{
"mode": "man",
"parameter": "du",
"section": "1",
"url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/du/1/json",
"generated": "2026-07-05T13:02:09Z",
"synopsis": "du [OPTION]... [FILE]...\ndu [OPTION]... --files0-from=F",
"sections": {
"NAME": {
"content": "du - estimate file space usage\n",
"subsections": []
},
"SYNOPSIS": {
"content": "du [OPTION]... [FILE]...\ndu [OPTION]... --files0-from=F\n",
"subsections": []
},
"DESCRIPTION": {
"content": "Summarize disk usage of the set of FILEs, recursively for directories.\n\nMandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n",
"subsections": [
{
"name": "-0 --null",
"content": "end each output line with NUL, not newline\n",
"flag": "-0",
"long": "--null"
},
{
"name": "-a --all",
"content": "write counts for all files, not just directories\n",
"flag": "-a",
"long": "--all"
},
{
"name": "--apparent-size",
"content": "print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually\nsmaller, it may be larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal fragmentation,\nindirect blocks, and the like\n",
"long": "--apparent-size"
},
{
"name": "-B --block-size",
"content": "scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g., '-BM' prints sizes in units of\n1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below\n",
"flag": "-B",
"long": "--block-size"
},
{
"name": "-b --bytes",
"content": "equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'\n",
"flag": "-b",
"long": "--bytes"
},
{
"name": "-c --total",
"content": "produce a grand total\n",
"flag": "-c",
"long": "--total"
},
{
"name": "-D --dereference-args",
"content": "dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line\n",
"flag": "-D",
"long": "--dereference-args"
},
{
"name": "-d --max-depth",
"content": "print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels\nbelow the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize\n\n--files0-from=F\nsummarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; if F is -,\nthen read names from standard input\n",
"flag": "-d",
"long": "--max-depth"
},
{
"name": "-H --dereference-args -D",
"content": "",
"flag": "-D",
"long": "--dereference-args"
},
{
"name": "-h --human-readable",
"content": "print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)\n",
"flag": "-h",
"long": "--human-readable"
},
{
"name": "--inodes",
"content": "list inode usage information instead of block usage\n",
"long": "--inodes"
},
{
"name": "-k --block-size",
"content": "",
"flag": "-k",
"long": "--block-size"
},
{
"name": "-L --dereference",
"content": "dereference all symbolic links\n",
"flag": "-L",
"long": "--dereference"
},
{
"name": "-l --count-links",
"content": "count sizes many times if hard linked\n",
"flag": "-l",
"long": "--count-links"
},
{
"name": "-m --block-size",
"content": "",
"flag": "-m",
"long": "--block-size"
},
{
"name": "-P --no-dereference",
"content": "don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)\n",
"flag": "-P",
"long": "--no-dereference"
},
{
"name": "-S --separate-dirs",
"content": "for directories do not include size of subdirectories\n\n--si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024\n",
"flag": "-S",
"long": "--separate-dirs"
},
{
"name": "-s --summarize",
"content": "display only a total for each argument\n",
"flag": "-s",
"long": "--summarize"
},
{
"name": "-t --threshold",
"content": "exclude entries smaller than SIZE if positive, or entries greater than SIZE if nega‐\ntive\n\n--time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdi‐\nrectories\n\n--time=WORD\nshow time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status\n\n--time-style=STYLE\nshow times using STYLE, which can be: full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT; FORMAT is\ninterpreted like in 'date'\n",
"flag": "-t",
"long": "--threshold"
},
{
"name": "-X --exclude-from",
"content": "exclude files that match any pattern in FILE\n\n--exclude=PATTERN\nexclude files that match PATTERN\n",
"flag": "-X",
"long": "--exclude-from"
},
{
"name": "-x --one-file-system",
"content": "skip directories on different file systems\n\n--help display this help and exit\n",
"flag": "-x",
"long": "--one-file-system"
},
{
"name": "--version",
"content": "output version information and exit\n\nDisplay values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the\nDUBLOCKSIZE, BLOCKSIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to\n1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLYCORRECT is set).\n\nThe SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024). Units are\nK,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000). Binary prefixes can be used,\ntoo: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.\n",
"long": "--version"
}
]
},
"PATTERNS": {
"content": "PATTERN is a shell pattern (not a regular expression). The pattern ? matches any one charac‐\nter, whereas * matches any string (composed of zero, one or multiple characters). For exam‐\nple, *.o will match any files whose names end in .o. Therefore, the command\n\ndu --exclude='*.o'\n\nwill skip all files and subdirectories ending in .o (including the file .o itself).\n",
"subsections": []
},
"AUTHOR": {
"content": "Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Paul Eggert, and Jim Meyering.\n",
"subsections": []
},
"REPORTING BUGS": {
"content": "GNU coreutils online help: \nReport any translation bugs to \n",
"subsections": []
},
"COPYRIGHT": {
"content": "Copyright © 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later\n.\nThis is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to\nthe extent permitted by law.\n",
"subsections": []
},
"SEE ALSO": {
"content": "Full documentation \nor available locally via: info '(coreutils) du invocation'\n\n\n\nGNU coreutils 8.32 January 2026 DU(1)",
"subsections": []
}
},
"summary": "du - estimate file space usage",
"flags": [
{
"flag": "-0",
"long": "--null",
"arg": null,
"description": "end each output line with NUL, not newline"
},
{
"flag": "-a",
"long": "--all",
"arg": null,
"description": "write counts for all files, not just directories"
},
{
"flag": "",
"long": "--apparent-size",
"arg": null,
"description": "print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like"
},
{
"flag": "-B",
"long": "--block-size",
"arg": null,
"description": "scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g., '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below"
},
{
"flag": "-b",
"long": "--bytes",
"arg": null,
"description": "equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'"
},
{
"flag": "-c",
"long": "--total",
"arg": null,
"description": "produce a grand total"
},
{
"flag": "-D",
"long": "--dereference-args",
"arg": null,
"description": "dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line"
},
{
"flag": "-d",
"long": "--max-depth",
"arg": null,
"description": "print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; if F is -, then read names from standard input"
},
{
"flag": "-D",
"long": "--dereference-args",
"arg": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"flag": "-h",
"long": "--human-readable",
"arg": null,
"description": "print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)"
},
{
"flag": "",
"long": "--inodes",
"arg": null,
"description": "list inode usage information instead of block usage"
},
{
"flag": "-k",
"long": "--block-size",
"arg": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"flag": "-L",
"long": "--dereference",
"arg": null,
"description": "dereference all symbolic links"
},
{
"flag": "-l",
"long": "--count-links",
"arg": null,
"description": "count sizes many times if hard linked"
},
{
"flag": "-m",
"long": "--block-size",
"arg": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"flag": "-P",
"long": "--no-dereference",
"arg": null,
"description": "don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)"
},
{
"flag": "-S",
"long": "--separate-dirs",
"arg": null,
"description": "for directories do not include size of subdirectories --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024"
},
{
"flag": "-s",
"long": "--summarize",
"arg": null,
"description": "display only a total for each argument"
},
{
"flag": "-t",
"long": "--threshold",
"arg": null,
"description": "exclude entries smaller than SIZE if positive, or entries greater than SIZE if nega‐ tive --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdi‐ rectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using STYLE, which can be: full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT; FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'"
},
{
"flag": "-X",
"long": "--exclude-from",
"arg": null,
"description": "exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN"
},
{
"flag": "-x",
"long": "--one-file-system",
"arg": null,
"description": "skip directories on different file systems --help display this help and exit"
},
{
"flag": "",
"long": "--version",
"arg": null,
"description": "output version information and exit Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the DUBLOCKSIZE, BLOCKSIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLYCORRECT is set). The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024). Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000). Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on."
}
],
"examples": [],
"see_also": [],
"tldr": {
"source": "official",
"description": "Disk usage: estimate and summarize file and directory space usage.",
"examples": [
{
"description": "List the sizes of a directory and any subdirectories, in the given unit (B/KiB/MiB)",
"command": "du -{{b|k|m}} {{path/to/directory}}"
},
{
"description": "List the sizes of a directory and any subdirectories, in human-readable form (i.e. auto-selecting the appropriate unit for each size)",
"command": "du {{-h|--human-readable}} {{path/to/directory}}"
},
{
"description": "Show the size of a single directory, in human-readable units",
"command": "du {{-sh|--summarize --human-readable}} {{path/to/directory}}"
},
{
"description": "List the human-readable sizes of a directory and of all the files and directories within it",
"command": "du {{-ah|--all --human-readable}} {{path/to/directory}}"
},
{
"description": "List the human-readable sizes of a directory and any subdirectories, up to `n` levels deep",
"command": "du {{-h|--human-readable}} {{-d|--max-depth}} {{n}} {{path/to/directory}}"
},
{
"description": "List the human-readable size of all `.jpg` files in current directory, and show a cumulative total at the end",
"command": "du {{-ch|--total --human-readable}} *.jpg"
},
{
"description": "List all files and directories (including hidden ones) above a certain threshold size (useful for investigating what is actually taking up the space)",
"command": "du {{-ah|--all --human-readable}} {{-t|--threshold}} {{1G|1024M|1048576K}} .[^.]* *"
}
]
}
}