# phpman > man > Lingua::Stem(3pm) ## NAME [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) - Stemming of words ## SYNOPSIS use [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) qw(stem); my $stemmmed_words_anon_array = stem(@words); or for the OO inclined, use [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown); my $stemmer = [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown)->new(-locale => 'EN-UK'); $stemmer->stem_caching({ -level => 2 }); my $stemmmed_words_anon_array = $stemmer->stem(@words); ## DESCRIPTION This routine applies stemming algorithms to its parameters, returning the stemmed words as appropriate to the selected locale. You can import some or all of the class methods. use [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) qw (stem clear_stem_cache stem_caching add_exceptions delete_exceptions get_exceptions set_locale get_locale :all :locale :exceptions :stem :caching); :all - imports stem add_exceptions delete_exceptions get_exceptions set_locale get_locale :stem - imports stem :caching - imports stem_caching clear_stem_cache :locale - imports set_locale get_locale :exceptions - imports add_exceptions delete_exceptions get_exceptions Currently supported locales are: DA - Danish DE - German EN - English (also EN-US and EN-UK) FR - French GL - Galician IT - Italian NO - Norwegian PT - Portuguese RU - Russian (also RU-RU and RU-RU.KOI8-R) SV - Swedish If you have the memory and lots of stemming to do, I strongly suggest using cache level 2 and processing lists in 'big chunks' (long lists) for best performance. ### Comparision with [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) It functions fairly similarly to the [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) suite of stemmers, with the most significant differences being 1) [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) is a 'pure perl' (no compiled XS code is needed) suite. [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) is XS based (must be compiled). 2) [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) works with Perl 5.6 or later [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) works with Perl 5.8 or later 3) [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) has an 'exceptions' system allowing you to override stemming on a 'case by case' basis. [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) does not have an 'exceptions' system. 4) A somewhat different set of supported languages: +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Language | ISO code | [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) | [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) | |---------------------------------------------------------------| | Danish | da | yes | yes | | Dutch | nl | no | yes | | English | en | yes | yes | | Finnish | fi | no | yes | | French | fr | yes | yes | | Galacian | gl | yes | no | | German | de | yes | yes | | Italian | it | yes | yes | | Norwegian | no | yes | yes | | Portuguese | pt | yes | yes | | Russian | ru | yes | yes | | Spanish | es | no | yes | | Swedish | sv | yes | yes | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ 5) [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) is faster for 'stem' (circa 30% faster than [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown)) 6) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) is faster for 'stem_in_place' (circa 30% faster than [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown)) 7) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) is more consistent with regard to character set issues. 8) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) is under active development. [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) is currently fairly static. Some benchmarks using [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) 0.82 and [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) 0.94 gives an idea of how various options impact performance. The dataset was The Works of Edgar Allen Poe, volumes 1-5 from the Gutenberg Project processed 10 times in a row as single batch of words (processing a long text one word at a time is very inefficient and drops the performance of [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) by about 90%: So "Don't Do That" ;) ) The benchmarks were run on a 3.06 Ghz P4 with HT on Fedora Core 5 Linux using Perl 5.8.8. +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | source: collected_works_poe.txt | words: 454691 | unique words: 22802 | |------------------------------------------------------------------------| | module | config | avg secs | words/sec | |------------------------------------------------------------------------| | [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) 0.82 | no cache | 1.922 | 236560 | | [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) 0.82 | cache level 2 | 1.235 | 368292 | | [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) 0.82 | cachelv2, sip | 0.798 | 569494 | | [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) 0.94 | stem | 1.622 | 280276 | | [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) 0.94 | stem_in_place | 0.627 | 725129 | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ The script for the benchmark is included in the examples/ directory of this distribution as benchmark_stemmers.plx. ## CHANGES 2.30 2020.06.20 - Version renumber for module consistency 0.84 2010.04.29 - Documentation fixes to the En stemmer and removal of the accidentally included lib/Lingua/test.pl file Thanks goes to Aaron Naiman for bringing the documentation error to my attention and to Alexandr Ciornii and 'kmx' for the pointing out the problem with the test.pl file. 0.83 2007.06.23 - Disabled Italian locale build tests due to changes in [Lingua::Stem::It](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AIt/markdown) breaking the tests. 0.82 2006.07.23 - Added 'stem_in_place' to base package. Tweaks to documentation and build tests. 0.81 2004.07.26 - Minor documentation tweak. No functional change. 0.80 2004.07.25 - Added 'RU', 'RU_RU', 'RU_RU.KOI-8' locale. Added support for [Lingua::Stem::Ru](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ARu/markdown) to Makefile.PL and autoloader. Added documentation stressing use of caching and batches for performance. Added support for '_' as a seperator in the locale strings. Added example benchmark script. Expanded copyright credits. 0.70 2004.04.26 - Added FR locale and documentation fixes to [Lingua::Stem::Gl](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AGl/markdown) 0.61 2003.09.28 - Documentation fixes. No functional changes. 0.60 2003.04.05 - Added more locales by wrappering various stemming implementations. Documented currently supported list of locales. 0.50 2000.09.14 - Fixed major implementation error. Starting with version 0.30 I forgot to include rulesets 2,3 and 4 for Porter's algorithm. The resulting stemming results were very poor. Thanks go to <> for bringing the problem to my attention. Unfortunately, the fix inherently generates *different* stemming results than 0.30 and 0.40 did. If you need identically broken output - use locale 'en-broken'. 0.40 2000.08.25 - Added stem caching support as an option. This can provide a large speedup to the operation of the stemmer. Caching is default turned off to maximize compatibility with previous versions. 0.30 1999.06.24 - Replaced core of 'En' stemmers with code from Jim Richardson <> Aliased 'en-us' and 'en-uk' to 'en' Fixed 'SYNOPSIS' to correct return value type for stemmed words (SYNOPIS error spotted by <>) 0.20 1999.06.15 - Changed to '.pm' module, moved into Lingua:: namespace, added OO interface, optionalized the export of routines into the caller's namespace, added named parameter initialization, stemming exceptions, autoloaded locale support and isolated case flattening to localized stemmers prevent i18n problems later. Input and output text are assumed to be in UTF8 encoding (no operational impact right now, but will be important when extending the module to non-English). ## METHODS ### new Returns a new instance of a [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) object and, optionally, selection of the locale to be used for stemming. Examples: # By default the locale is en $us_stemmer = [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown)->new; # Turn on the cache $us_stemmer->stem_caching({ -level => 2 }); # Overriding the default for a specific instance $uk_stemmer = [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown)->new({ -locale => 'en-uk' }); # Overriding the default for a specific instance and changing the default $uk_stemmer = [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown)->new({ -default_locale => 'en-uk' }); ### set_locale Sets the locale to one of the recognized locales. locale identifiers are converted to lowercase. Called as a class method, it changes the default locale for all subseqently generated object instances. Called as an instance method, it only changes the locale for that particular instance. 'croaks' if passed an unknown locale. Examples: # Change default locale [Lingua::Stem::set_locale](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3Asetlocale/markdown)('en-uk'); # UK's spellings # Change instance locale $self->set_locale('en-us'); # US's spellings get_locale; Called as a class method, returns the current default locale. Example: $default_locale = [Lingua::Stem::get_locale](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3Agetlocale/markdown); Called as an instance method, returns the locale for the instance $instance_locale = $stemmer->get_locale; ### add_exceptions Exceptions allow overriding the stemming algorithm on a case by case basis. It is done on an exact match and substitution basis: If a passed word is identical to the exception it will be replaced by the specified value. No case adjustments are performed. Called as a class method, adds exceptions to the default exceptions list used for subsequently instantations of [Lingua::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem/markdown) objects. Example: # adding default exceptions [Lingua::Stem::add_exceptions](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3Aaddexceptions/markdown)({ 'emily' => 'emily', 'driven' => 'driven', }); Called as an instance method, adds exceptions only to the specific instance. # adding instance exceptions $stemmer->add_exceptions({ 'steely' => 'steely' }); The exceptions shortcut the normal stemming - if an exception matches no further stemming is performed after the substitution. Adding an exception with the same key value as an already defined exception replaces the pre-existing exception with the new value. ### delete_exceptions The mirror of add_exceptions, this allows the _removal_ of exceptions from either the defaults for the class or from the instance. # Deletion of exceptions from class default exceptions [Lingua::Stem::delete_exceptions](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3Adeleteexceptions/markdown)('aragorn','frodo','samwise'); # Deletion of exceptions from instance $stemmer->delete_exceptions('smaug','sauron','gollum'); # Deletion of all class default exceptions delete_exceptions; # Deletion of all exceptions from instance $stemmer->delete_exceptions; get_exceptions; As a class method with no parameters it returns all the default exceptions as an anonymous hash of 'exception' => 'replace with' pairs. Example: # Returns all class default exceptions $exceptions = [Lingua::Stem::get_exceptions](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3Agetexceptions/markdown); As a class method with parameters, it returns the default exceptions listed in the parameters as an anonymous hash of 'exception' => 'replace with' pairs. If a parameter specifies an undefined 'exception', the value is set to undef. # Returns class default exceptions for 'emily' and 'george' $exceptions = [Lingua::Stem::get_exceptions](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3Agetexceptions/markdown)('emily','george'); As an instance method, with no parameters it returns the currently active exceptions for the instance. # Returns all instance exceptions $exceptions = $stemmer->get_exceptions; As an instance method with parameters, it returns the instance exceptions listed in the parameters as an anonymous hash of 'exception' => 'replace with' pairs. If a parameter specifies an undefined 'exception', the value is set to undef. # Returns instance exceptions for 'lisa' and 'bart' $exceptions = $stemmer->get_exceptions('lisa','bart'); ### stem Called as a class method, it applies the default settings and stems the list of passed words, returning an anonymous array with the stemmed words in the same order as the passed list of words. Example: # Default settings applied my $anon_array_of_stemmed_words = [Lingua::Stem::stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3Astem/markdown)(@words); Called as an instance method, it applies the instance's settings and stems the list of passed words, returning an anonymous array with the stemmed words in the same order as the passed list of words. # Instance's settings applied my $stemmed_words = $stemmer->stem(@words); The stemmer performs best when handed long lists of words rather than one word at a time. The cache also provides a huge speed up if you are processing lots of text. ### stem_in_place Stems the passed list of words 'in place'. It returns a reference to the modified list. This is about 60% faster than the 'stem' method but modifies the original list. This currently only works for the English locales. Example: my @words = ( 'a', 'list', 'of', 'words' ); my $stemmed_list_of_words = stem_in_place(@words); # '$stemmed_list_of_words' refers to the @words list # after 'stem_in_place' has executed DO NOT use this method of stemming if you need to keep the original list of words. Its performance gain derives entirely from the fact it does not make a copy the original list but instead overwrites the original list. If you try something like my @words_for_stemming = @words; my $stemmed_list_of_words = stem_in_place(@words_for_stemming); thinking you will get a speed boost while keeping the original list, you won't: You wipe out the speed gain completely with your copying of the original list. You should just use the 'stem' method instead on the original list of words if you need to keep the original list. clear_stem_cache; Clears the stemming cache for the current locale. Can be called as either a class method or an instance method. $stemmer->clear_stem_cache; clear_stem_cache; stem_caching ({ -level => 0|1|2 }); Sets stemming cache level for the current locale. Can be called as either a class method or an instance method. $stemmer->stem_caching({ -level => 1 }); stem_caching({ -level => 1 }); For the sake of maximum compatibility with previous versions, stem caching is set to '-level => 0' by default. '-level' definitions '0' means 'no caching'. This is the default level. '1' means 'cache per run'. This caches stemming results during each call to 'stem'. '2' means 'cache indefinitely'. This caches stemming results until either the process exits or the 'clear_stem_cache' method is called. stem caching is global to the locale. If you turn on stem caching for one instance of a locale stemmer, all instances using the same locale will have it turned on as well. I STRONGLY suggest turning caching on if you have enough memory and are processing a lot of data. ## VERSION 2.30 2020.06.20 ## NOTES It started with the '[Text::Stem](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Text%3A%3AStem/markdown)' module which has been adapted into a more general framework and moved into the more language oriented 'Lingua' namespace and re-organized to support a OOP interface as well as switch core 'En' locale stemmers. Version 0.40 added a cache for stemmed words. This can provide up to a several fold performance improvement. Organization is such that extending this module to any number of languages should be direct and simple. Case flattening is a function of the language, so the 'exceptions' methods have to be used appropriately to the language. For 'En' family stemming, use lower case words, only, for exceptions. ## AUTHORS Jerilyn Franz <> Jim Richardson <> ## CREDITS Jim Richardson <> Ulrich Pfeifer <> Aldo Calpini <> xern <> Ask Solem Hoel <> Dennis Haney <> Sébastien Darribere-Pleyt <> Aleksandr Guidrevitch <> ## SEE ALSO [Lingua::Stem::En](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AEn/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::En](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AEn/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Da](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ADa/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::De](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ADe/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Gl](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AGl/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::No](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ANo/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Pt](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3APt/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Sv](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASv/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::It](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AIt/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Fr](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AFr/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Ru](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ARu/markdown) [Text::German](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Text%3A%3AGerman/markdown) [Lingua::PT::Stemmer](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3APT%3A%3AStemmer/markdown) [Lingua::GL::Stemmer](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AGL%3A%3AStemmer/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::No](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ANo/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::Se](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ASe/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::Da](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ADa/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::Sv](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ASv/markdown) [Lingua::Stemmer::GL](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStemmer%3A%3AGL/markdown) [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) ## COPYRIGHT Copyright 1999-2004 Freerun Technologies, Inc (Freerun), Jim Richardson, University of Sydney <> and Jerilyn Franz <>. All rights reserved. [Text::German](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Text%3A%3AGerman/markdown) was written and is copyrighted by Ulrich Pfeifer. [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::Da](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ADa/markdown) was written and is copyrighted by Dennis Haney and Ask Solem Hoel. [Lingua::Stem::It](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AIt/markdown) was written and is copyrighted by Aldo Calpini. [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::No](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ANo/markdown), [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::Se](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ASe/markdown), [Lingua::Stem::Snowball::Sv](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball%3A%3ASv/markdown) were written and are copyrighted by Ask Solem Hoel. [Lingua::Stemmer::GL](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStemmer%3A%3AGL/markdown) and [Lingua::PT::Stemmer](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3APT%3A%3AStemmer/markdown) were written and are copyrighted by Xern. [Lingua::Stem::Fr](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3AFr/markdown) was written and is copyrighted by Aldo Calpini and Sébastien Darribere-Pley. [Lingua::Stem::Ru](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ARu/markdown) was written and is copyrighted by Aleksandr Guidrevitch. This software may be freely copied and distributed under the same terms and conditions as Perl. ## BUGS None known. ## TODO Add more languages. Extend regression tests. Add support for the [Lingua::Stem::Snowball](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Lingua%3A%3AStem%3A%3ASnowball/markdown) family of stemmers as an alternative core stemming engine. Extend 'stem_in_place' functionality to non-English stemmers.