{ "content": [ { "type": "text", "text": "# PS (man)\n\n## NAME\n\nps - report a snapshot of the current processes.\n\n## SYNOPSIS\n\nps [options]\n\n## DESCRIPTION\n\nps displays information about a selection of the active processes. If you want a repetitive\nupdate of the selection and the displayed information, use top instead.\n\n## TLDR\n\n> Information about running processes.\n\n- List all running processes:\n `ps aux`\n- List all running processes including the full command string:\n `ps auxww`\n- Search for a process that matches a string (the brackets will prevent `grep` from matching itself):\n `ps aux | grep {{s]tring}}`\n- List all processes of the current user in extra full format:\n `ps {{-u|--user}} $(id {{-u|--user}}) -F`\n- List all processes of the current user as a tree:\n `ps {{-u|--user}} $(id {{-u|--user}}) f`\n- Get the parent PID of a process:\n `ps {{-o|--format}} ppid= {{-p|--pid}} {{pid}}`\n- Sort processes by memory consumption:\n `ps {{k|--sort}} size`\n- Display threads for a specific process:\n `ps -L {{-p|--pid}} {{process_id}}`\n\n*Source: tldr-pages*\n\n## Sections\n\n- **NAME**\n- **SYNOPSIS**\n- **DESCRIPTION**\n- **EXAMPLES**\n- **SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION** (6 subsections)\n- **PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST** (9 subsections)\n- **OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL** (11 subsections)\n- **OUTPUT MODIFIERS** (8 subsections)\n- **THREAD DISPLAY** (3 subsections)\n- **OTHER INFORMATION** (2 subsections)\n- **NOTES**\n- **PROCESS FLAGS**\n- **PROCESS STATE CODES**\n- **OBSOLETE SORT KEYS**\n- **AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS**\n- **STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS**\n- **ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES** (1 subsections)\n- **PERSONALITY**\n- **BUGS**\n- **SEE ALSO**\n- **STANDARDS**\n- **AUTHOR**\n\nUse structuredContent.sections for detailed options, examples, and full documentation.\n" } ], "structuredContent": { "command": "PS", "section": "", "mode": "man", "summary": "ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.", "synopsis": "ps [options]", "tldr_summary": "Information about running processes.", "tldr_examples": [ { "description": "List all running processes", "command": "ps aux" }, { "description": "List all running processes including the full command string", "command": "ps auxww" }, { "description": "Search for a process that matches a string (the brackets will prevent `grep` from matching itself)", "command": "ps aux | grep {{s]tring}}" }, { "description": "List all processes of the current user in extra full format", "command": "ps {{-u|--user}} $(id {{-u|--user}}) -F" }, { "description": "List all processes of the current user as a tree", "command": "ps {{-u|--user}} $(id {{-u|--user}}) f" }, { "description": "Get the parent PID of a process", "command": "ps {{-o|--format}} ppid= {{-p|--pid}} {{pid}}" }, { "description": "Sort processes by memory consumption", "command": "ps {{k|--sort}} size" }, { "description": "Display threads for a specific process", "command": "ps -L {{-p|--pid}} {{process_id}}" } ], "tldr_source": "official", "flags": [ { "flag": "-e", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "-a", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "associated with a terminal." }, { "flag": "-d", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "", "long": "--deselect", "arg": null, "description": "Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates the selection). Identical to -N." }, { "flag": "-A", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "g Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may be discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the a flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality." }, { "flag": "-N", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "selection). Identical to --deselect. T Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical to the t option without any argument. r Restrict the selection to only running processes. x Lift the BSD-style \"must have a tty\" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style (without \"-\") options are used or when the ps personality setting is BSD-like. The set of processes selected in this manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An alternate description is that this option causes ps to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to list all processes when used together with the a option." }, { "flag": "-C", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by command name. This selects the processes whose executable name is given in cmdlist. NOTE: The command name is not the same as the command line. Previous versions of procps and the kernel truncated this command name to 15 characters. This limitation is no longer present in both. If you depended on matching only 15 characters, you may no longer get a match." }, { "flag": "-G", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. This selects the processes whose real group name or ID is in the grplist list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user who created the process, see getgid(2)." }, { "flag": "-g", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by session OR by effective group name. Selection by session is specified by many standards, but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that several other operating systems use. This ps will select by session when the list is completely numeric (as sessions are). Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also specified. See the -s and --group options. --Group grplist Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to -G. --group grplist Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name. This selects the processes whose effective group name or ID is in grplist. The effective group ID describes the group whose file access permissions are used by the process (see getegid(2)). The -g option is often an alternative to --group. p pidlist Select by process ID. Identical to -p and --pid." }, { "flag": "-p", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by PID. This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in pidlist. Identical to p and --pid. --pid pidlist Select by process ID. Identical to -p and p. --ppid pidlist Select by parent process ID. This selects the processes with a parent process ID in pidlist. That is, it selects processes that are children of those listed in pidlist. q pidlist Select by process ID (quick mode). Identical to -q and --quick-pid." }, { "flag": "-q", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by PID (quick mode). This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in pidlist. With this option ps reads the necessary info only for the pids listed in the pidlist and doesn't apply additional filtering rules. The order of pids is unsorted and preserved. No additional selection options, sorting and forest type listings are allowed in this mode. Identical to q and --quick-pid. --quick-pid pidlist Select by process ID (quick mode). Identical to -q and q." }, { "flag": "-s", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by session ID. This selects the processes with a session ID specified in sesslist. --sid sesslist Select by session ID. Identical to -s. t ttylist Select by tty. Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but can also be used with an empty ttylist to indicate the terminal associated with ps. Using the T option is considered cleaner than using t with an empty ttylist." }, { "flag": "-t", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by tty. This selects the processes associated with the terminals given in ttylist. Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. A plain \"-\" may be used to select processes not attached to any terminal. --tty ttylist Select by terminal. Identical to -t and t. U userlist Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in userlist. The effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are used by the process (see geteuid(2)). Identical to -u and --user." }, { "flag": "-U", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in the userlist list. The real user ID identifies the user who created the process, see getuid(2)." }, { "flag": "-u", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in userlist. The effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are used by the process (see geteuid(2)). Identical to U and --user. --User userlist Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to -U. --user userlist Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical to -u and U." }, { "flag": "-l", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "", "long": "--context", "arg": null, "description": "Display security context format (for SELinux)." }, { "flag": "-f", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "options to add additional columns. It also causes the command arguments to be printed. When used with -L, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. See the c option, the format keyword args, and the format keyword comm." }, { "flag": "-F", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "--format format user-defined format. Identical to -o and o. j BSD job control format." }, { "flag": "-j", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "l Display BSD long format." }, { "flag": "-y", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "-M", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "O format is preloaded o (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with -O or --sort). When used as a formatting option, it is identical to -O, with the BSD personality." }, { "flag": "-O", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Like -o, but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to -o pid,format,state, tname,time,command or -o pid,format,tname,time,cmd, see -o below. o format Specify user-defined format. Identical to -o and --format." }, { "flag": "-o", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "User-defined format. format is a single argument in the form of a blank-separated or comma-separated list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns. The recognized keywords are described in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section below. Headers may be renamed (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command) as desired. If all column headers are empty (ps -o pid= -o comm=) then the header line will not be output. Column width will increase as needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm). Explicit width control (ps opid,wchan:42,cmd) is offered too. The behavior of ps -o pid=X, comm=Y varies with personality; output may be one column named \"X,comm=Y\" or two columns named \"X\" and \"Y\". Use multiple -o options when in doubt. Use the PSFORMAT environment variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns." }, { "flag": "-P", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "s Display signal format. u Display user-oriented format. v Display virtual memory format. X Register format." }, { "flag": "-l", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Z Add a column of security data. Identical to -M (for SELinux)." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--cumulative", "arg": null, "description": "Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)." }, { "flag": "-D", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "Set the date format of the lstart field to format. This format is parsed by strftime(3) and should be a maximum of 24 characters to not mis-align columns. --date-format format Identical to -D. e Show the environment after the command. f ASCII art process hierarchy (forest)." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--forest", "arg": null, "description": "ASCII art process tree. h No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality). The h option is problematic. Standard BSD ps uses this option to print a header on each page of output, but older Linux ps uses this option to totally disable the header. This version of ps follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output. Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options --headers and --no-headers to enable printing headers each page or disable headers entirely, respectively." }, { "flag": "-H", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "", "long": "--headers", "arg": null, "description": "Repeat header lines, one per page of output. k spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a multi-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to --sort. Examples: ps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid ps axk comm o comm,args ps kstarttime -ef --lines n Set screen height. n Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID)." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--no-headers", "arg": null, "description": "Print no header line at all. --no-heading is an alias for this option. O order Sorting order (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with -O or --sort). For sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]. It orders the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by the sequence of one-letter short keys k1,k2, ... described in the OBSOLETE SORT KEYS section below. The \"+\" is currently optional, merely re-iterating the default direction on a key, but may help to distinguish an O sort from an O format. The \"-\" reverses direction only on the key it precedes. --rows n Set screen height. S Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a parent process repeatedly forks off short-lived children to do work. --sort spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a multi-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to k. For example: ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid" }, { "flag": "", "long": "--signames", "arg": null, "description": "Show signal masks using abbreviated signal names and expands the collumn. If the column width cannot show all signals, the column will end with a plus \"+\". Columns with only a hyphen have no signals. w Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width." }, { "flag": "-w", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "--width n Set screen width." }, { "flag": "-L", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "m Show threads after processes." }, { "flag": "-m", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "-T", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "-V", "long": null, "arg": null, "description": "" }, { "flag": "", "long": "--version", "arg": null, "description": "Print the procps-ng version." } ], "examples": [ "To see every process on the system using standard syntax:", "ps -e", "ps -ef", "ps -eF", "ps -ely", "To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:", "ps ax", "ps axu", "To print a process tree:", "ps -ejH", "ps axjf", "To get info about threads:", "ps -eLf", "ps axms", "To get security info:", "ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label", "ps axZ", "ps -eM", "To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user format:", "ps -U root -u root u", "To see every process with a user-defined format:", "ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm", "ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm", "ps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan", "Print only the process IDs of syslogd:", "ps -C syslogd -o pid=", "Print only the name of PID 42:", "ps -q 42 -o comm=" ], "see_also": [ { "name": "pgrep", "section": "1", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgrep/1/json" }, { "name": "pstree", "section": "1", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pstree/1/json" }, { "name": "top", "section": "1", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/top/1/json" }, { "name": "strftime", "section": "3", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/strftime/3/json" }, { "name": "proc", "section": "5", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/proc/5/json" } ], "section_outline": [ { "name": "NAME", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "SYNOPSIS", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "DESCRIPTION", "lines": 32, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "EXAMPLES", "lines": 37, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION", "lines": 7, "subsections": [ { "name": "-A -e", "lines": 1, "flag": "-e" }, { "name": "-a", "lines": 2, "flag": "-a" }, { "name": "-d", "lines": 1, "flag": "-d" }, { "name": "--deselect", "lines": 3, "long": "--deselect" }, { "name": "-e -A", "lines": 4, "flag": "-A" }, { "name": "-N", "lines": 14, "flag": "-N" } ] }, { "name": "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST", "lines": 9, "subsections": [ { "name": "-C _", "lines": 6, "flag": "-C" }, { "name": "-G _", "lines": 4, "flag": "-G" }, { "name": "-g _", "lines": 18, "flag": "-g" }, { "name": "-p _", "lines": 13, "flag": "-p" }, { "name": "-q _", "lines": 9, "flag": "-q" }, { "name": "-s _", "lines": 11, "flag": "-s" }, { "name": "-t _", "lines": 14, "flag": "-t" }, { "name": "-U _", "lines": 4, "flag": "-U" }, { "name": "-u _", "lines": 12, "flag": "-u" } ] }, { "name": "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL", "lines": 3, "subsections": [ { "name": "-c -l", "lines": 1, "flag": "-l" }, { "name": "--context", "lines": 2, "long": "--context" }, { "name": "-f", "lines": 5, "flag": "-f" }, { "name": "-F -f -F", "lines": 5, "flag": "-F" }, { "name": "-j", "lines": 2, "flag": "-j" }, { "name": "-l -y", "lines": 1, "flag": "-y" }, { "name": "-M", "lines": 8, "flag": "-M" }, { "name": "-O _", "lines": 6, "flag": "-O" }, { "name": "-o _", "lines": 13, "flag": "-o" }, { "name": "-P", "lines": 8, "flag": "-P" }, { "name": "-y -l", "lines": 2, "flag": "-l" } ] }, { "name": "OUTPUT MODIFIERS", "lines": 13, "subsections": [ { "name": "--cumulative", "lines": 2, "long": "--cumulative" }, { "name": "-D _", "lines": 10, "flag": "-D" }, { "name": "--forest", "lines": 11, "long": "--forest" }, { "name": "-H", "lines": 1, "flag": "-H" }, { "name": "--headers", "lines": 17, "long": "--headers" }, { "name": "--no-headers", "lines": 29, "long": "--no-headers" }, { "name": "--signames", "lines": 6, "long": "--signames" }, { "name": "-w", "lines": 3, "flag": "-w" } ] }, { "name": "THREAD DISPLAY", "lines": 2, "subsections": [ { "name": "-L", "lines": 2, "flag": "-L" }, { "name": "-m", "lines": 1, "flag": "-m" }, { "name": "-T", "lines": 1, "flag": "-T" } ] }, { "name": "OTHER INFORMATION", "lines": 11, "subsections": [ { "name": "-V", "lines": 1, "flag": "-V" }, { "name": "--version", "lines": 2, "long": "--version" } ] }, { "name": "NOTES", "lines": 23, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "PROCESS FLAGS", "lines": 6, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "PROCESS STATE CODES", "lines": 22, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS", "lines": 33, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS", "lines": 20, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS", "lines": 473, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES", "lines": 40, "subsections": [ { "name": "_XPG", "lines": 6 } ] }, { "name": "PERSONALITY", "lines": 26, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "BUGS", "lines": 5, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "SEE ALSO", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "STANDARDS", "lines": 8, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "AUTHOR", "lines": 11, "subsections": [] } ], "sections": { "NAME": { "content": "ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.\n", "subsections": [] }, "SYNOPSIS": { "content": "ps [options]\n", "subsections": [] }, "DESCRIPTION": { "content": "ps displays information about a selection of the active processes. If you want a repetitive\nupdate of the selection and the displayed information, use top instead.\n\nThis version of ps accepts several kinds of options:\n\n1 UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash.\n2 BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.\n3 GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.\n\nOptions of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear. There are some\nsynonymous options, which are functionally identical, due to the many standards and ps\nimplementations that this ps is compatible with.\n\nBy default, ps selects all processes with the same effective user ID (euid=EUID) as the\ncurrent user and associated with the same terminal as the invoker. It displays the process\nID (pid=PID), the terminal associated with the process (tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in\n[DD-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and the executable name (ucmd=CMD). Output is unsorted by\ndefault.\n\nThe use of BSD-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the default display and\nshow the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the executable name. You can override this\nwith the PSFORMAT environment variable. The use of BSD-style options will also change the\nprocess selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are owned by you;\nalternately, this may be described as setting the selection to be the set of all processes\nfiltered to exclude processes owned by other users or not on a terminal. These effects are\nnot considered when options are described as being \"identical\" below, so -M will be\nconsidered identical to Z and so on.\n\nExcept as described below, process selection options are additive. The default selection is\ndiscarded, and then the selected processes are added to the set of processes to be displayed.\nA process will thus be shown if it meets any of the given selection criteria.\n", "subsections": [] }, "EXAMPLES": { "content": "To see every process on the system using standard syntax:\nps -e\nps -ef\nps -eF\nps -ely\n\nTo see every process on the system using BSD syntax:\nps ax\nps axu\n\nTo print a process tree:\nps -ejH\nps axjf\n\nTo get info about threads:\nps -eLf\nps axms\n\nTo get security info:\nps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label\nps axZ\nps -eM\n\nTo see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user format:\nps -U root -u root u\n\nTo see every process with a user-defined format:\nps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm\nps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm\nps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan\n\nPrint only the process IDs of syslogd:\nps -C syslogd -o pid=\n\nPrint only the name of PID 42:\nps -q 42 -o comm=\n", "subsections": [] }, "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION": { "content": "a Lift the BSD-style \"only yourself\" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of all\nprocesses when some BSD-style (without \"-\") options are used or when the ps\npersonality setting is BSD-like. The set of processes selected in this manner is in\naddition to the set of processes selected by other means. An alternate description is\nthat this option causes ps to list all processes with a terminal (tty), or to list all\nprocesses when used together with the x option.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "-A -e", "content": "", "flag": "-e" }, { "name": "-a", "content": "associated with a terminal.\n", "flag": "-a" }, { "name": "-d", "content": "", "flag": "-d" }, { "name": "--deselect", "content": "Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates the\nselection). Identical to -N.\n", "long": "--deselect" }, { "name": "-e -A", "content": "g Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may be discontinued in a\nfuture release. It is normally implied by the a flag, and is only useful when\noperating in the sunos4 personality.\n", "flag": "-A" }, { "name": "-N", "content": "selection). Identical to --deselect.\n\nT Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical to the t option without\nany argument.\n\nr Restrict the selection to only running processes.\n\nx Lift the BSD-style \"must have a tty\" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of all\nprocesses when some BSD-style (without \"-\") options are used or when the ps\npersonality setting is BSD-like. The set of processes selected in this manner is in\naddition to the set of processes selected by other means. An alternate description is\nthat this option causes ps to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to\nlist all processes when used together with the a option.\n", "flag": "-N" } ] }, "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST": { "content": "These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank-separated or comma-separated\nlist. They can be used multiple times. For example: ps -p \"1 2\" -p 3,4\n\n123 Identical to --pid 123.\n\n+123 Identical to --sid 123.\n\n-123 Select by process group ID (PGID).\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "-C _", "content": "Select by command name. This selects the processes whose executable name is given in\ncmdlist. NOTE: The command name is not the same as the command line. Previous\nversions of procps and the kernel truncated this command name to 15 characters. This\nlimitation is no longer present in both. If you depended on matching only 15\ncharacters, you may no longer get a match.\n", "flag": "-C" }, { "name": "-G _", "content": "Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. This selects the processes whose real group\nname or ID is in the grplist list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user\nwho created the process, see getgid(2).\n", "flag": "-G" }, { "name": "-g _", "content": "Select by session OR by effective group name. Selection by session is specified by\nmany standards, but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that several\nother operating systems use. This ps will select by session when the list is\ncompletely numeric (as sessions are). Group ID numbers will work only when some group\nnames are also specified. See the -s and --group options.\n\n--Group grplist\nSelect by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to -G.\n\n--group grplist\nSelect by effective group ID (EGID) or name. This selects the processes whose\neffective group name or ID is in grplist. The effective group ID describes the group\nwhose file access permissions are used by the process (see getegid(2)). The -g option\nis often an alternative to --group.\n\np pidlist\nSelect by process ID. Identical to -p and --pid.\n", "flag": "-g" }, { "name": "-p _", "content": "Select by PID. This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in pidlist.\nIdentical to p and --pid.\n\n--pid pidlist\nSelect by process ID. Identical to -p and p.\n\n--ppid pidlist\nSelect by parent process ID. This selects the processes with a parent process ID in\npidlist. That is, it selects processes that are children of those listed in pidlist.\n\nq pidlist\nSelect by process ID (quick mode). Identical to -q and --quick-pid.\n", "flag": "-p" }, { "name": "-q _", "content": "Select by PID (quick mode). This selects the processes whose process ID numbers\nappear in pidlist. With this option ps reads the necessary info only for the pids\nlisted in the pidlist and doesn't apply additional filtering rules. The order of pids\nis unsorted and preserved. No additional selection options, sorting and forest type\nlistings are allowed in this mode. Identical to q and --quick-pid.\n\n--quick-pid pidlist\nSelect by process ID (quick mode). Identical to -q and q.\n", "flag": "-q" }, { "name": "-s _", "content": "Select by session ID. This selects the processes with a session ID specified in\nsesslist.\n\n--sid sesslist\nSelect by session ID. Identical to -s.\n\nt ttylist\nSelect by tty. Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but can also be used with an empty\nttylist to indicate the terminal associated with ps. Using the T option is considered\ncleaner than using t with an empty ttylist.\n", "flag": "-s" }, { "name": "-t _", "content": "Select by tty. This selects the processes associated with the terminals given in\nttylist. Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several\nforms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. A plain \"-\" may be used to select processes not\nattached to any terminal.\n\n--tty ttylist\nSelect by terminal. Identical to -t and t.\n\nU userlist\nSelect by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose\neffective user name or ID is in userlist. The effective user ID describes the user\nwhose file access permissions are used by the process (see geteuid(2)). Identical to\n-u and --user.\n", "flag": "-t" }, { "name": "-U _", "content": "Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. It selects the processes whose real user name\nor ID is in the userlist list. The real user ID identifies the user who created the\nprocess, see getuid(2).\n", "flag": "-U" }, { "name": "-u _", "content": "Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose\neffective user name or ID is in userlist.\n\nThe effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are used by the\nprocess (see geteuid(2)). Identical to U and --user.\n\n--User userlist\nSelect by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to -U.\n\n--user userlist\nSelect by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical to -u and U.\n", "flag": "-u" } ] }, "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL": { "content": "These options are used to choose the information displayed by ps. The output may differ by\npersonality.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "-c -l", "content": "", "flag": "-l" }, { "name": "--context", "content": "Display security context format (for SELinux).\n", "long": "--context" }, { "name": "-f", "content": "options to add additional columns. It also causes the command arguments to be\nprinted. When used with -L, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns\nwill be added. See the c option, the format keyword args, and the format keyword\ncomm.\n", "flag": "-f" }, { "name": "-F -f -F", "content": "--format format\nuser-defined format. Identical to -o and o.\n\nj BSD job control format.\n", "flag": "-F" }, { "name": "-j", "content": "l Display BSD long format.\n", "flag": "-j" }, { "name": "-l -y", "content": "", "flag": "-y" }, { "name": "-M", "content": "O format\nis preloaded o (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output\nformat with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.\nHeuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the\ndesired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other\nway (e.g. with -O or --sort). When used as a formatting option, it is identical to\n-O, with the BSD personality.\n", "flag": "-M" }, { "name": "-O _", "content": "Like -o, but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to -o pid,format,state,\ntname,time,command or -o pid,format,tname,time,cmd, see -o below.\n\no format\nSpecify user-defined format. Identical to -o and --format.\n", "flag": "-O" }, { "name": "-o _", "content": "User-defined format. format is a single argument in the form of a blank-separated or\ncomma-separated list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns. The\nrecognized keywords are described in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section below.\nHeaders may be renamed (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command) as desired. If all\ncolumn headers are empty (ps -o pid= -o comm=) then the header line will not be\noutput. Column width will increase as needed for wide headers; this may be used to\nwiden up columns such as WCHAN (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm). Explicit\nwidth control (ps opid,wchan:42,cmd) is offered too. The behavior of ps -o pid=X,\ncomm=Y varies with personality; output may be one column named \"X,comm=Y\" or two\ncolumns named \"X\" and \"Y\". Use multiple -o options when in doubt. Use the PSFORMAT\nenvironment variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros\nthat may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.\n", "flag": "-o" }, { "name": "-P", "content": "s Display signal format.\n\nu Display user-oriented format.\n\nv Display virtual memory format.\n\nX Register format.\n", "flag": "-P" }, { "name": "-y -l", "content": "Z Add a column of security data. Identical to -M (for SELinux).\n", "flag": "-l" } ] }, "OUTPUT MODIFIERS": { "content": "c Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of the executable file,\nrather than from the argv value. Command arguments and any modifications to them are\nthus not shown. This option effectively turns the args format keyword into the comm\nformat keyword; it is useful with the -f format option and with the various BSD-style\nformat options, which all normally display the command arguments. See the -f option,\nthe format keyword args, and the format keyword comm.\n\n--cols n\nSet screen width.\n\n--columns n\nSet screen width.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "--cumulative", "content": "Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent).\n", "long": "--cumulative" }, { "name": "-D _", "content": "Set the date format of the lstart field to format. This format is parsed by\nstrftime(3) and should be a maximum of 24 characters to not mis-align columns.\n\n--date-format format\nIdentical to -D.\n\ne Show the environment after the command.\n\nf ASCII art process hierarchy (forest).\n", "flag": "-D" }, { "name": "--forest", "content": "ASCII art process tree.\n\nh No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality). The h option is\nproblematic. Standard BSD ps uses this option to print a header on each page of\noutput, but older Linux ps uses this option to totally disable the header. This\nversion of ps follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD\npersonality has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of\noutput. Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options --headers\nand --no-headers to enable printing headers each page or disable headers entirely,\nrespectively.\n", "long": "--forest" }, { "name": "-H", "content": "", "flag": "-H" }, { "name": "--headers", "content": "Repeat header lines, one per page of output.\n\nk spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a\nmulti-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional\nsince default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to\n--sort.\n\nExamples:\nps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid\nps axk comm o comm,args\nps kstarttime -ef\n\n--lines n\nSet screen height.\n\nn Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID).\n", "long": "--headers" }, { "name": "--no-headers", "content": "Print no header line at all. --no-heading is an alias for this option.\n\nO order\nSorting order (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output\nformat with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.\nHeuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the\ndesired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other\nway (e.g. with -O or --sort).\n\nFor sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]. It orders the\nprocesses listing according to the multilevel sort specified by the sequence of\none-letter short keys k1,k2, ... described in the OBSOLETE SORT KEYS section below.\nThe \"+\" is currently optional, merely re-iterating the default direction on a key, but\nmay help to distinguish an O sort from an O format. The \"-\" reverses direction only\non the key it precedes.\n\n--rows n\nSet screen height.\n\nS Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into their\nparent. This is useful for examining a system where a parent process repeatedly forks\noff short-lived children to do work.\n\n--sort spec\nSpecify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a\nmulti-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional\nsince default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to\nk. For example: ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid\n", "long": "--no-headers" }, { "name": "--signames", "content": "Show signal masks using abbreviated signal names and expands the collumn. If the\ncolumn width cannot show all signals, the column will end with a plus \"+\". Columns\nwith only a hyphen have no signals.\n\nw Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.\n", "long": "--signames" }, { "name": "-w", "content": "--width n\nSet screen width.\n", "flag": "-w" } ] }, "THREAD DISPLAY": { "content": "H Show threads as if they were processes.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "-L", "content": "m Show threads after processes.\n", "flag": "-L" }, { "name": "-m", "content": "", "flag": "-m" }, { "name": "-T", "content": "", "flag": "-T" } ] }, "OTHER INFORMATION": { "content": "--help section\nPrint a help message. The section argument can be one of simple, list, output,\nthreads, misc, or all. The argument can be shortened to one of the underlined letters\nas in: s|l|o|t|m|a.\n\n--info Print debugging info.\n\nL List all format specifiers.\n\nV Print the procps-ng version.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "-V", "content": "", "flag": "-V" }, { "name": "--version", "content": "Print the procps-ng version.\n", "long": "--version" } ] }, "NOTES": { "content": "This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This ps does not need to be setuid kmem\nor have any privileges to run. Do not give this ps any special permissions.\n\nCPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent running during the entire\nlifetime of a process. This is not ideal, and it does not conform to the standards that ps\notherwise conforms to. CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.\n\nThe SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including the page tables, kernel\nstack, struct threadinfo, and struct taskstruct. This is usually at least 20 KiB of memory\nthat is always resident. SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack).\n\nProcesses marked are dead processes (so-called \"zombies\") that remain because their\nparent has not destroyed them properly. These processes will be destroyed by init(8) if the\nparent process exits.\n\nIf the length of the username is greater than the width of the display column, the username\nwill be truncated. See the -o and -O formatting options to customize length.\n\nCommands options such as ps -aux are not recommended as it is a confusion of two different\nstandards. According to the POSIX and UNIX standards, the above command asks to display all\nprocesses with a TTY (generally the commands users are running) plus all processes owned by a\nuser named x. If that user doesn't exist, then ps will assume you really meant \"ps aux\".\n", "subsections": [] }, "PROCESS FLAGS": { "content": "The sum of these values is displayed in the \"F\" column, which is provided by the flags output\nspecifier:\n\n1 forked but didn't exec\n4 used super-user privileges\n", "subsections": [] }, "PROCESS STATE CODES": { "content": "Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output specifiers (header \"STAT\" or\n\"S\") will display to describe the state of a process:\n\nD uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)\nI Idle kernel thread\nR running or runnable (on run queue)\nS interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)\nT stopped by job control signal\nt stopped by debugger during the tracing\nW paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)\nX dead (should never be seen)\nZ defunct (\"zombie\") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent\n\nFor BSD formats and when the stat keyword is used, additional characters may be displayed:\n\n< high-priority (not nice to other users)\nN low-priority (nice to other users)\nL has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)\ns is a session leader\nl is multi-threaded (using CLONETHREAD, like NPTL pthreads do)\n+ is in the foreground process group\n", "subsections": [] }, "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS": { "content": "These keys are used by the BSD O option (when it is used for sorting). The GNU --sort option\ndoesn't use these keys, but the specifiers described below in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\nsection. Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses and not the\n\"cooked\" values used in some of the output format fields (e.g. sorting on tty will sort into\ndevice number, not according to the terminal name displayed). Pipe ps output into the\nsort(1) command if you want to sort the cooked values.\nKEY LONG DESCRIPTION\nc cmd simple name of executable\nC pcpu cpu utilization\nf flags flags as in long format F field\ng pgrp process group ID\nG tpgid controlling tty process group ID\nj cutime cumulative user time\nJ cstime cumulative system time\nk utime user time\nm minflt number of minor page faults\nM majflt number of major page faults\nn cminflt cumulative minor page faults\nN cmajflt cumulative major page faults\no session session ID\np pid process ID\nP ppid parent process ID\nr rss resident set size\nR resident resident pages\ns size memory size in kilobytes\nS share amount of shared pages\nt tty the device number of the controlling tty\nT starttime time process was started\nU uid user ID number\nu user user name\nv vsize total VM size in KiB\ny priority kernel scheduling priority\n", "subsections": [] }, "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS": { "content": "This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the formatting codes of\nprintf(1) and printf(3). For example, the normal default output can be produced with this:\nps -eo \"%p %y %x %c\". The NORMAL codes are described in the next section.\nCODE NORMAL HEADER\n%C pcpu %CPU\n%G group GROUP\n%P ppid PPID\n%U user USER\n%a args COMMAND\n%c comm COMMAND\n%g rgroup RGROUP\n%n nice NI\n%p pid PID\n%r pgid PGID\n%t etime ELAPSED\n%u ruser RUSER\n%x time TIME\n%y tty TTY\n%z vsz VSZ\n", "subsections": [] }, "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS": { "content": "Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output format (e.g., with\noption -o) or to sort the selected processes with the GNU-style --sort option.\n\nFor example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user\n\nThis version of ps tries to recognize most of the keywords used in other implementations of\nps.\n\nThe following user-defined format specifiers may contain spaces: args, cmd, comm, command,\nfname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart, start.\n\nSome keywords may not be available for sorting.\n\nCODE HEADER DESCRIPTION\n\n%cpu %CPU cpu utilization of the process in \"##.#\" format. Currently, it is the\nCPU time used divided by the time the process has been running\n(cputime/realtime ratio), expressed as a percentage. It will not add\nup to 100% unless you are lucky. (alias pcpu).\n\n%mem %MEM ratio of the process's resident set size to the physical memory on the\nmachine, expressed as a percentage. (alias pmem).\n\nagid AGID The autogroup identifier associated with a process which operates in\nconjunction with the CFS scheduler to improve interactive desktop\nperformance.\n\nagnice AGNI The autogroup nice value which affects scheduling of all processes in\nthat group.\n\nargs COMMAND command with all its arguments as a string. Modifications to the\narguments may be shown. The output in this column may contain spaces.\nA process marked is partly dead, waiting to be fully\ndestroyed by its parent. Sometimes the process args will be\nunavailable; when this happens, ps will instead print the executable\nname in brackets. (alias cmd, command). See also the comm format\nkeyword, the -f option, and the c option.\nWhen specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the\ndisplay. If ps can not determine display width, as when output is\nredirected (piped) into a file or another command, the output width is\nundefined (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the TERM variable,\nand so on). The COLUMNS environment variable or --cols option may be\nused to exactly determine the width in this case. The w or -w option\nmay be also be used to adjust width.\n\nblocked BLOCKED mask of the blocked signals, see signal(7). According to the width of\nthe field, a 32 or 64-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed,\nunless the --signames option is used. (alias sigblock, sigmask).\n\nbsdstart START time the command started. If the process was started less than 24\nhours ago, the output format is \" HH:MM\", else it is \" Mmm:SS\" (where\nMmm is the three letters of the month). See also\nlstart, start, starttime, and stime.\n\nbsdtime TIME accumulated cpu time, user + system. The display format is usually\n\"MMM:SS\", but can be shifted to the right if the process used more than\n999 minutes of cpu time.\n\nc C processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer value of the\npercent usage over the lifetime of the process. (see %cpu).\n\ncaught CAUGHT mask of the caught signals, see signal(7). According to the width of\nthe field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed,\nunless the --signames option is used. (alias sigcatch, sigcatch).\n\ncgname CGNAME display name of control groups to which the process belongs.\n\ncgroup CGROUP display control groups to which the process belongs.\n\ncgroupns CGROUPNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\nclass CLS scheduling class of the process. (alias policy, cls). Field's\npossible values are:\n\n- not reported\nTS SCHEDOTHER\nFF SCHEDFIFO\nRR SCHEDRR\nB SCHEDBATCH\nISO SCHEDISO\nIDL SCHEDIDLE\nDLN SCHEDDEADLINE\n? unknown value\n\ncls CLS scheduling class of the process. (alias policy, cls). Field's\npossible values are:\n\n- not reported\nTS SCHEDOTHER\nFF SCHEDFIFO\nRR SCHEDRR\nB SCHEDBATCH\nISO SCHEDISO\nIDL SCHEDIDLE\nDLN SCHEDDEADLINE\n? unknown value\n\ncmd CMD see args. (alias args, command).\n\ncomm COMMAND command name (only the executable name). The output in this column may\ncontain spaces. (alias ucmd, ucomm). See also the args format\nkeyword, the -f option, and the c option.\nWhen specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the\ndisplay. If ps can not determine display width, as when output is\nredirected (piped) into a file or another command, the output width is\nundefined (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the TERM variable,\nand so on). The COLUMNS environment variable or --cols option may be\nused to exactly determine the width in this case. The w or -w option\nmay be also be used to adjust width.\n\ncommand COMMAND See args. (alias args, command).\n\ncp CP per-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see %cpu).\n\ncputime TIME cumulative CPU time, \"[DD-]hh:mm:ss\" format. (alias time).\n\ncputimes TIME cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias times).\n\ncuc %CUC The CPU utilization of a process, including dead children, in an\nextended \"##.###\" format. (see also %cpu, c, cp, cuu, pcpu).\n\ncuu %CUU The CPU utilization of a process in an extended \"##.###\" format. (see\nalso %cpu, c, cp, cuc, pcpu).\n\ndrs DRS data resident set size, the amount of private memory reserved by a\nprocess. It is also known as DATA. Such memory may not yet be mapped\nto rss but will always be included included in the vsz amount.\n\n\negid EGID effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer. (alias\ngid).\n\negroup EGROUP effective group ID of the process. This will be the textual group ID,\nif it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal\nrepresentation otherwise. (alias group).\n\neip EIP instruction pointer. As of kernel 4.9.xx will be zeroed out unless task\nis exiting or being core dumped.\n\nesp ESP stack pointer. As of kernel 4.9.xx will be zeroed out unless task is\nexiting or being core dumped.\n\netime ELAPSED elapsed time since the process was started, in the form\n[[DD-]hh:]mm:ss.\n\netimes ELAPSED elapsed time since the process was started, in seconds.\n\neuid EUID effective user ID (alias uid).\n\neuser EUSER effective user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be\nobtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise. The n option can be used to force the decimal\nrepresentation. (alias uname, user).\n\nexe EXE path to the executable. Useful if path cannot be printed via cmd, comm\nor args format options.\n\nf F flags associated with the process, see the PROCESS FLAGS section.\n(alias flag, flags).\n\nfgid FGID filesystem access group ID. (alias fsgid).\n\nfgroup FGROUP filesystem access group ID. This will be the textual group ID, if it\ncan be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal\nrepresentation otherwise. (alias fsgroup).\n\nflag F see f. (alias f, flags).\n\nflags F see f. (alias f, flag).\n\nfname COMMAND first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file. The\noutput in this column may contain spaces.\n\nfuid FUID filesystem access user ID. (alias fsuid).\n\nfuser FUSER filesystem access user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can\nbe obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise.\n\ngid GID see egid. (alias egid).\n\ngroup GROUP see egroup. (alias egroup).\n\nignored IGNORED mask of the ignored signals, see signal(7). According to the width of\nthe field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed,\nunless the --signames option is used. (alias sigignore, sigignore).\n\nipcns IPCNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\nlabel LABEL security label, most commonly used for SELinux context data. This is\nfor the Mandatory Access Control (\"MAC\") found on high-security\nsystems.\n\nlstart STARTED time the command started. This will be in the form \"DDD mmm HH:MM:SS\nYYY\" unless changed by the -D option.\n\nlsession SESSION displays the login session identifier of a process, if systemd support\nhas been included.\n\nluid LUID displays Login ID associated with a process.\n\nlwp LWP light weight process (thread) ID of the dispatchable entity (alias\nspid, tid). See tid for additional information.\n\nlxc LXC The name of the lxc container within which a task is running. If a\nprocess is not running inside a container, a dash ('-') will be shown.\n\nmachine MACHINE displays the machine name for processes assigned to VM or container, if\nsystemd support has been included.\n\nmajflt MAJFLT The number of major page faults that have occurred with this process.\n\nminflt MINFLT The number of minor page faults that have occurred with this process.\n\nmntns MNTNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\nnetns NETNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\nni NI nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to -20 (not nice to others),\nsee nice(1). (alias nice).\n\nnice NI see ni.(alias ni).\n\nnlwp NLWP number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias thcount).\n\nnuma NUMA The node associated with the most recently used processor. A -1 means\nthat NUMA information is unavailable.\n\nnwchan WCHAN address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping (use wchan\nif you want the kernel function name).\n\noom OOM Out of Memory Score. The value, ranging from 0 to +1000, used to select\ntask(s) to kill when memory is exhausted.\n\noomadj OOMADJ Out of Memory Adjustment Factor. The value is added to the current out\nof memory score which is then used to determine which task to kill when\nmemory is exhausted.\n\nouid OWNER displays the Unix user identifier of the owner of the session of a\nprocess, if systemd support has been included.\n\npcpu %CPU see %cpu. (alias %cpu).\n\npending PENDING mask of the pending signals. See signal(7). Signals pending on the\nprocess are distinct from signals pending on individual threads. Use\nthe m option or the -m option to see both. According to the width of\nthe field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed,\nunless the --signames option is used. (alias sig).\n\npgid PGID process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the process group\nleader. (alias pgrp).\n\npgrp PGRP see pgid. (alias pgid).\n\npid PID a number representing the process ID (alias tgid).\n\npidns PIDNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\npmem %MEM see %mem. (alias %mem).\n\npolicy POL scheduling class of the process. (alias class, cls). Possible values\nare:\n\n- not reported\nTS SCHEDOTHER\nFF SCHEDFIFO\nRR SCHEDRR\nB SCHEDBATCH\nISO SCHEDISO\nIDL SCHEDIDLE\nDLN SCHEDDEADLINE\n? unknown value\n\nppid PPID parent process ID.\n\npri PRI priority of the process. Higher number means higher priority.\n\npsr PSR processor that process last executed on.\n\npss PSS Proportional share size, the non-swapped physical memory, with shared\nmemory proportionally accounted to all tasks mapping it.\n\nrbytes RBYTES Number of bytes which this process really did cause to be fetched from\nthe storage layer.\n\nrchars RCHARS Number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage.\n\nrgid RGID real group ID.\n\nrgroup RGROUP real group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be\nobtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise.\n\nrops ROPS Number of read I/O operations—that is, system calls such as read(2) and\npread(2).\n\nrss RSS resident set size, the non-swapped physical memory that a task has used\n(in kilobytes). (alias rssize, rsz).\n\nrssize RSS see rss. (alias rss, rsz).\n\nrsz RSZ see rss. (alias rss, rssize).\n\nrtprio RTPRIO realtime priority.\n\nruid RUID real user ID.\n\nruser RUSER real user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained\nand the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.\n\ns S minimal state display (one character). See section PROCESS STATE CODES\nfor the different values. See also stat if you want additional\ninformation displayed. (alias state).\n\nsched SCH scheduling policy of the process. The policies SCHEDOTHER\n(SCHEDNORMAL), SCHEDFIFO, SCHEDRR, SCHEDBATCH, SCHEDISO,\nSCHEDIDLE and SCHEDDEADLINE are respectively displayed as 0, 1, 2, 3,\n4, 5 and 6.\n\nseat SEAT displays the identifier associated with all hardware devices assigned\nto a specific workplace, if systemd support has been included.\n\nsess SESS session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the session leader.\n(alias session, sid).\n\nsgip P processor that the process is currently executing on. Displays \"*\" if\nthe process is not currently running or runnable.\n\nsgid SGID saved group ID. (alias svgid).\n\nsgroup SGROUP saved group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be\nobtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise.\n\nsid SID see sess. (alias sess, session).\n\nsig PENDING see pending. (alias pending, sigpend).\n\nsigcatch CAUGHT see caught. (alias caught, sigcatch).\n\nsigignore IGNORED see ignored. (alias ignored, sigignore).\n\nsigmask BLOCKED see blocked. (alias blocked, sigblock).\n\nsize SIZE approximate amount of swap space that would be required if the process\nwere to dirty all writable pages and then be swapped out. This number\nis very rough!\n\nslice SLICE displays the slice unit which a process belongs to, if systemd support\nhas been included.\n\nspid SPID see lwp. (alias lwp, tid).\n\nstackp STACKP address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process.\n\nstart STARTED time the command started. If the process was started less than 24\nhours ago, the output format is \"HH:MM:SS\", else it is \" Mmm dd\"\n(where Mmm is a three-letter month name). See also bsdstart, start,\nstarttime, and stime.\n\nstarttime START starting time or date of the process. Only the year will be displayed\nif the process was not started the same year ps was invoked, or \"MmmDD\"\nif it was not started the same day, or \"HH:MM\" otherwise. See also\nbsdstart, start, lstart, and stime.\n\nstat STAT multi-character process state. See section PROCESS STATE CODES for the\ndifferent values meaning. See also s and state if you just want the\nfirst character displayed.\n\nstate S see s. (alias s).\n\nstime STIME see starttime. (alias starttime).\n\nsuid SUID saved user ID. (alias svuid).\n\nsupgid SUPGID group ids of supplementary groups, if any. See getgroups(2).\n\nsupgrp SUPGRP group names of supplementary groups, if any. See getgroups(2).\n\nsuser SUSER saved user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be\nobtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise. (alias svuser).\n\nsvgid SVGID see sgid. (alias sgid).\n\nsvuid SVUID see suid. (alias suid).\n\nsz SZ size in physical pages of the core image of the process. This includes\ntext, data, and stack space. Device mappings are currently excluded;\nthis is subject to change. See vsz and rss.\n\ntgid TGID a number representing the thread group to which a task belongs (alias\npid). It is the process ID of the thread group leader.\n\nthcount THCNT see nlwp. (alias nlwp). number of kernel threads owned by the\nprocess.\n\ntid TID the unique number representing a dispatchable entity (alias spid, tid).\nThis value may also appear as: a process ID (pid); a process group ID\n(pgrp); a session ID for the session leader (sid); a thread group ID\nfor the thread group leader (tgid); and a tty process group ID for the\nprocess group leader (tpgid).\n\ntime TIME cumulative CPU time, \"[DD-]HH:MM:SS\" format. (alias cputime).\n\ntimens TIMENS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\ntimes TIME cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias cputimes).\n\ntname TTY controlling tty (terminal). (alias tt, tty).\n\ntpgid TPGID ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal) that the\nprocess is connected to, or -1 if the process is not connected to a\ntty.\n\ntrs TRS text resident set size, the amount of physical memory devoted to\nexecutable code.\n\ntt TT controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tty).\n\ntty TT controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tt).\n\nucmd CMD see comm. (alias comm, ucomm).\n\nucomm COMMAND see comm. (alias comm, ucmd).\n\nuid UID see euid. (alias euid).\n\nuname USER see euser. (alias euser, user).\n\nunit UNIT displays unit which a process belongs to, if systemd support has been\nincluded.\n\nuser USER see euser. (alias euser, uname).\n\nuserns USERNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\nuss USS Unique set size, the non-swapped physical memory, which is not shared\nwith an another task.\n\nutsns UTSNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.\nSee namespaces(7).\n\nuunit UUNIT displays user unit which a process belongs to, if systemd support has\nbeen included.\n\nvsize VSZ see vsz. (alias vsz).\n\nvsz VSZ virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024-byte units). Device\nmappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change. (alias\nvsize).\n\nwbytes WBYTES Number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to the storage\nlayer.\n\nwcbytes WCBYTES Number of cancelled write bytes.\n\nwchan WCHAN name of the kernel function in which the process is sleeping.\n\nwchars WCHARS Number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be\nwritten to disk.\n\nwops WOPS Number of write I/O operations—that is, system calls such as write(2)\nand pwrite(2).\n\n", "subsections": [] }, "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES": { "content": "The following environment variables could affect ps:\n\nCOLUMNS\nOverride default display width.\n\nLINES\nOverride default display height.\n\nPSPERSONALITY\nSet to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section PERSONALITY below).\n\nCMDENV\nSet to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section PERSONALITY below).\n\nIWANTABROKENPS\nForce obsolete command line interpretation.\n\nLCTIME\nDate format.\n\nLIBPROCHIDEKERNEL\nSet this to any value to hide kernel threads normally displayed with the -e option. This\nis equivalent to selecting --ppid 2 -p 2 --deselect instead. Also works in BSD mode.\n\nPSCOLORS\nNot currently supported.\n\nPSFORMAT\nDefault output format override. You may set this to a format string of the type used for\nthe -o option. The DefSysV and DefBSD values are particularly useful.\n\nPOSIXLYCORRECT\nDon't find excuses to ignore bad \"features\".\n\nPOSIX2\nWhen set to \"on\", acts as POSIXLYCORRECT.\n\nUNIX95\nDon't find excuses to ignore bad \"features\".\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "_XPG", "content": "Cancel CMDENV=irix non-standard behavior.\n\nIn general, it is a bad idea to set these variables. The one exception is CMDENV or\nPSPERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal systems. Without that setting, ps\nfollows the useless and bad parts of the Unix98 standard.\n" } ] }, "PERSONALITY": { "content": "390 like the OS/390 OpenEdition ps\naix like AIX ps\nbsd like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)\ncompaq like Digital Unix ps\ndebian like the old Debian ps\ndigital like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps\ngnu like the old Debian ps\nhp like HP-UX ps\nhpux like HP-UX ps\nirix like Irix ps\nlinux * recommended *\nold like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)\nos390 like OS/390 Open Edition ps\nposix standard\ns390 like OS/390 Open Edition ps\nsco like SCO ps\nsgi like Irix ps\nsolaris2 like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) ps\nsunos4 like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) ps (totally non-standard)\nsvr4 standard\nsysv standard\ntru64 like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps\nunix standard\nunix95 standard\nunix98 standard\n", "subsections": [] }, "BUGS": { "content": "The fields bsdstart and start will only show the abbreviated month name in English. The\nfields lstart and stime will show the abbreviated month name in the configured locale but may\nexceed the column width due to the different lengths for abbreviated month and day names\nacross languages.\n", "subsections": [] }, "SEE ALSO": { "content": "pgrep(1), pstree(1), top(1), strftime(3), proc(5).\n", "subsections": [] }, "STANDARDS": { "content": "This ps conforms to:\n\n1 Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification\n2 The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications, Issue 6\n3 IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition\n4 X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP XSI]\n5 ISO/IEC 9945:2003\n", "subsections": [] }, "AUTHOR": { "content": "ps was originally written by \u001b]8;;mailto:lankeste@fwi.uva.nl\u001b\\Branko Lankester\u001b]8;;\u001b\\. \u001b]8;;mailto:johnsonm@redhat.com\u001b\\Michael K. Johnson\u001b]8;;\u001b\\ re-wrote it significantly\nto use the proc filesystem, changing a few things in the process. \u001b]8;;mailto:mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu\u001b\\Michael Shields\u001b]8;;\u001b\\ added the\npid-list feature. \u001b]8;;mailto:cblake@bbn.com\u001b\\Charles Blake\u001b]8;;\u001b\\ added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style library, the\ndevice name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search directly on System.map,\nand many code and documentation cleanups. David Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD\nsupport for psupdate. \u001b]8;;mailto:albert@users.sf.net\u001b\\Albert Cahalan\u001b]8;;\u001b\\ rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with\nsome ugly hacks for obsolete and foreign syntax.\n\nPlease send bug reports to \u001b]8;;mailto:procps@freelists.org\u001b\\procps@freelists.org\u001b]8;;\u001b\\. No subscription is required or suggested.\n\nprocps-ng 2023-08-19 PS(1)", "subsections": [] } } } }