‐ pletion is command line specific. If the completion is ambiguous (there are more different possibilities), MC beeps and the following action depends on the setting of the Complete: show all option in the Configuration dialog. If it is enabled, a list of all possibilities pops up next to the current position and you can select with the arrow keys and **Enter** the correct entry. You can also type the first letters in which the possibilities differ to move to a subset of all possibilities and complete as much as possible. If you press **Alt-Tab** again, only the subset will be shown in the listbox, otherwise the first item which matches all the previous characters will be highlighted. As soon as there is no ambiguity, dialog disappears, but you can hide it by canceling keys **Esc**, **F10** and left and right arrow keys. If Complete: show all is disabled, the dialog pops up only if you press **Alt-Tab** for the second time, for the first time MC just beeps. Apply escaping of **?**, *****, and **&** symbols (as **\?**, **\***, and **\&**) in filenames to disallow use them as metasymbols in regular expressions when substitution is performed in the input line. ### Virtual File System Midnight Commander is provided with a code layer to access the file system; this code layer is known as the virtual file system switch. The virtual file system switch allows Midnight Commander to manipulate files not located on the Unix file system. Currently, Midnight Commander is packaged with some Virtual File Systems (VFS): the _local_ file system, used for accessing the regular Unix file system; the _ftpfs_, used to manipulate files on remote systems with the FTP protocol; the _tarfs_, used to manipulate tar and com‐ pressed tar files; the _undelfs_, used to recover deleted files on ext2 file systems (the de‐ fault file system for Linux systems), _fish_ (for manipulating files over shell connections such as rsh and ssh). If the code was compiled with _sftpfs_ (for manipulating files over SFTP connections). If the code was compiled with _smbfs_ support, you can manipulate files on re‐ mote systems with the SMB (CIFS) protocol. A generic _extfs_ (EXTernal virtual File System) is provided in order to easily expand VFS ca‐ pabilities using scripts and external software. The VFS switch code will interpret all of the path names used and will forward them to the correct file system, the formats used for each one of the file systems is described later in their own section. ### FTP File System The FTP File System (ftpfs) allows you to manipulate files on remote machines. To actually use it, you can use the _FTP_ _link_ item in the menu or directly change your current directory using the _cd_ command to a path name that looks like this: _ftp://[!][user[:pass]@]machine[:port][remote-dir]_ The _user_, _port_ and _remote-dir_ elements are optional. If you specify the _user_ element, Mid‐ night Commander will login to the remote machine as that user, otherwise it will use anony‐ mous login or the login name from the _~/.netrc_ file. The optional _pass_ element is the pass‐ word used for the connection. Using the password in the VFS directory name is not recom‐ mended, because it can appear on the screen in clear text and can be saved to the directory history. To enable using FTP proxy, prepend **!** (an exclamation sign) to the hostname. Examples: ftp://ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx/linux/local ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages ftp://!behind.firewall.edu/pub ftp://:40/pub ftp://miguel:xxx@server/pub Please check the Virtual File System dialog box for ftpfs options. ### Tar File System The tar file system provides you with read-only access to your tar files and compressed tar files by using the chdir command. To change your directory to a tar file, you change your current directory to the tar file by using the following syntax: _/filename.tar/utar://[dir-inside-tar]_ The mc.ext file already provides a shortcut for tar files, this means that usually you just point to a tar file and press return to enter into the tar file, see the Edit Extension File section for details on how this is done. Examples: mc-3.0.tar.gz/utar://mc-3.0/vfs /ftp/GCC/gcc-2.7.0.tar/utar:// The latter specifies the full path of the tar archive. ### FIle transfer over SHell filesystem The fish file system is a network based file system that allows you to manipulate the files in a remote machine as if they were local. To use this, the other side has to either run fish server, or has to have bash-compatible shell. To connect to a remote machine, you just need to chdir into a special directory which name is in the following format: _sh://[user@]machine[:options]/[remote-dir]_ The _user,_ _options_ and _remote-dir_ elements are optional. If you specify the _user_ element, Midnight Commander will try to login on the remote machine as that user, otherwise it will use your login name. The available _options_ are: 'C' - use compression; 'r' - use rsh instead of ssh; port - specify the port used by remote server. If the _remote-dir_ element is present, your current directory on the remote machine will be set to this one. Examples: sh://onlyrsh.mx:r/linux/local sh://:C/private sh:///private sh://:2222/private ### SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) filesystem The SFTP file system is a network based file system that allows you to manipulate the files in a remote machine as if they were local. To connect to a remote machine, you just need to chdir into a special directory which name is in the following format: _sftp://[user@]machine:[port]/[remote-dir]_ The _user,_ _port_ and _remote-dir_ elements are optional. If you specify the _user_ element, Mid‐ night Commander will try to login on the remote machine as that user, otherwise it will use your login name. _port_ - specify the port used by remote server (22 by default). If the _re__‐ _mote-dir_ element is present, your current directory on the remote machine will be set to this one. Examples: sftp://onlyrsh.mx/linux/local sftp://joe:/private sftp:///private sftp://:2222/private When establishing the connection, server key fingerprint is verified using the ~/.ssh/known_hosts file. If the host/key pair is not found or the host is found, but the key doesn't match, an appropriate message is shown. There are three buttons in the message dia‐ log: **[Yes]** add new host/key pair to the ~/.ssh/known_hosts file and continue. **[Ignore]** do not add new host/key pair to the ~/.ssh/known_hosts file, but continue neverthe‐ less (at you own risk). **[No]** abort connection. ### Undelete File System On Linux systems, if you asked configure to use the ext2fs undelete facilities, you will have the undelete file system available. Recovery of deleted files is only available on ext2 file systems. The undelete file system is just an interface to the ext2fs library to retrieve all of the deleted files names on an ext2fs and provides and to extract the selected files into a regular partition. To use this file system, you have to chdir into the special file name formed by the "un‐ del://" prefix and the file name where the actual file system resides. For example, to recover deleted files on the second partition of the first SCSI disk on Linux, you would use the following path name: undel://sda2 It may take a while for the undelfs to load the required information before you start brows‐ ing files there. ### SMB File System The smbfs allows you to manipulate files on remote machines with SMB (or CIFS) protocol. These include Windows for Workgroups, Windows 9x/ME/XP, Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Samba. To actually use it, you may try to use the panel command "SMB link..." (accessible from the menubar) or you may directly change your current directory to it using the cd command to a path name that looks like this: _smb://[user@]machine[/service][/remote-dir]_ The _user_, _service_ and _remote-dir_ elements are optional. The _user_, _domain_ and _password_ can be specified in an input dialog. Examples: smb://machine/Share smb://other_machine smb://guest@machine/Public/Irlex ### EXTernal File System **extfs** allows you to integrate numerous features and file types into GNU Midnight Commander in an easy way, by writing scripts. Extfs filesystems can be divided into two categories: 1. Stand-alone filesystems, which are not associated with any existing file. They represent certain system-wide data as a directory tree. You can invoke them by typing _cd_ _fsname://_ where fsname is an extfs short name (see below). Examples of such filesystems include audio (list audio tracks on the CD) or apt (list of all Debian packages in the system). For example, to list CD-Audio tracks on your CD-ROM drive, type cd audio:// 2. 'Archive' filesystems (like rpm, patchfs and more), which represent contents of a file as a directory tree. It can consist of 'real' files compressed in an archive (urar, rpm) or virtual files, like messages in a mailbox (mailfs) or parts of a patch (patchfs). To access such filesystems _fsname://_ should be appended to the archive name. Note that the archive it‐ self can be on another vfs. For example, to list contents of a zip archive documents.zip type cd documents.zip/uzip:// In many aspects, you could treat extfs like any other directory. For instance, you can add it to the hotlist or change to it from directory history. An important limitation is that you cannot invoke shell commands inside extfs, just like any other non-local VFS. Common extfs scripts included with Midnight Commander are: **a** access 'A:' DOS/Windows diskette (_cd_ _a://_). **apt** front end to Debian's APT package management system (_cd_ _apt://_). **audio** audio CD ripping and playing (_cd_ _audio://_ or _cd_ _device/audio://_). **bpp** package of Bad Penguin GNU/Linux distribution (_cd_ _file.bpp/bpp://_). **deb** package of Debian GNU/Linux distribution (_cd_ _file.deb/deb://_). **dpkg** Debian GNU/Linux installed packages (_cd_ _deb://_). **hp48** view and copy files to/from a HP48 calculator (_cd_ _hp48://_). **lslR** browsing of lslR listings as found on many FTPs (_cd_ _filename/lslR://_). **mailfs** mbox-style mailbox files support (_cd_ _mailbox/mailfs://_). ### patchfs extfs to handle unified and context diffs (_cd_ _filename/patchfs://_). **rpm** RPM package (_cd_ _filename/rpm://_). **rpms** RPM database management (_cd_ _rpms://_). ### ulha, urar, uzip, uzoo, uar, uha archivers (_cd_ _archive/xxxx://_ where xxxx is one of: _ulha_, _urar_, _uzip_, _uzoo_, _uar_, _uha_). You could bind file type/extension to specified extfs as described in the Edit Extension File section. Here is an example entry for Debian packages: regex/.deb$ Open=%cd %p/deb:// ## Colors Midnight Commander will try to detect if your terminal supports color using the terminal database and your terminal name. Sometimes it gets confused, so you may force color mode or disable color mode using the -c and -b flag respectively. If the program is compiled with the S-Lang screen manager instead of ncurses, it will also check the variable **COLORTERM,** if it is set, it has the same effect as the -c flag. You may specify terminals that always force color mode by adding the _color_terminals_ variable to the Colors section of the initialization file. This will prevent Midnight Commander from trying to detect if your terminal supports color. Example: [Colors] color_terminals=linux,xterm color_terminals=terminal-name1,terminal-name2... The program can be compiled with both ncurses and S-Lang, ncurses does not provide a way to force color mode: ncurses uses just the information in the terminal database. Midnight Commander provides a way to change the default colors. Currently the colors are configured using the environment variable **MC**___**COLOR**___**TABLE** or the Colors section in the ini‐ tialization file. In the Colors section, the default color map is loaded from the _base_color_ variable. You can specify an alternate color map for a terminal by using the terminal name as the key in this section. Example: [Colors] base_color= xterm=menu=magenta:marked=,magenta:markselect=,red The format for the color definition is: =,,:=... The colors are optional, and the keywords are: normal, selected, disabled, marked, markse‐ lect, errors, input, inputmark, inputunchanged, commandlinemark, reverse, gauge, header, in‐ puthistory, commandhistory. Button bar colors are: bbarhotkey, bbarbutton. Status bar color: statusbar. Menu colors are: menunormal, menusel, menuhot, menuhotsel, menuinactive. Dialog colors are: dnormal, dfocus, dhotnormal, dhotfocus, dtitle. Error dialog colors are: errdfo‐ cus, errdhotnormal, errdhotfocus, errdtitle. Help colors are: helpnormal, helpitalic, help‐ bold, helplink, helpslink, helptitle. Viewer colors are: viewnormal, viewbold, viewunder‐ line, viewselected. Editor colors are: editnormal, editbold, editmarked, editwhitespace, ed‐ itlinestate. Popup menu colors are: pmenunormal, pmenusel, pmenutitle. _header_ determines the color of panel header, the line that contains column titles and sort mode indicator. _input_ determines the color of input lines used in query dialogs. _gauge_ determines the color of the filled part of the progress bar (gauge), which is used to show the user the progress of file operations, such as copying. _disabled_ determines the color of the widget that cannot be selected. The dialog boxes use the following colors: _dnormal_ is used for the normal text, _dfocus_ is the color used for the currently selected component, _dhotnormal_ is the color used to differenti‐ ate the hotkey color in normal components, whereas the _dhotfocus_ color is used for the high‐ lighted color in the currently selected component. Menus use the same scheme but uses the menunormal, menusel, menuhot, menuhotsel and menuinac‐ tive tags instead. Help uses the following colors: _helpnormal_ is used for normal text, _helpitalic_ is used for text which is emphasized in italic in the manual page, _helpbold_ is used for text which is em‐ phasized in bold in the manual page, _helplink_ is used for not selected hyperlinks and _help__‐ _slink_ is used for selected hyperlink. Popup menu uses following colors: _pmenunormal_ is used for non-selected menu items and as a main color of popup menu window, _pmenusel_ is used for selected menu item, _pmenutitle_ is used for popup menu title. The possible colors are: black, gray, red, brightred, green, brightgreen, brown, yellow, blue, brightblue, magenta, brightmagenta, cyan, brightcyan, lightgray and white. And there is a special keyword for transparent background. It is 'default'. The 'default' can only be used for background color. Another special keyword "base" means mc's main colors. When 256 colors are available, they can be specified either as color16 to color255, or as rgb000 to rgb555 and gray0 to gray23. Example: [Colors] base_color=normal=white,default:marked=magenta,default Attributes can be any of bold, italic, underline, reverse and blink, appended by a plus sign if more than one are desired. The special word "none" means no attributes, without attempt‐ ing to fall back to base_color. Example: menuhotsel=yellow;black;bold+underline ## Skins You can change the appearance of Midnight Commander. To do this, you must specify a file that contain descriptions of colors and lines to draw boxes. Redefining of the colors is en‐ tirely compatible with the assignment of colors, as described in Section Colors. If your skin contains any true-color definitions, you should define the 'truecolors' key set to TRUE value in [skin] section. If true-color is not used but 256-color is, you should de‐ fine '256colors' instead. A skin-file is searched on the following algorithm (to the first one found): 1) command line option **-S** **** or **--skin=** 2) Environment variable **MC**___**SKIN** 3) Parameter **skin** in section **[Midnight-Commander]** in config file. 4) File **/etc/mc/skins/default.ini** 5) File **/usr/share/mc/skins/default.ini** Command line option, environment variable and parameter in config file may contain the abso‐ lute path to the skin-file (with the extension .ini or without it). Search of skin-file will occur in (to the first one found): 1) **~/.local/share/mc/skins/** 2) **/etc/mc/skins/** 3) **/usr/share/mc/skins/** For getting extended info, refer to: Description of section and parameters Color pair definitions Color and attribute aliases Draw lines Compatibility ### Description of section and parameters Section **[skin]** contain metainfo for skin-file. Parameter _description_ contain short text about skin. Section **[filehighlight]** contain descriptions of color pairs for filenames highlighting. Name of parameters must be equal to names of sections into filehighlight.ini file. See Filenames Highlight for getting more info. Section **[core]** describes the elements that are used everywhere. __default__ Default color pair. Used in all other sections if they not contain color definitions _selected_ cursor _marked_ selected data _markselect_ cursor on selected data _gauge_ color of the filled part of the progress bar _input_ color of input lines used in query dialogs _inputmark_ color of input selected text _inputunchanged_ color of input text before first modification or cursor movement _commandlinemark_ color of selected text in command line _reverse_ reverse color Section **[dialog]** describes the elements that are placed on dialog windows (except error di‐ alogs). __default__ Default color for this section. Used [core]._default_ if not specified _dfocus_ Color of active element (in focus) _dhotnormal_ Color of hotkeys _dhotfocus_ Color of hotkeys in focused element Section **[error]** describes the elements that are placed on error dialog windows __default__ Default color for this section. Used [core]._default_ if not specified _errdhotnormal_ Color of hotkeys _errdhotfocus_ Color of hotkeys in focused element Section **[menu]** describes the elements that are placed in menu. This section describes system menu (called by F9) and user-defined menus (called by F2 in panels and by F11 in editor). __default__ Default color for this section. Used [core]._default_ if not specified _entry_ Color of menu items _menuhot_ Color of menu hotkeys _menusel_ Color of active menu item (in focus) _menuhotsel_ Color of menu hotkeys in focused menu item _menuinactive_ Color of inactive menu Section **[help]** describes the elements that are placed on help window. __default__ Default color for this section. Used [core]._default_ if not specified _helpitalic_ Color pair for element with **italic** attribute _helpbold_ Color pair for element with **bold** attribute _helplink_ Color of links _helpslink_ Color of active link (on focus) Section **[editor]** describes the colors of elements placed in editor. __default__ Default color for this section. Used [core]._default_ if not specified _editbold_ Color pair for element with **bold** attribute _editmarked_ Color of selected text _editwhitespace_ Color of tabs and trailing spaces highlighting _editlinestate_ Color for line state area Section **[viewer]** describes the colors of elements placed in viewer. _viewunderline_ Color pair for element with **underline** attribute ### Color pair definitions Any parameter in skin-file contain definition of color pair. Color pairs described as two colors and the optional attributes separated by ';'. First field sets the foreground color, second field sets background color, third field sets the at‐ tributes. Any of the fields may be omitted, in this case value will be taken from default color pair (global color pair or from default color pair of this section). Example: [core] # green on black _default_=green;black # green (default) on blue selected=;blue # yellow on black (default) # underlined yellow on black (default) marked=yellow;;underline Possible colors (names) and attributes are described in Colors. section. ### Color and attribute aliases This optional section might define aliases for single colors (not color pairs) as well as combination of attributes; in other words, for semicolon-separated fragments of parameters. Aliases can refer to other aliases as long as they don't form a loop. Example: [aliases] myfavfg=green myfavbg=black myfavattr=bold+italic [core] _default_=myfavfg;myfavbg;myfavattr ### Draw lines Lines sets in section **[Lines]** into skin-file. By default single lines are used, but you may redefine to usage of any utf-8 symbols (like to lines, for example). _WARNING!!!_ When you build Midnight Commander with the ncurses screen library usage of draw‐ ing lines is limited! Possible only drawing a single lines. For all questions and comments please contact the developers of ncurses. Descriptions of parameters **[Lines]**: _lefttop_ left-top line fragment. _righttop_ right-top line fragment. _centertop_ down branch of horizontal line _centerbottom_ up branch of horizontal line _leftbottom_ left-bottom line fragment _rightbottom_ right-bottom line fragment _leftmiddle_ right branch of vertical line _rightmiddle_ left branch of vertical line _centermiddle_ cross of lines _horiz_ horizontal line _vert_ vertical line _thinhoriz_ thin horizontal line _thinvert_ thin vertical line ### Compatibility Appointment of color by skin-files fully compatible with the appointment of the colors de‐ scribed in Colors. section. In this case, reassignment of colors has priority over the skin file and is complementary. ### Filenames Highlight Section [filehighlight] in current skin-file contains key names as highlight groups and val‐ ues as color pairs. Color pairs is documented in Skins section. Rules of filenames highlight are placed in /usr/share/mc/filehighlight.ini file (~/.con‐ fig/mc/filehighlight.ini). Name of section in this file must be equal to parameters names in [filehighlight] section (in current skin-file). Keys in these groups are: _type_ file type. If present, all other options are ignored. _regexp_ regular expression. If present, 'extensions' option is ignored. _extensions_ list of extensions of files. Separated by ';' sign. _extensions_case_ (make sense only with 'extensions' parameter) make 'extensions' rule case sensitive (true) or not (false). `type' key may have values: - FILE (all files) - FILE_EXE - DIR (all directories) - LINK_DIR - LINK (all links except stale link) - HARDLINK - SYMLINK - STALE_LINK - DEVICE (all device files) - DEVICE_BLOCK - DEVICE_CHAR - SPECIAL (all special files) - SPECIAL_SOCKET - SPECIAL_FIFO - SPECIAL_DOOR ### Special Settings Most of Midnight Commander settings can be changed from the menus. However, there are a small number of settings which can only be changed by editing the setup file. These variables may be set in your ~/.config/mc/ini file: _clear_before_exec_ By default, Midnight Commander clears the screen before executing a command. If you would prefer to see the output of the command at the bottom of the screen, edit your ~/.config/mc/ini file and change the value of the field clear_before_exec to 0. _confirm_view_dir_ If you press F3 on a directory, normally MC enters that directory. If this flag is set to 1, then MC will ask for confirmation before changing the directory if you have files tagged. _ftpfs_retry_seconds_ This value is the number of seconds Midnight Commander will wait before attempting to reconnect to an FTP server that has denied the login. If the value is zero, the login will no be retried. _max_dirt_limit_ Specifies how many screen updates can be skipped at most in the internal file viewer. Normally this value is not significant, because the code automatically adjusts the number of updates to skip according to the rate of incoming keystrokes. However, on very slow machines or terminals with a fast keyboard auto repeat, a big value can make screen updates too jumpy. It seems that setting max_dirt_limit to 10 causes the best behavior, and that is the default value. _mouse_move_pages_viewer_ Controls if scrolling with the mouse is done by pages or line by line on the internal file viewer. _only_leading_plus_minus_ Allow special treatment for '+', '-', '*' in the command line (select, unselect, re‐ verse selection) only if the command line is empty. You don't need to quote those characters in the middle of the command line. On the other hand, you cannot use them to change selection when the command line is not empty. _alternate_plus_minus_ If true, use '+', '-', '\' and '*' keys normally. For select/unselect, use 'Alt-+', 'Alt--' and 'Alt-*'. _show_output_starts_shell_ This variable only works if you are not using the subshell support. When you use the C-o keystroke to go back to the user screen, if this one is set, you will get a fresh shell. Otherwise, pressing any key will bring you back to Midnight Commander. _timeformat_recent_ Change the time format used to display dates less than 6 months from now. See strf‐ time or date man page for the format specification. If this option is absent, default timeformat is used. _timeformat_old_ Change the time format used to display dates older than 6 months from now or for dates in the future. See strftime or date man page for the format specification. If this option is absent, default timeformat is used. _torben_fj_mode_ If this flag is set, then the home and end keys will work slightly different on the panels, instead of moving the selection to the first and last files in the panels, they will act as follows: The home key will: Go up to the middle line, if below it; else go to the top line un‐ less it is already on the top line, in this case it will go to the first file in the panel. The end key has a similar behavior: Go down to the middle line, if over it; else go to the bottom line unless you already are at the bottom line, in such case it will move the selection to the last file name in the panel. _use_file_to_guess_type_ If this variable is on (the default) it will spawn the file command to match the file types listed on the mc.ext file. _xtree_mode_ If this variable is on (default is off) when you browse the file system on a Tree panel, it will automatically reload the other panel with the contents of the selected directory. _fish_directory_timeout_ This variable holds the lifetime of a directory cache entry in seconds. The default value is 900 seconds. _clipboard_store_ This variable contains path (with options) to the external clipboard utility like 'xclip' to read text into X selection from file. For example: clipboard_store=xclip -i _clipboard_paste_ This variable contains path (with options) to the external clipboard utility like 'xclip' to print the selection to standard out. For example: clipboard_paste=xclip -o _autodetect_codeset_ This option allows use the `enca' command to autodetect codeset of text files in in‐ ternal viewer and editor. List of valid values can be obtain by the `enca --list lan‐ guages | cut -d : -f1' command. Option must be located in the [Misc] section. For example: autodetect_codeset=russian ### Parameters for external editor or viewer Midnight Commander provides a way for specify an options for external editors and viewers. Midnight Commander tries to search the "[External editor or viewer parameters]" section in the system initialization file (the mc.lib file located in Midnight Commander's library di‐ rectory) and then in the ~/.config/mc/ini file. The option name should be equal to the name (full pathname) of external editor or viewer. The option value can contain following vari‐ ables: _%filename_ The filename to edit/view. _%lineno_ The start line in the opening file. For example: [External editor or viewer parameters] vi=%filename +%lineno joe=%filename +%lineno more=%filename +%lineno Start line is passed to the external editor/viewer only if it is called from the Find file results window. If external editor/viewer is launched via F4/F3 keys, MC hopes that program (at least "joe", but probably others too) has an own feature that by default opens the file where it was last open. MC doesn't prevent external editor/viewer to save and restore position in opened files. ### Terminal databases Midnight Commander provides a way to fix your system terminal database without requiring root privileges. Midnight Commander searches in the system initialization file (the mc.lib file located in Midnight Commander's library directory) and in the ~/.config/mc/ini file for the section "terminal:your-terminal-name" and then for the section "terminal:general", each line of the section contains a key symbol that you want to define, followed by an equal sign and the definition for the key. You can use the special \e form to represent the escape charac‐ ter and the ^x to represent the control-x character. The possible key symbols are: f0 to f20 Function keys f0-f20 bs backspace home home key end end key up up arrow key down down arrow key left left arrow key right right arrow key pgdn page down key pgup page up key insert the insert character delete the delete character complete to do completion For example, to define the key insert to be the Escape + [ + O + p, you set this in the ini file: insert=\e[Op Also now you can use _extended_ _learn_ _keys._ For example: ctrl-alt-right=\e[[1;6C ctrl-alt-left=\e[[1;6D This means that ctrl+alt+left sends a \e[[1;6D escape sequence and therefore Midnight Comman‐ der interprets "\e[[1;6D" as C-Alt-Left. The _complete_ key symbol represents the escape sequences used to invoke the completion process, this is invoked with Alt-tab, but you can define other keys to do the same work (on those keyboard with tons of nice and unused keys everywhere). ## FILES Full paths below may vary between installations. They are also affected by the **MC**___**DATADIR** environment variable. If it's set, its value is used instead of /usr/share/mc in the paths below. _/usr/share/mc/help/mc.hlp_ The help file for the program. _/usr/share/mc/mc.ext_ The default system-wide extensions file. _~/.config/mc/mc.ext_ User's own extension, view configuration and edit configuration file. They override the contents of the system wide files if present. _/etc/mc/mc.ini_ _/usr/share/mc/mc.ini_ System-wide setup files for Midnight Commander, used only if the user doesn't have his own **~/.config/mc/ini** file. If /etc/mc/mc.ini exists, /usr/share/mc/mc.ini isn't used. _/usr/share/mc/mc.lib_ Global settings for Midnight Commander. Settings in this file affect all users, whether they have ~/.config/mc/ini or not. Currently, only terminal settings are loaded from mc.lib. _~/.config/mc/ini_ User's own setup. If this file is present then the setup is loaded from here instead of the system-wide startup file. _/usr/share/mc/hints/mc.hint_ This file contains the hints displayed by the program. _/usr/share/mc/mc.menu_ This file contains the default system-wide applications menu. _~/.config/mc/menu_ User's own application menu. If this file is present it is used instead of the sys‐ tem-wide applications menu. _~/.cache/mc/Tree_ The directory list for the directory tree and tree view features. _~/.local/share/mc.menu_ Local user-defined menu. If this file is present, it is used instead of the home or system-wide applications menu. To change default root directory of MC, you can use **MC**___**PROFILE**___**ROOT** environment variable. The value of MC_PROFILE_ROOT must be an absolute path. If MC_PROFILE_ROOT is unset or empty, HOME variable is used. If HOME is unset or empty, MC directories are get from GLib library. ## LICENSE This program is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation. See the built-in help for details on the License and the lack of warranty. ## AVAILABILITY The latest version of this program can be found at . ## SEE ALSO [ed(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ed/1/markdown), [gpm(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/gpm/1/markdown), [terminfo(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/terminfo/1/markdown), [view(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/view/1/markdown), [sh(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/sh/1/markdown), [bash(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/bash/1/markdown), [tcsh(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tcsh/1/markdown), [zsh(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/zsh/1/markdown). Midnight Commander's page on the World Wide Web: ## AUTHORS Authors and contributors are listed in the AUTHORS file in the source distribution. ## BUGS See the file TODO in the distribution for information on what remains to be done. If you want to report a problem with the program, please create bugreport at ‐ night-commander.org/. Provide a detailed description of the bug, the version of the program you are running (_mc_ _-V_ displays this information), the operating system you are running the program on. If the pro‐ gram crashes, we would appreciate a stack trace. MC Version 4.8.27 August 2021 [MC(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/MC/1/markdown)