# mawk-code - dumping 's byte-code - man(7) - [phpMan] [_MAWK-CODE_(7)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/MAWK-CODE/7/markdown) Miscellaneous [_MAWK-CODE_(7)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/MAWK-CODE/7/markdown) ## NAME mawk-code - dumping mawk's byte-code ## SYNOPSIS At startup, **mawk **compiles the script into byte-code. After that, it interprets the compiled byte-code. Use the **-Wdump **option to show the byte-code. ## PROGRAM CODES As **mawk **executes the program, it maintains a reference to the command to execute in **cdp**. Af‐ ter that there may be data and/or references in **cdp**[0], **cdp**[1], etc. When an operation requires operands, **mawk **pushes the values (or array/string references) onto the stack, which updates the stack pointer **sp**. When the operation completes, **mawk **consumes those entries on the stack, pushing the result (if any) onto the stack. While executing user-defined functions, **mawk **maintains a _frame_ _pointer_ **fp **to address the function's local variables. ### a_cat _Concatenate_ _array-indices_. Usage: Forms a multiple array index by concatenating the elements of **sp**[1-_cnt_..0], with each element separated by _SUBSEP_. Parameters: cdp[0] _cnt_, the number of elements to concatenate follows the command. sp[0]..sp[1-_cnt_] hold reference to the elements to concatenate. Returns the index in sp[0]. ### a_del _Delete_ _an_ _array_ _item_. Usage: delete array[expr] Parameters: sp[0] points to _array_ sp[-1] is an _expr_ ### a_length _Find_ _the_ _length_ _of_ _an_ _array_. Usage: length(array) Parameters: sp[0] points to _array_. Returns the length of the array in sp[0]. ### a_pusha _Push_ _array_ _address_ _onto_ _stack_. Usage: This is used to set up a calling argument for a function. Parameters: cdp[0] array reference follows the command. Returns the array in sp[0]. ### a_test _Test_ _if_ _an_ _expression_ _is_ _present_ _in_ _an_ _array_. Usage: (expression in array) Parameters: sp[0] points to _an_ _array_. sp[-1] is an _expression_. Returns 1 in sp[0] if the expression is found, 0 otherwise. ### add _Add_ _two_ _numbers_. Usage: _first_ + _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value. sp[-1] holds the _first_ value. Returns the sum in sp[0]. ### add_asg _Combined_ _addition/assignment_. Usage: _target_ += _source_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _source_ expression sp[-1] points to the _target_ Stores the sum in the _target_, leaving sp[0] pointing to the _target_. ### ae_pusha _Push_ _reference_ _to_ _array_ _cell,_ _given_ _expression_ _for_ _its_ _index_. Usage: _arrayname_[_expression_] Parameters: cdp[0] an array reference follows the command. sp[0] has an expression, used for the index of a cell in the array. Returns a reference to the addressed cell in sp[0]. ### ae_pushi _Push_ _contents_ _of_ _array_ _cell,_ _given_ _expression_ _for_ _its_ _index_. Usage: _arrayname_[_expression_] Parameters: sp[0] has an expression, used for the index of a cell in the array. Returns contents of the addressed cell in sp[0]. ### aloop _Update_ _reference_ _to_ _next_ _cell_ _for_ _array_ _loop_. Usage: for ( _i_ in _arrayname_ ) _statement_ Parameters: none **Mawk **maintains a stack of array-loop state. It updates the array/cell references in the cur‐ rent loop's state. ### assign _Assigns_ _a_ _value_. Usage: _target_ = _source_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _source_ expression sp[-1] points to the _target_ Stores the sum in the _target_, leaving sp[0] pointing to the _target_. ### atan2 _Compute_ _arc-tangent_ _of_ _two_ _values_. Usage: atan2( _first_, _second_ ) Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value sp[-1] holds the _first_ value Returns the result in sp[0]. ### call _Call_ _a_ _function_. Usage: _function_() Parameters: cdp[0] is a reference to the function block cdp[1] holds number of input arguments Returns function value in sp[0]. ### cat _Concatenate_ _two_ _strings_. Usage: _first_ _second_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _second_ string. sp[-1] is the _first_ string. Returns the result in sp[0]. ### close _Close_ _the_ _file_ _or_ _pipe_ _associated_ _with_ _an_ _expression_. Usage: close( _expression_ ) Parameters: sp[0] holds the _expression_ identifying the file to close Returns the status from closing the file, 0 on success or -1 on failure. ### cos _Compute_ _the_ _cosine_ _of_ _a_ _value_ _in_ _radians_. Usage: cos( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the _value_. Returns the result in sp[0]. ### del_a _Delete_ _an_ _array_. Usage: delete(array) Parameters: sp[0] is the _array_ to delete. ### div _Divide_ _one_ _number_ _by_ _another_. Usage: _first_ / _second_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _second_ value. sp[-1] is the _first_ value. Returns the quotient in sp[0]. ### div_asg _Combined_ _division/assignment_. Usage: _target_ /= _source_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _source_ sp[-1] points to the _target_ Stores the quotient in the _target_, leaving sp[0] pointing to the target. **eq** _Compare_ _two_ _values_. Usage: _first_ == _second_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _second_ value sp[-1] is the _first_ value Returns 1 in sp[0] if the values are equal, otherwise 0. ### exit _Exits_ _mawk_ _with_ _a_ _specific_ _exit-code_. Usage: exit(_exit_code_) Parameters: sp[0] is the _exit_code_ ### exit0 _Exits_ _mawk_ _with_ _success_ Usage: exit Parameters: none ### exp _Compute_ _base-e_ _exponential_ _function_ _of_ _a_ _value_. Usage: exp( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the _value_ Returns the result in sp[0]. ### f_add_asg _Combination_ _addition/assignment_ _to_ _NF_. Usage: NF += _expression_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _expression_ to add ### f_assign _Assign_ _an_ _expression_ _to_ _NF_. Usage: NF = _expression_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _expression_ ### f_div_asg _Combination_ _division/assignment_ _to_ _NF_. Usage: NF /= _expression_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _expression_ ### f_mod_asg _Combination_ _modulus/assignment_ _to_ _NF_. Usage: NF %= _expression_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _expression_ ### f_mul_asg _Combination_ _multiplication/assignment_ _to_ _NF_. Usage: NF *= _expression_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _expression_ ### f_post_dec _Post-decrement_ _using_ _NF_. Usage: NF-- Parameters: holds a reference to the field to use ### f_post_inc _Post-increment_ _using_ _NF_. Usage: NF++ Parameters: holds a reference to the field to use ### f_pow_asg _Exponentiation_ _using_ _NF_. Usage: NF ^= _expression_ Parameters: sp[0] is the expression to use ### f_pre_dec _Predecrement_ _using_ _NF_. Usage: --NF Parameters: sp[0] holds a reference to the field to use ### f_pre_inc _Preincrement_ _using_ _NF_. Usage: ++NF Parameters: sp[0] holds a reference to the field to use ### f_pusha _Push_ _array_ _reference_ _to_ _data_ _split-up_ _as_ _fields._. Usage: $0 = _expression_ getline Parameters: cdp[0] is a reference to the data to be split/assigned. Returns the resulting array reference in sp[0]. ### f_pushi _Push_ _contents_ _of_ _numbered_ _field_. Usage: $_expression_ Parameters: cdp[0] holds a reference to $_expression_ cdp[1] holds _expression_ Returns the field's value in sp[0]. ### f_sub_asg _Combination_ _subtraction/assignment_ _to_ _NF_. Usage: NF -= _expression_ Parameters: sp[0] holds a reference to the field to use ### fe_pusha _Push_ _reference_ _to_ _numbered_ _field_. Usage: $_number_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the field _number_ Returns a reference to the field in sp[0]. ### fe_pushi _Push_ _content_ _of_ _numbered_ _field_. Usage: $_number_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the field _number_ Returns the field's content in sp[0]. ### fflush _Flush_ _the_ _output_ _file_ _or_ _pipe_ _associated_ _with_ _an_ _expression_. Usage: fflush( _expression_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the _expression_ value Returns the result in sp[0]. **gt** _Test_ _if_ _first_ _value_ _is_ _greater_ _than_ _the_ _second_. Usage: _first_ > _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value. sp[-1] holds the _first_ value. Returns 1 in sp[0] if the _first_ value is greater than, otherwise 0. ### gte _Test_ _if_ _first_ _value_ _is_ _greater_ _than_ _or_ _equal_ _to_ _the_ _second_. Usage: _first_ >= _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value. sp[-1] holds the _first_ value. Returns 1 in sp[0] if the _first_ value is greater than or equal, otherwise 0. ### index _Find_ _the_ _position_ _of_ _the_ _second_ _string_ _in_ _the_ _first_. Usage: index( _first_, _second_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the _second_ string sp[0] is the _first_ string Returns the position in sp[0] starting at 1 if found, 0 if not found. ### int _Returns_ _a_ _value_ _truncated_ _towards_ _zero._. Usage: int( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the value Returns the result in sp[0]. ### jmain _Go_ _from_ _BEGIN_ _code_ _to_ _MAIN_ _code_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: none ### jmp _Jump_ _to_ _a_ _new_ _byte-code_ _position,_ _by_ _a_ _given_ _number_ _of_ _bytes_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the (signed) number of bytes by which to jump. ### jnz _Jump_ _to_ _a_ _new_ _byte-code_ _position_ _if_ _sp[0]_ _is_ _nonzero,_ _by_ _a_ _given_ _number_ _of_ _bytes_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the (signed) number of bytes by which to jump. sp[0] holds a value to compare against 0. **jz** _Jump_ _to_ _a_ _new_ _byte-code_ _position_ _if_ _sp[0]_ _is_ _zero,_ _by_ _a_ _given_ _number_ _of_ _bytes_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the (signed) number of bytes by which to jump. sp[0] holds a value to compare against 0. ### l_pusha _Push_ _a_ _local_ _address_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the offset from the _frame_ _pointer_ **fp**. Returns the address in sp[0]. ### l_pushi _Push_ _contents_ _of_ _a_ _local_ _variable_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the offset from the _frame_ _pointer_ **fp**. Returns the contents of the local variable in sp[0]. ### la_pusha _Pushes_ _a_ _reference_ _to_ _an_ _array_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: _arrayname_ Parameters: cdp[0] holds the offset from the _frame_ _pointer_ **fp **of a reference to an array. Returns a reference to the array in sp[0]. ### lae_pusha _Pushes_ _a_ _reference_ _to_ _a_ _given_ _array_ _cell_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: _arrayname_[_expression_] Parameters: cdp[0] holds the offset from the _frame_ _pointer_ **fp **of a reference to an array. sp[0] holds an _expression_ Returns a reference to the specified array cell in sp[0]. ### lae_pushi _Pushes_ _the_ _contents_ _of_ _a_ _given_ _array_ _cell_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: _arrayname_[_expression_] Parameters: cdp[0] holds the offset from the _frame_ _pointer_ **fp **of a reference to an array. sp[0] holds an _expression_ Returns the contents of the specified array cell in sp[0]. ### length _Returns_ _the_ _length_ _of_ _a_ _string_ _or_ _array_ _value_. Usage: length( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the string or array reference Returns the length in sp[0]. ### ljnz _Special_ _jump_ _for_ _logical-OR,_ _always_ _preceded_ _by_ **test_**._ Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the (signed) number of bytes by which to jump if the value is nonzero. sp[0] holds a value to compare against 0. ### ljz _Special_ _jump_ _for_ _logical-OR,_ _always_ _preceded_ _by_ **test_**._ Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the (signed) number of bytes by which to jump if the value is zero. sp[0] holds a value to compare against 0. ### log _Compute_ _the_ _natural_ _logarithm_ _of_ _a_ _value_. Usage: log( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the value Returns the result in sp[0]. **lt** _Test_ _if_ _first_ _value_ _is_ _less_ _than_ _the_ _second_. Usage: _first_ < _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value. sp[-1] holds the _first_ value. Returns 1 in sp[0] if the _first_ value is less than, otherwise 0. ### lte _Test_ _if_ _first_ _value_ _is_ _less_ _than_ _or_ _equal_ _to_ _the_ _second_. Usage: _first_ <= _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value. sp[-1] holds the _first_ value. Returns 1 in sp[0] if the _first_ value is less than or equal, otherwise 0. ### match0 _Test_ _if_ _$0_ _matches_ _a_ _given_ _regular_ _expression_. Usage: $0 ~ _regex_ Parameters: cdp[0] holds a reference to a regular expression. Returns 1 in sp[0] if **$0 **matches the regular expression, 0 otherwise. ### match1 _Test_ _if_ _a_ _given_ _expression_ _matches_ _a_ _given_ _regular_ _expression_. Usage: _expression_ ~ _regex_ Parameters: cdp[0] holds a reference to a regular expression. sp[0] holds an expression to test. Returns 1 in sp[0] if the expression matches the regular expression, 0 otherwise. ### match2 _Test_ _if_ _an_ _expression_ _in_ _sp[-1]_ _matches_ _the_ _regular_ _expression_ _in_ _sp[0]_. Usage: _expression_ ~ _regex_ Parameters: sp[0] holds a reference to a regular expression. sp[-1] holds an expression to test. Returns 1 in sp[0] if the expression matches the regular expression, 0 otherwise. ### mktime _Converts_ _a_ _date_ _specification_ _in_ _systime_ _format_ _to_ _a_ _timestamp_. Usage: mktime( _string_ ) Parameters: sp[0] holds the date-specification string Returns the result in sp[0]. ### mod _Compute_ _modulus/remainder_ _with_ _two_ _operands_. Usage: _first_ % _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ operand sp[-1] holds the _first_ operand Returns the remainder in sp[0]. ### mod_asg _Assign_ _modulus/remainder_ _with_ _two_ _operands_. Usage: _first_ %= _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ operand cdp[0] holds the _first_ operand Returns the remainder in sp[0] as well as replacing the _first_ value. ### mul _Compute_ _product_ _with_ _two_ _operands_. Usage: _first_ * _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value sp[-1] holds the _first_ value Returns the product in sp[0]. ### mul_asg _Assign_ _product_ _with_ _two_ _operands_. Usage: _first_ *= _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value sp[-1] holds the _first_ value Returns the product in sp[0] as well as replacing the _first_ value. ### neq _Compare_ _two_ _values_. Usage: _first_ != _second_ Parameters: sp[0] is the _second_ value sp[-1] is the _first_ value Returns 1 in sp[0] if the values are not equal, otherwise 0. ### next _Read_ _the_ _next_ _record,_ _restart_ _pattern_ _testing_. Usage: next Parameters: none ### nextfile _Begin_ _processing_ _the_ _next_ _file_ _listed_ _on_ _the_ _command_ _line_. Usage: nextfile Parameters: none ### nf_pushi _Push_ _the_ _number_ _of_ _fields_ _(NF)_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: none ### not _Compute_ _a_ _logical_ _negation_. Usage: ! _value_ Parameters: sp[0] holds a value to negate. Returns the result on the evaluation stack, i.e., 0 if the value is nonzero and 1 otherwise. ### ol_gl _Read_ _into_ _$0_ _using_ _getline_. Usage: getline Parameters: none ### ol_gl_nr _Read_ _into_ _$0_ _using_ _getline,_ _updating_ _NR_ _and_ _FNR_. Usage: getline < _file_ Parameters: none ### omain _Start_ _executing_ _the_ _main_ _section_ _of_ _the_ _script_ _(between_ _BEGIN_ _and_ _END)_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: none ### pop _Pop_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack,_ _discarding_ _the_ _value_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: none ### pop_al _Finish_ _an_ _array_ _“in”_ _loop,_ _deallocating_ _the_ _state_ _information_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: none ### post_dec _Post-decrement_ _a_ _value_. Usage: _value_ -- Parameters: sp[0] holds the value to decrement Returns the updated value in sp[0]. ### post_inc _Post-increment_ _a_ _value_. Usage: _value_ ++ Parameters: sp[0] holds the value to increment Returns the updated value in sp[0]. ### pow _Compute_ _the_ _first_ _value_ _raised_ _to_ _the_ _power_ _of_ _the_ _second_ _value_. Usage: _first_ ^ _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value sp[-1] holds the _first_ value Returns the result in sp[0]. ### pow_asg _Assign_ _the_ _first_ _value_ _raised_ _to_ _the_ _power_ _of_ _the_ _second_ _value_. Usage: _variable_ = _first_ ^ _second_ Parameters: cdp[0] is a reference to the variable which will be assigned the result sp[0] holds the _second_ value sp[-1] holds the _first_ value ### pre_dec _Pre-decrement_ _a_ _value_. Usage: -- _value_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _value_ to decrement. Returns the updated value in sp[0];. ### pre_inc _Pre-increment_ _a_ _value_. Usage: ++ _value_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _value_ to decrement. Returns the updated value in sp[0];. ### pusha _Push_ _array_ _address_ _onto_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] array reference follows the command. Returns the array in sp[0]. ### pushc _Push_ _a_ _data_ _cell_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] is a reference to the data to push Returns a reference to the result in sp[0]. ### pushd _Push_ _a_ _double_ _floating_ _value_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] is a reference to the data to push Returns a reference to the result in sp[0]. ### pushi _Push_ _contents_ _of_ _next_ _referenced_ _variable_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] is a reference to the data cell to copy. Returns a reference to the result in sp[0]. ### pushint _Reserve_ _the_ _next_ _slot_ _on_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack,_ _setting_ _its_ _type_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds the type to set in the new slot, e.g., for data via I/O redirection Returns a reference to the result in sp[0]. ### pushs _Push_ _a_ _reference_ _to_ _a_ _string_ _value_ _onto_ _the_ _evaluation_ _stack_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0] holds a reference to the string value Returns a reference to the result in sp[0]. ### rand _Returns_ _a_ _random_ _number_ _between_ _zero_ _and_ _one._. Usage: rand() Parameters: none Returns the result in sp[0]. ### range _Test_ _a_ _range_ _pattern:_ _pat1,_ _pat2_ _{_ _action_ _}_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: cdp[0].op a flag, test _pat1_ if on else _pat2_ cdp[1].op offset of _pat2_ code from cdp cdp[2].op offset of action code from cdp cdp[3].op offset of code after the action from cdp cdp[4] start of _pat1_ code sp[0] holds arguments for the action. ### ret _Return_ _a_ _function_ _value_. Usage: return _value_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the return value When calling a function, **mawk **saves the current stack, creating a new one. On return, **mawk** restores the previous stack and returns the function value in sp[0]. ### ret0 _Return_ _from_ _a_ _function_ _without_ _providing_ _a_ _return-value_. Usage: return Parameters: sp[0] is modified to make the value uninitialized. As in the **ret **operation, **mawk **restores the previous stack. After the return, sp[0] is an uninitialized value. ### set_al _Begin_ _an_ _array_ _“in”_ _loop_. Usage: for ( _iterator_ in _arrayname_ ) _statement_ Parameters: sp[0] holds a reference to the array sp[-1] holds a reference to the iteration variable **Mawk **pushes a new entry onto the array loop stack, and updates cdp to point to the statement to execute. ### sin _Compute_ _the_ _sine_ _of_ _a_ _value_ _in_ _radians_. Usage: sin( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] holds the value Returns the result in sp[0]. ### sprintf _Returns_ _a_ _string_ _constructed_ _from_ _expression-list_ _according_ _to_ _format_. Usage: sprintf( _format_ [, value1 [,... ] ] ) Parameters: sp[0] is the last parameter value; there can be up to 255. Returns the resulting string in sp[0]. ### sqrt _Returns_ _the_ _square_ _root_ _of_ _a_ _value_. Usage: sqrt( _value_ 0 Parameters: sp[0] is the value Returns the result in sp[0]. ### srand _Seeds_ _the_ _random_ _number_ _generator_. Usage: srand( _value_ ) srand( ) Parameters: sp[0] is the seed value, which may be uninitialized Returns the previous seed value in sp[0]. ### stop _Finish_ _a_ _range_ _pattern_. Usage: (internal state) Parameters: none ### strftime _Formats_ _the_ _given_ _timestamp_ _using_ _the_ _given_ _format_. Usage: strftime( _format_ , _timestamp_ , _utc_ ) strftime( _format_ , _timestamp_ ) strftime( _format_ ) strftime( ) Parameters: Zero to three parameters may be on the stack. If all three are used, they are as fol‐ lows: sp[0] is the _utc_ flag sp[-1] is the _timestamp_ value sp[-2] is the _format_ Returns the result in sp[0]. ### sub _Subtract_ _the_ _second_ _value_ _from_ _the_ _first_. Usage: _first_ - _second_ Parameters: sp[0] holds the _second_ value sp[-1] holds the _first_ value Returns the result in sp[0]. ### sub_asg _Assign_ _the_ _difference_ _of_ _two_ _values_ _to_ _a_ _variable_. Usage: _target_ = _first_ - _second_ Parameters: cdp[0] holds a reference to the variable to which to assign the result sp[0] holds the _second_ value sp[-1] holds the _first_ value Stores the difference in the _target_, leaving sp[0] pointing to the _target_. ### substr _eturns_ _the_ _substring_ _of_ _string_ _s,_ _starting_ _at_ _index_ _i,_ _of_ _length_ _n_. Usage: substr(s,i,n) substr(s,i) Parameters: Two or three parameters may be on the stack. If all three are used, they are as fol‐ lows: sp[0] holds the length _n_. sp[0] holds the index _i_. sp[0] holds the string _s_. ### system _Executes_ _a_ _command,_ _returning_ _the_ _wait-status_. Usage: status = system( _command_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the command to execute Returns the wait-status in sp[0]. ### systime _Returns_ _the_ _current_ _time_ _of_ _day_ _as_ _the_ _number_ _of_ _seconds_ _since_ _the_ _Epoch_. Usage: systime( ) Parameters: none Returns the result in sp[0]. ### test _Test_ _a_ _logical_ _expression_. Usage: _value_ Parameters: sp[0] holds a value to test. Returns the result on the evaluation stack, i.e., 1 if the value is nonzero and 0 otherwise. ### tolower _Copy_ _a_ _string,_ _converting_ _to_ _lowercase_. Usage: tolower( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the value to convert Returns the result in sp[0]. ### toupper _Copy_ _a_ _string,_ _converting_ _to_ _uppercase_. Usage: toupper( _value_ ) Parameters: sp[0] is the value to convert Returns the result in sp[0]. ### uminus _Unitary_ _minus_. Usage: - _value_ Parameters: sp[0] contains a value to negate. As a side-effect, if the value is a string, it is cast to double floating point. Returns the result in sp[0]. ### uplus _Unitary_ _plus_. Usage: + _value_ Parameters: sp[0] contains a value to use. As a side-effect, if the value is a string, it is cast to double floating point. Returns the result in sp[0]. ## REGULAR EXPRESSIONS **M_1J** mandatory jump **M_2JA** optional (undesirable) jump **M_2JB** optional (desirable) jump **M_2JC** pop pos'n, optional jump if advanced **M_ACCEPT** end of match **M_ANY** arbitrary character (.) **M_CLASS** character class **M_END** end of string ($) **M_SAVE_POS** push position onto stack **M_START** start of string (^) **M_STR** matching a literal string **M_U** arbitrary string (.*) Version 1.3.4 2024-01-23 [_MAWK-CODE_(7)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/MAWK-CODE/7/markdown)