# phpman > man > Locale::Maketext::Lexicon ## NAME [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon/markdown) - Use other catalog formats in Maketext ## VERSION version 1.00 ## SYNOPSIS As part of a localization class, automatically glob for available lexicons: package [Hello::I18N](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Hello%3A%3AI18N/markdown); use base '[Locale::Maketext](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext/markdown)'; use [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon/markdown) { '*' => [Gettext => '/usr/local/share/locale/*/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo'], ### Uncomment to fallback when a key is missing from lexicons # _auto => 1, ### Uncomment to decode lexicon entries into Unicode strings # _decode => 1, ### Uncomment to load and parse everything right away # _preload => 1, ### Uncomment to use %1 / %quant(%1) instead of [_1] / [quant, _1] # _style => 'gettext', }; Explicitly specify languages, during compile- or run-time: package [Hello::I18N](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Hello%3A%3AI18N/markdown); use base '[Locale::Maketext](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext/markdown)'; use [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon/markdown) { de => [Gettext => 'hello_de.po'], fr => [ Gettext => 'hello_fr.po', Gettext => 'local/hello/fr.po', ], }; # ... incrementally add new lexicons [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon/markdown)->import({ de => [Gettext => 'local/hello/de.po'], }) Alternatively, as part of a localization subclass: package [Hello::I18N::de](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Hello%3A%3AI18N%3A%3Ade/markdown); use base '[Hello::I18N](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Hello%3A%3AI18N/markdown)'; use [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon/markdown) (Gettext => \*DATA); __DATA__ # Some sample data msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Hello 1.3.22.1\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso8859-1\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: Hello.pm:10 msgid "Hello, World!" msgstr "Hallo, Welt!" #: Hello.pm:11 msgid "You have %quant(%1,piece) of mail." msgstr "Sie haben %quant(%1,Poststueck,Poststuecken)." ## DESCRIPTION This module provides lexicon-handling modules to read from other localization formats, such as *Gettext*, *Msgcat*, and so on. If you are unfamiliar with the concept of lexicon modules, please consult [Locale::Maketext](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext/markdown) and the "webl10n" HTML files in the "docs/" directory of this module. A command-line utility xgettext.pl is also installed with this module, for extracting translatable strings from source files. The "import" function The "import()" function accepts two forms of arguments: (*format* => *source* ... ) This form takes any number of argument pairs (usually one); *source* may be a file name, a filehandle, or an array reference. For each such pair, it pass the contents specified by the second argument to [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon/markdown)::*format*->parse as a plain list, and export its return value as the %Lexicon hash in the calling package. In the case that there are multiple such pairs, the lexicon defined by latter ones overrides earlier ones. { *language* => [ *format*, *source* ... ] ... } This form accepts a hash reference. It will export a %Lexicon into the subclasses specified by each *language*, using the process described above. It is designed to alleviate the need to set up a separate subclass for each localized language, and just use the catalog files. This module will convert the *language* arguments into lowercase, and replace all "-" with "_", so "zh_TW" and "zh-tw" will both map to the "zh_tw" subclass. If *language* begins with "_", it is taken as an option that controls how lexicons are parsed. See "Options" for a list of available options. The "*" is a special *language*; it must be used in conjunction with a filename that also contains "*"; all matched files with a valid language code in the place of "*" will be automatically prepared as a lexicon subclass. If there is multiple "*" in the filename, the last one is used as the language name. ### Options "_auto" If set to a true value, missing lookups on lexicons are handled silently, as if an "Auto" lexicon has been appended on all language lexicons. "_decode" If set to a true value, source entries will be converted into utf8-strings (available in Perl 5.6.1 or later). This feature needs the Encode or [Encode::compat](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Encode%3A%3Acompat/markdown) module. Currently, only the "Gettext" backend supports this option. "_encoding" This option only has effect when "_decode" is set to true. It specifies an encoding to store lexicon entries, instead of utf8-strings. If "_encoding" is set to "locale", the encoding from the current locale setting is used. "_preload" By default parsing is delayed until first use of the lexicon, set this option to true value to parse it asap. Increment adding lexicons forces parsing. ### Subclassing format handlers If you wish to override how sources specified in different data types are handled, please use a subclass that overrides "lexicon_get_*TYPE*". XXX: not documented well enough yet. Patches welcome. ## VERSION This document describes version 0.91 of [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon/markdown). ## NOTES When you attempt to localize an entry missing in the lexicon, Maketext will throw an exception by default. To inhibit this behaviour, override the "_AUTO" key in your language subclasses, for example: $[Hello::I18N::en::Lexicon](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Hello%3A%3AI18N%3A%3Aen%3A%3ALexicon/markdown){_AUTO} = 1; # autocreate missing keys If you want to implement a new "Lexicon::*" backend module, please note that "parse()" takes an array containing the source strings from the specified filehandle or filename, which are *not* "chomp"ed. Although if the source is an array reference, its elements will probably not contain any newline characters anyway. The "parse()" function should return a hash reference, which will be assigned to the *typeglob* (*Lexicon) of the language module. All it amounts to is that if the returned reference points to a tied hash, the %Lexicon will be aliased to the same tied hash if it was not initialized previously. ## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Jesse Vincent for suggesting this module to be written. Thanks also to Sean M. Burke for coming up with [Locale::Maketext](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext/markdown) in the first place, and encouraging me to experiment with alternative Lexicon syntaxes. Thanks also to Yi Ma Mao for providing the MO file parsing subroutine, as well as inspiring me to implement file globbing and transcoding support. See the AUTHORS file in the distribution for a list of people who have sent helpful patches, ideas or comments. ## SEE ALSO xgettext.pl for extracting translatable strings from common template systems and perl source files. [Locale::Maketext](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext/markdown), [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon::Auto](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon%3A%3AAuto/markdown), [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon::Gettext](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon%3A%3AGettext/markdown), [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon::Msgcat](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon%3A%3AMsgcat/markdown), [Locale::Maketext::Lexicon::Tie](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Locale%3A%3AMaketext%3A%3ALexicon%3A%3ATie/markdown) ## AUTHORS Audrey Tang <> ## COPYRIGHT Copyright 2002-2013 by Audrey Tang <>. This software is released under the MIT license cited below. The "MIT" License Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ## AUTHORS * Clinton Gormley <> * Audrey Tang <> ## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is Copyright (c) 2014 by Audrey Tang. This is free software, licensed under: The MIT (X11) License