# LAST - man(1) - [phpMan] > **TLDR:** View the last logged in users. > - View last login information (e.g., username, terminal, boot time, kernel) of all users as read from `/var/log/wtmp`: `last` - List login information of a specific user: `last {{username}}` - Specify how many of the last logins to show: `last {{-n|--limit}} {{login_count}}` - Print the full date and time for entries and then display the hostname column last to prevent truncation: `last {{-F|--fulltimes}} {{-a|--hostlast}}` - View all logins by a specific user and show the IP address instead of the hostname: `last {{username}} {{-i|--ip}}` - List information since a specific time and date: `last {{-s|--since}} {{7days}}` - View all recorded reboots (i.e., the last logins of the pseudo user "reboot"): `last reboot` - Display help: `last {{-h|--help}}` *Source: tldr-pages* --- [_LAST_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/LAST/1/markdown) User Commands [_LAST_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/LAST/1/markdown) ## NAME last, lastb - show a listing of last logged in users ## SYNOPSIS **last **[options] [_username_...] [_tty_...] **lastb **[options] [_username_...] [_tty_...] ## DESCRIPTION **last **searches back through the _/var/log/wtmp_ file (or the file designated by the **-f **option) and displays a list of all users logged in (and out) since that file was created. One or more _usernames_ and/or _ttys_ can be given, in which case **last **will show only the entries matching those arguments. Names of _ttys_ can be abbreviated, thus **last 0 **is the same as **last tty0**. When catching a **SIGINT **signal (generated by the interrupt key, usually control-C) or a **SIGQUIT **signal, **last **will show how far it has searched through the file; in the case of the **SIGINT **signal **last **will then terminate. The pseudo user **reboot **logs in each time the system is rebooted. Thus **last reboot **will show a log of all the reboots since the log file was created. **lastb **is the same as **last**, except that by default it shows a log of the _/var/log/btmp_ file, which contains all the bad login attempts. ## OPTIONS ### -a --hostlast Display the hostname in the last column. Useful in combination with the **--dns **option. ### -d --dns For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name of the remote host, but its IP number as well. This option translates the IP number back into a hostname. ### -f --file _ Tell **last **to use a specific _file_ instead of _/var/log/wtmp_. The **--file **option can be given multiple times, and all of the specified files will be processed. ### -F --fulltimes Print full login and logout times and dates. ### -i --ip Like **--dns , **but displays the host’s IP number instead of the name. ### -_ -n --limit _ Tell **last **how many lines to show. ### -p --present _ Display the users who were present at the specified time. This is like using the options **--since **and **--until **together with the same _time_. ### -R --nohostname Suppresses the display of the hostname field. ### -s --since _ Display the state of logins since the specified _time_. This is useful, e.g., to easily determine who was logged in at a particular time. The option is often combined with **--until**. ### -t --until _ Display the state of logins until the specified _time_. **--time-format _**format_ Define the output timestamp _format_ to be one of _notime_, _short_, _full_, or _iso_. The _notime_ variant will not print any timestamps at all, _short_ is the default, and _full_ is the same as the **--fulltimes **option. The _iso_ variant will display the timestamp in ISO-8601 format. The ISO format contains timezone information, making it preferable when printouts are investigated outside of the system. ### -w --fullnames Display full user names and domain names in the output. ### -x --system Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes. ### -h --help Display help text and exit. ### -V --version Print version and exit. ## TIME FORMATS The options that take the _time_ argument understand the following formats: ┌─────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ │ YYYYMMDDhhmmss │ │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss │ │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm │ (seconds will be set to 00) │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ YYYY-MM-DD │ (time will be set to 00:00:00) │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ hh:mm:ss │ (date will be set to today) │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ hh:mm │ (date will be set to today, │ │ │ seconds to 00) │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ now │ │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ yesterday │ (time is set to 00:00:00) │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ today │ (time is set to 00:00:00) │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ tomorrow │ (time is set to 00:00:00) │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ +5min │ │ ├─────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ -5days │ │ └─────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘ ## FILES _/var/log/wtmp_, _/var/log/btmp_ ## NOTES The files _wtmp_ and _btmp_ might not be found. The system only logs information in these files if they are present. This is a local configuration issue. If you want the files to be used, they can be created with a simple [**touch**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/touch/1/markdown) command (for example, **touch /var/log/wtmp**). An empty entry is a valid type of wtmp entry. It means that an empty file or file with zeros is not interpreted as an error. The utmp file format uses fixed sizes of strings, which means that very long strings are impossible to store in the file and impossible to display by **last**. The usual limits are 32 bytes for a user and line name and 256 bytes for a hostname. ## AUTHORS Miquel van Smoorenburg <> ## SEE ALSO [**login**(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/login/1/markdown), [**wtmp**(5)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/wtmp/5/markdown), [**init**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/init/8/markdown), [**shutdown**(8)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/shutdown/8/markdown) ## REPORTING BUGS For bug reports, use the issue tracker at . ## AVAILABILITY The **last **command is part of the util-linux package which can be downloaded from Linux Kernel Archive <>. util-linux 2.39.3 2023-12-01 [_LAST_(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/LAST/1/markdown)