# phpman > man > debugfs(8) [DEBUGFS(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/DEBUGFS/8/markdown) System Manager's Manual [DEBUGFS(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/DEBUGFS/8/markdown) ## NAME debugfs - ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger ## SYNOPSIS **debugfs** [ **-DVwcin** ] [ **-b** blocksize ] [ **-s** superblock ] [ **-f** cmd_file ] [ **-R** request ] [ **-d** data_source_device ] [ **-z** _undo_file_ ] [ device ] ## DESCRIPTION The **debugfs** program is an interactive file system debugger. It can be used to examine and change the state of an ext2, ext3, or ext4 file system. _device_ is a block device (e.g., /dev/sdXX) or a file containing the file system. ## OPTIONS _-w_ Specifies that the file system should be opened in read-write mode. Without this op‐ tion, the file system is opened in read-only mode. _-n_ Disables metadata checksum verification. This should only be used if you believe the metadata to be correct despite the complaints of e2fsprogs. _-c_ Specifies that the file system should be opened in catastrophic mode, in which the in‐ ode and group bitmaps are not read initially. This can be useful for file systems with significant corruption, but because of this, catastrophic mode forces the file system to be opened read-only. _-i_ Specifies that _device_ represents an ext2 image file created by the **e2image** program. Since the ext2 image file only contains the superblock, block group descriptor, block and inode allocation bitmaps, and the inode table, many **debugfs** commands will not function properly. **Warning:** no safety checks are in place, and **debugfs** may fail in interesting ways if commands such as _ls_, _dump_, etc. are tried without specifying the _data_source_device_ using the _-d_ option. **debugfs** is a debugging tool. It has rough edges! _-d_ _data_source_device_ Used with the _-i_ option, specifies that _data_source_device_ should be used when reading blocks not found in the ext2 image file. This includes data, directory, and indirect blocks. _-b_ _blocksize_ Forces the use of the given block size (in bytes) for the file system, rather than de‐ tecting the correct block size automatically. (This option is rarely needed; it is used primarily when the file system is extremely badly damaged/corrupted.) _-s_ _superblock_ Causes the file system superblock to be read from the given block number, instead of using the primary superblock (located at an offset of 1024 bytes from the beginning of the file system). If you specify the _-s_ option, you must also provide the blocksize of the file system via the _-b_ option. (This option is rarely needed; it is used pri‐ marily when the file system is extremely badly damaged/corrupted.) _-f_ _cmd_file_ Causes **debugfs** to read in commands from _cmd_file_, and execute them. When **debugfs** is finished executing those commands, it will exit. _-D_ Causes **debugfs** to open the device using Direct I/O, bypassing the buffer cache. Note that some Linux devices, notably device mapper as of this writing, do not support Di‐ rect I/O. _-R_ _request_ Causes **debugfs** to execute the single command _request_, and then exit. _-V_ print the version number of **debugfs** and exit. ### -z Before overwriting a file system block, write the old contents of the block to an undo file. This undo file can be used with [e2undo(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/e2undo/8/markdown) to restore the old contents of the file system should something go wrong. If the empty string is passed as the undo_file argument, the undo file will be written to a file named debugfs-_device_.e2undo in the directory specified via the _E2FSPROGS_UNDO_DIR_ environment variable. WARNING: The undo file cannot be used to recover from a power or system crash. ## SPECIFYING FILES Many **debugfs** commands take a _filespec_ as an argument to specify an inode (as opposed to a pathname) in the file system which is currently opened by **debugfs**. The _filespec_ argument may be specified in two forms. The first form is an inode number surrounded by angle brackets, e.g., _<2>_. The second form is a pathname; if the pathname is prefixed by a forward slash ('/'), then it is interpreted relative to the root of the file system which is currently opened by **debugfs**. If not, the pathname is interpreted relative to the current working di‐ rectory as maintained by **debugfs**. This may be modified by using the **debugfs** command _cd_. ## COMMANDS This is a list of the commands which **debugfs** supports. **blocks** _filespec_ Print the blocks used by the inode _filespec_ to stdout. **bmap** _[_ _-a_ _]_ _filespec_ _logical_block_ _[physical_block]_ Print or set the physical block number corresponding to the logical block number _logi__‐ _cal_block_ in the inode _filespec_. If the _-a_ flag is specified, try to allocate a block if necessary. **block**___**dump** _'[_ _-x_ _]_ _[-f_ _filespec]_ _block_num_ Dump the file system block given by _block_num_ in hex and ASCII format to the console. If the _-f_ option is specified, the block number is relative to the start of the given **filespec**. If the _-x_ option is specified, the block is interpreted as an extended at‐ tribute block and printed to show the structure of extended attribute data structures. **cat** _filespec_ Dump the contents of the inode _filespec_ to stdout. **cd** _filespec_ Change the current working directory to _filespec_. **chroot** _filespec_ Change the root directory to be the directory _filespec_. **close** _[-a]_ Close the currently open file system. If the _-a_ option is specified, write out any changes to the superblock and block group descriptors to all of the backup su‐ perblocks, not just to the master superblock. **clri** _filespec_ Clear the contents of the inode _filespec_. **copy**___**inode** _source_inode_ _destination_inode_ Copy the contents of the inode structure in _source_inode_ and use it to overwrite the inode structure at _destination_inode_. **dirsearch** _filespec_ _filename_ Search the directory _filespec_ for _filename_. **dirty** _[-clean]_ Mark the file system as dirty, so that the superblocks will be written on exit. Addi‐ tionally, clear the superblock's valid flag, or set it if _-clean_ is specified. **dump** _[-p]_ _filespec_ _out_file_ Dump the contents of the inode _filespec_ to the output file _out_file_. If the _-p_ option is given set the owner, group and permissions information on _out_file_ to match _file__‐ _spec_. **dump**___**mmp** _[mmp_block]_ Display the multiple-mount protection (mmp) field values. If _mmp_block_ is specified then verify and dump the MMP values from the given block number, otherwise use the **s**___**mmp**___**block** field in the superblock to locate and use the existing MMP block. **dx**___**hash** _[-h_ _hash_alg]_ _[-s_ _hash_seed]_ _filename_ Calculate the directory hash of _filename_. The hash algorithm specified with _-h_ may be **legacy**, **half**___**md4**, or **tea**. The hash seed specified with _-s_ must be in UUID format. **dump**___**extents** _[-n]_ _[-l]_ _filespec_ Dump the the extent tree of the inode _filespec_. The _-n_ flag will cause **dump**___**extents** to only display the interior nodes in the extent tree. The _-l_ flag will cause **dump**___**extents** to only display the leaf nodes in the extent tree. (Please note that the length and range of blocks for the last extent in an interior node is an estimate by the extents library functions, and is not stored in file system data structures. Hence, the values displayed may not necessarily by accurate and does not indicate a problem or corruption in the file system.) **dump**___**unused** Dump unused blocks which contain non-null bytes. **ea**___**get** _[-f_ _outfile]|[-xVC]_ _[-r]_ _filespec_ _attr_name_ Retrieve the value of the extended attribute _attr_name_ in the file _filespec_ and write it either to stdout or to _outfile_. **ea**___**list** _filespec_ List the extended attributes associated with the file _filespec_ to standard output. **ea**___**set** _[-f_ _infile]_ _[-r]_ _filespec_ _attr_name_ _attr_value_ Set the value of the extended attribute _attr_name_ in the file _filespec_ to the string value _attr_value_ or read it from _infile_. **ea**___**rm** _filespec_ _attr_names..._ Remove the extended attribute _attr_name_ from the file _filespec_. **expand**___**dir** _filespec_ Expand the directory _filespec_. **fallocate** _filespec_ _start_block_ _[end_block]_ Allocate and map uninitialized blocks into _filespec_ between logical block _start_block_ and _end_block_, inclusive. If _end_block_ is not supplied, this function maps until it runs out of free disk blocks or the maximum file size is reached. Existing mappings are left alone. **feature** _[fs_feature]_ _[-fs_feature]_ _..._ Set or clear various file system features in the superblock. After setting or clear‐ ing any file system features that were requested, print the current state of the file system feature set. **filefrag** _[-dvr]_ _filespec_ Print the number of contiguous extents in _filespec_. If _filespec_ is a directory and the _-d_ option is not specified, _filefrag_ will print the number of contiguous extents for each file in the directory. The _-v_ option will cause _filefrag_ print a tabular listing of the contiguous extents in the file. The _-r_ option will cause _filefrag_ to do a recursive listing of the directory. **find**___**free**___**block** _[count_ _[goal]]_ Find the first _count_ free blocks, starting from _goal_ and allocate it. Also available as **ffb**. **find**___**free**___**inode** _[dir_ _[mode]]_ Find a free inode and allocate it. If present, _dir_ specifies the inode number of the directory which the inode is to be located. The second optional argument _mode_ speci‐ fies the permissions of the new inode. (If the directory bit is set on the mode, the allocation routine will function differently.) Also available as **ffi**. **freeb** _block_ _[count]_ Mark the block number _block_ as not allocated. If the optional argument _count_ is present, then _count_ blocks starting at block number _block_ will be marked as not allo‐ cated. **freefrag** _[-c_ _chunk_kb]_ Report free space fragmentation on the currently open file system. If the _-c_ option is specified then the filefrag command will print how many free chunks of size _chunk_kb_ can be found in the file system. The chunk size must be a power of two and be larger than the file system block size. **freei** _filespec_ _[num]_ Free the inode specified by _filespec_. If _num_ is specified, also clear num-1 inodes after the specified inode. **get**___**quota** _quota_type_ _id_ Display quota information for given quota type (user, group, or project) and ID. **help** Print a list of commands understood by **debugfs**. **htree**___**dump** _filespec_ Dump the hash-indexed directory _filespec_, showing its tree structure. **icheck** _block_ _..._ Print a listing of the inodes which use the one or more blocks specified on the com‐ mand line. **inode**___**dump** _[-b]|[-e]|[-x]_ _filespec_ Print the contents of the inode data structure in hex and ASCII format. The _-b_ option causes the command to only dump the contents of the **i**___**blocks** array. The _-e_ option causes the command to only dump the contents of the extra inode space, which is used to store in-line extended attributes. The _-x_ option causes the command to dump the ex‐ tra inode space interpreted and extended attributes. This is useful to debug cor‐ rupted inodes containing extended attributes. **imap** _filespec_ Print the location of the inode data structure (in the inode table) of the inode _file__‐ _spec_. **init**___**filesys** _device_ _blocksize_ Create an ext2 file system on _device_ with device size _blocksize_. Note that this does not fully initialize all of the data structures; to do this, use the [**mke2fs**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mke2fs/8/markdown) pro‐ gram. This is just a call to the low-level library, which sets up the superblock and block descriptors. **journal**___**close** Close the open journal. **journal**___**open** _[-c]_ _[-v_ _ver]_ _[-f_ _ext_jnl]_ Opens the journal for reading and writing. Journal checksumming can be enabled by supplying _-c_; checksum formats 2 and 3 can be selected with the _-v_ option. An exter‐ nal journal can be loaded from _ext_jnl_. **journal**___**run** Replay all transactions in the open journal. **journal**___**write** _[-b_ _blocks]_ _[-r_ _revoke]_ _[-c]_ _file_ Write a transaction to the open journal. The list of blocks to write should be sup‐ plied as a comma-separated list in _blocks_; the blocks themselves should be readable from _file_. A list of blocks to revoke can be supplied as a comma-separated list in _revoke_. By default, a commit record is written at the end; the _-c_ switch writes an uncommitted transaction. **kill**___**file** _filespec_ Deallocate the inode _filespec_ and its blocks. Note that this does not remove any di‐ rectory entries (if any) to this inode. See the [**rm**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/rm/1/markdown) command if you wish to unlink a file. **lcd** _directory_ Change the current working directory of the **debugfs** process to _directory_ on the native file system. **list**___**quota** _quota_type_ Display quota information for given quota type (user, group, or project). **ln** _filespec_ _dest_file_ Create a link named _dest_file_ which is a hard link to _filespec_. Note this does not adjust the inode reference counts. **logdump** _[-acsOS]_ _[-b_ _block]_ _[-i_ _filespec]_ _[-f_ _journal_file]_ _[output_file]_ Dump the contents of the ext3 journal. By default, dump the journal inode as speci‐ fied in the superblock. However, this can be overridden with the _-i_ option, which dumps the journal from the internal inode given by _filespec_. A regular file contain‐ ing journal data can be specified using the _-f_ option. Finally, the _-s_ option uti‐ lizes the backup information in the superblock to locate the journal. The _-S_ option causes **logdump** to print the contents of the journal superblock. The _-a_ option causes the **logdump** program to print the contents of all of the descrip‐ tor blocks. The _-b_ option causes **logdump** to print all journal records that refer to the specified block. The _-c_ option will print out the contents of all of the data blocks selected by the _-a_ and _-b_ options. The _-O_ option causes logdump to display old (checkpointed) journal entries. This can be used to try to track down journal problems even after the journal has been re‐ played. **ls** _[-l]_ _[-c]_ _[-d]_ _[-p]_ _[-r]_ _filespec_ Print a listing of the files in the directory _filespec_. The _-c_ flag causes directory block checksums (if present) to be displayed. The _-d_ flag will list deleted entries in the directory. The _-l_ flag will list files using a more verbose format. The _-p_ flag will list the files in a format which is more easily parsable by scripts, as well as making it more clear when there are spaces or other non-printing characters at the end of filenames. The _-r_ flag will force the printing of the filename, even if it is encrypted. **list**___**deleted**___**inodes** _[limit]_ List deleted inodes, optionally limited to those deleted within _limit_ seconds ago. Also available as **lsdel**. This command was useful for recovering from accidental file deletions for ext2 file systems. Unfortunately, it is not useful for this purpose if the files were deleted using ext3 or ext4, since the inode's data blocks are no longer available after the inode is released. **modify**___**inode** _filespec_ Modify the contents of the inode structure in the inode _filespec_. Also available as **mi**. **mkdir** _filespec_ Make a directory. **mknod** _filespec_ _[p|[[c|b]_ _major_ _minor]]_ Create a special device file (a named pipe, character or block device). If a charac‐ ter or block device is to be made, the _major_ and _minor_ device numbers must be speci‐ fied. **ncheck** _[-c]_ _inode_num_ _..._ Take the requested list of inode numbers, and print a listing of pathnames to those inodes. The _-c_ flag will enable checking the file type information in the directory entry to make sure it matches the inode's type. **open** _[-weficD]_ _[-b_ _blocksize]_ _[-d_ _image_filename]_ _[-s_ _superblock]_ _[-z_ _undo_file]_ _device_ Open a file system for editing. The _-f_ flag forces the file system to be opened even if there are some unknown or incompatible file system features which would normally prevent the file system from being opened. The _-e_ flag causes the file system to be opened in exclusive mode. The _-b_, _-c_, _-d_, _-i_, _-s_, _-w_, and _-D_ options behave the same as the command-line options to **debugfs**. **punch** _filespec_ _start_blk_ _[end_blk]_ Delete the blocks in the inode ranging from _start_blk_ to _end_blk_. If _end_blk_ is omit‐ ted then this command will function as a truncate command; that is, all of the blocks starting at _start_blk_ through to the end of the file will be deallocated. **symlink** _filespec_ _target_ Make a symbolic link. **pwd** Print the current working directory. **quit** Quit **debugfs** **rdump** _directory[...]_ _destination_ Recursively dump _directory_, or multiple _directories_, and all its contents (including regular files, symbolic links, and other directories) into the named _destination_, which should be an existing directory on the native file system. **rm** _pathname_ Unlink _pathname_. If this causes the inode pointed to by _pathname_ to have no other references, deallocate the file. This command functions as the unlink() system call. **rmdir** _filespec_ Remove the directory _filespec_. **setb** _block_ _[count]_ Mark the block number _block_ as allocated. If the optional argument _count_ is present, then _count_ blocks starting at block number _block_ will be marked as allocated. **set**___**block**___**group** _bgnum_ _field_ _value_ Modify the block group descriptor specified by _bgnum_ so that the block group descrip‐ tor field _field_ has value _value_. Also available as **set**___**bg**. **set**___**current**___**time** _time_ Set current time in seconds since Unix epoch to use when setting file system fields. **seti** _filespec_ _[num]_ Mark inode _filespec_ as in use in the inode bitmap. If _num_ is specified, also set num-1 inodes after the specified inode. **set**___**inode**___**field** _filespec_ _field_ _value_ Modify the inode specified by _filespec_ so that the inode field _field_ has value _value._ The list of valid inode fields which can be set via this command can be displayed by using the command: **set**___**inode**___**field** **-l** Also available as **sif**. **set**___**mmp**___**value** _field_ _value_ Modify the multiple-mount protection (MMP) data so that the MMP field _field_ has value _value._ The list of valid MMP fields which can be set via this command can be dis‐ played by using the command: **set**___**mmp**___**value** **-l** Also available as **smmp**. **set**___**super**___**value** _field_ _value_ Set the superblock field _field_ to _value._ The list of valid superblock fields which can be set via this command can be displayed by using the command: **set**___**super**___**value** **-l** Also available as **ssv**. **show**___**debugfs**___**params** Display **debugfs** parameters such as information about currently opened file system. **show**___**super**___**stats** _[-h]_ List the contents of the super block and the block group descriptors. If the _-h_ flag is given, only print out the superblock contents. Also available as **stats**. **stat** _filespec_ Display the contents of the inode structure of the inode _filespec_. **supported**___**features** Display file system features supported by this version of **debugfs**. **testb** _block_ _[count]_ Test if the block number _block_ is marked as allocated in the block bitmap. If the op‐ tional argument _count_ is present, then _count_ blocks starting at block number _block_ will be tested. **testi** _filespec_ Test if the inode _filespec_ is marked as allocated in the inode bitmap. **undel** __ _[pathname]_ Undelete the specified inode number (which must be surrounded by angle brackets) so that it and its blocks are marked in use, and optionally link the recovered inode to the specified pathname. The **e2fsck** command should always be run after using the **undel** command to recover deleted files. Note that if you are recovering a large number of deleted files, linking the inode to a directory may require the directory to be expanded, which could allocate a block that had been used by one of the yet-to-be-undeleted files. So it is safer to un‐ delete all of the inodes without specifying a destination pathname, and then in a sep‐ arate pass, use the debugfs **link** command to link the inode to the destination path‐ name, or use **e2fsck** to check the file system and link all of the recovered inodes to the lost+found directory. **unlink** _pathname_ Remove the link specified by _pathname_ to an inode. Note this does not adjust the in‐ ode reference counts. **write** _source_file_ _out_file_ Copy the contents of _source_file_ into a newly-created file in the file system named _out_file_. **zap**___**block** _[-f_ _filespec]_ _[-o_ _offset]_ _[-l_ _length]_ _[-p_ _pattern]_ _block_num_ Overwrite the block specified by _block_num_ with zero (NUL) bytes, or if _-p_ is given use the byte specified by _pattern_. If _-f_ is given then _block_num_ is relative to the start of the file given by _filespec_. The _-o_ and _-l_ options limit the range of bytes to zap to the specified _offset_ and _length_ relative to the start of the block. **zap**___**block** _[-f_ _filespec]_ _[-b_ _bit]_ _block_num_ Bit-flip portions of the physical _block_num_. If _-f_ is given, then _block_num_ is a log‐ ical block relative to the start of _filespec_. ## ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES **DEBUGFS**___**PAGER,** **PAGER** The **debugfs** program always pipes the output of the some commands through a pager pro‐ gram. These commands include: _show_super_stats_ (_stats_), _list_directory_ (_ls_), _show_in__‐ _ode_info_ (_stat_), _list_deleted_inodes_ (_lsdel_), and _htree_dump_. The specific pager can explicitly specified by the **DEBUGFS**___**PAGER** environment variable, and if it is not set, by the **PAGER** environment variable. Note that since a pager is always used, the [**less**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/less/1/markdown) pager is not particularly appro‐ priate, since it clears the screen before displaying the output of the command and clears the output the screen when the pager is exited. Many users prefer to use the [**less**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/less/1/markdown) pager for most purposes, which is why the **DEBUGFS**___**PAGER** environment variable is available to override the more general **PAGER** environment variable. ## AUTHOR **debugfs** was written by Theodore Ts'o <>. ## SEE ALSO [**dumpe2fs**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/dumpe2fs/8/markdown), [**tune2fs**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/tune2fs/8/markdown), [**e2fsck**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/e2fsck/8/markdown), [**mke2fs**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/mke2fs/8/markdown), [**ext4**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/ext4/5/markdown) E2fsprogs version 1.46.5 December 2021 [DEBUGFS(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/DEBUGFS/8/markdown)