{
    "content": [
        {
            "type": "text",
            "text": "# GROFF_CHAR (man)\n\n## NAME\n\ngroffchar - groff glyph names\n\n## DESCRIPTION\n\nThis  manual page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default input mapping, latin1.\nThe glyphs in this document look different depending on which output device was chosen  (with\noption -T for the man(1) program or the roff formatter).  Glyphs not available for the device\nthat is being used to print or view this manual page are marked with ‘(N/A)’; the device cur‐\nrently used is ‘utf8’.\n\n## Sections\n\n- **NAME**\n- **DESCRIPTION**\n- **REFERENCE** (2 subsections)\n- **AUTHORS**\n- **SEE ALSO**\n\nUse structuredContent.sections for detailed options, examples, and full documentation.\n"
        }
    ],
    "structuredContent": {
        "command": "GROFF_CHAR",
        "section": "",
        "mode": "man",
        "summary": "groffchar - groff glyph names",
        "synopsis": null,
        "tldr_summary": null,
        "tldr_examples": [],
        "tldr_source": null,
        "flags": [],
        "examples": [],
        "see_also": [
            {
                "name": "groff",
                "section": "1",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/groff/1/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "groff",
                "section": "7",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/groff/7/json"
            }
        ],
        "section_outline": [
            {
                "name": "NAME",
                "lines": 2,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "DESCRIPTION",
                "lines": 28,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "REFERENCE",
                "lines": 100,
                "subsections": [
                    {
                        "name": "8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255",
                        "lines": 112
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Named Glyphs",
                        "lines": 550
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "AUTHORS",
                "lines": 4,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "SEE ALSO",
                "lines": 18,
                "subsections": []
            }
        ],
        "sections": {
            "NAME": {
                "content": "groffchar - groff glyph names\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "DESCRIPTION": {
                "content": "This  manual page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default input mapping, latin1.\nThe glyphs in this document look different depending on which output device was chosen  (with\noption -T for the man(1) program or the roff formatter).  Glyphs not available for the device\nthat is being used to print or view this manual page are marked with ‘(N/A)’; the device cur‐\nrently used is ‘utf8’.\n\nIn  the actual version, groff provides only 8-bit characters for direct input and named enti‐\nties for further glyphs.  On ASCII platforms, input character codes in the  range  0  to  127\n(decimal) represent the usual 7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127 and 255 are in‐\nterpreted as the corresponding characters in the latin1 (ISO-8859-1)  code  set  by  default.\nThis  mapping  is contained in the file latin1.tmac and can be changed by loading a different\ninput encoding.  Note that some of the input characters are reserved by groff, either for in‐\nternal use or for special input purposes.  On EBCDIC platforms, only code page cp1047 is sup‐\nported (which contains the same characters as latin1;  the  input  encoding  file  is  called\ncp1047.tmac).  Again, some input characters are reserved for internal and special purposes.\n\nAll  roff  systems  provide  the  concept of named glyphs.  In traditional roff systems, only\nnames of length 2 were used, while groff also provides  support  for  longer  names.   It  is\nstrongly  suggested that only named glyphs are used for all character representations outside\nof the printable 7-bit ASCII range.\n\nSome of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length 1)  also  produce  single\nglyphs;  these  exist for historical reasons or are printable versions of syntactical charac‐\nters.  They include ‘\\\\’, ‘\\'’, ‘\\`’, ‘\\-’, ‘\\.’, and ‘\\e’; see groff(7).\n\nIn groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can be tested positively with\nthe ‘.if c’ conditional.\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "REFERENCE": {
                "content": "In  this section, the glyphs in groff are specified in tabular form.  The meaning of the col‐\numns is as follows.\n\nOutput shows how the glyph is printed for the current device; although this can have quite  a\ndifferent shape on other devices, it always represents the same glyph.\n\nInput  specifies  how  the  glyph  is input either directly by a key on the keyboard, or by a\ngroff escape sequence.\n\nCode   applies to glyphs which can be input with a single character, and gives the ISO latin1\ndecimal code of that input character.  Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest\n256 Unicode characters, including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to 127.\n\nPostScript\ngives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.\n\nUnicode\nis the glyph name used in composite glyph names.  The names in the Unicode column look\nlike  u0021 or u00410300.  In groff, the corresponding Unicode characters can be con‐\nstructed by adding a backslash and a pair of square brackets, for example \\[u0021]  or\n\\[u00410300].\n\n7-bit Character Codes 32––126\nThese  are  the  basic glyphs having 7-bit ASCII code values assigned.  They are identical to\nthe printable characters of the character standards ISO-8859-1 (latin1)  and  Unicode  (range\nBasic Latin).  The glyph names used in composite glyph names are ‘u0020’ up to ‘u007E’.\n\nNote  that input characters in the range 0-31 and character 127 are not printable characters.\nMost of them are invalid input characters for groff anyway, and the valid ones  have  special\nmeaning.  For EBCDIC, the printable characters are in the range 66-255.\n\n48-57  Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).\n\n65-90  Upper case letters A-Z (print as themselves).\n\n97-122 Lower case letters a–z (print as themselves).\n\nMost  of  the  remaining characters not in the just described ranges print as themselves; the\nonly exceptions are the following characters:\n\n`      the ISO latin1 ‘Grave Accent’ (code 96) prints as ‘,  a  left  single  quotation  mark\n(Unicode  u2018).  The same output glyph can be requested explicitly with ‘\\(oq’.  The\noriginal character can be obtained with ‘\\`’ (Unicode u0060).\n\n'      the ISO latin1 ‘Apostrophe’ (code 39) prints as ’, a right single quotation mark (Uni‐\ncode  u2019).   The  same  output  glyph is commonly used in typography to represent a\npunctation apostrophe, for example in contractions.  It can  be  requested  explicitly\nwith ‘\\(cq’.  The original character can be obtained with ‘\\(aq’ (Unicode u0027).\n\n-      the ISO latin1 ‘Hyphen, Minus Sign’ (code 45) prints as a hyphen (Unicode u2010).  The\nsame output glyph can be requested explicitly with ‘\\(hy’.  A minus sign  can  be  ob‐\ntained with ‘\\-’ (Unicode u2212).\n\n~      the ISO latin1 ‘Tilde’ (code 126) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic (Uni‐\ncode u02DC).  A larger glyph can be obtained with ‘\\(ti’ (Unicode u007E).\n\n^      the ISO latin1 ‘Circumflex Accent’ (code 94) is reduced in size to be usable as a dia‐\ncritic (Unicode u02C6); a larger glyph can be obtained with ‘\\(ha’ (Unicode u005E).\n\nOutput   Input   Code   PostScript     Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n!        !       33     exclam         u0021     exclamation mark (bang)\n\"        \"       34     quotedbl       u0022     double quote\n#        #       35     numbersign     u0023     number sign\n$        $       36     dollar         u0024     currency dollar sign\n%        %       37     percent        u0025     percent\n&        &       38     ampersand      u0026     ampersand\n’        '       39     quoteright     u2019     right quote\n'        \\(aq           quotesingle    u0027     apostrophe quote\n(        (       40     parenleft      u0028     parentheses left\n)        )       41     parenright     u0029     parentheses right\n*        *       42     asterisk       u002A     asterisk\n+        +       43     plus           u002B     plus\n,        ,       44     comma          u002C     comma\n‐        -       45     hyphen         u2010     hyphen\n-        \\-             minus          u2212     minus sign\n.        .       46     period         u002E     period, dot\n/        /       47     slash          u002F     slash\n:        :       58     colon          u003A     colon\n;        ;       59     semicolon      u003B     semicolon\n<        <       60     less           u003C     less than\n=        =       61     equal          u003D     equal\n>        >       62     greater        u003E     greater than\n?        ?       63     question       u003F     question mark\n@        @       64     at             u0040     at\n[        [       91     bracketleft    u005B     square bracket left\n\\        \\       92     backslash      u005C     backslash\n]        ]       93     bracketright   u005D     square bracket right\n^        ^       94     circumflex     u02C6     modifier circumflex\n^        \\(ha           asciicircum    u005E     circumflex accent\n95     underscore     u005F     underscore\n‘        `       96     quoteleft      u2018     left quote\n`        \\(ga           grave          u0060     grave accent\n{        {       123    braceleft      u007B     curly brace left\n\n|        |       124    bar            u007C     bar\n}        }       125    braceright     u007D     curly brace right\n˜        ~       126    tilde          u02DC     small tilde\n~        \\(ti           asciitilde     u007E     tilde\n",
                "subsections": [
                    {
                        "name": "8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255",
                        "content": "They  are  interpreted as printable characters according to the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set,\nbeing identical to the Unicode range Latin-1 Supplement.\n\nInput characters in range 128-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not printable characters.\n\n160    the ISO latin1 no-break space is mapped to ‘\\~’, the stretchable space character.\n\n173    the soft hyphen control character.  groff never uses this character for  output  (thus\nit is omitted in the table below); the input character 173 is mapped onto ‘\\%’.\n\nThe  remaining  ranges  (161-172, 174-255) are printable characters that print as themselves.\nAlthough they can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems with a latin1 code page,\nit is better to use their glyph names; see the next section.\n\nOutput   Input   Code   PostScript       Unicode      Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n¡        ¡       161    exclamdown       u00A1        inverted exclamation mark\n¢        ¢       162    cent             u00A2        currency unit\n£        £       163    sterling         u00A3        pound sterling\n¤        ¤       164    currency         u00A4        generic currency symbol\n¥        ¥       165    yen              u00A5        Japanese currency symbol\n¦        ¦       166    brokenbar        u00A6        broken bar\n§        §       167    section          u00A7        section sign\n¨        ¨       168    dieresis         u00A8        dieresis (umlaut)\n©        ©       169    copyright        u00A9        copyright symbol\nª        ª       170    ordfeminine      u00AA        feminine ordinal (Spanish)\n«        «       171    guillemotleft    u00AB        left guillemet [sic]\n¬        ¬       172    logicalnot       u00AC        logical not\n®        ®       174    registered       u00AE        registered mark symbol\n¯        ¯       175    macron           u00AF        overbar accent\n°        °       176    degree           u00B0        degree sign\n±        ±       177    plusminus        u00B1        plus-minus sign\n²        ²       178    twosuperior      u00B2        superscript 2\n³        ³       179    threesuperior    u00B3        superscript 3\n´        ´       180    acute            u00B4        acute accent\nµ        µ       181    mu               u00B5        micro sign\n¶        ¶       182    paragraph        u00B6        end of paragraphs marker\n·        ·       183    periodcentered   u00B7        centered period\n¸        ¸       184    cedilla          u00B8        cedilla accent\n¹        ¹       185    onesuperior      u00B9        superscript 1\nº        º       186    ordmasculine     u00BA        masculine ordinal (Spanish)\n»        »       187    guillemotright   u00BB        right guillemet [sic]\n¼        ¼       188    onequarter       u00BC        1/4 symbol\n½        ½       189    onehalf          u00BD        1/2 symbol\n¾        ¾       190    threequarters    u00BE        3/4 symbol\n¿        ¿       191    questiondown     u00BF        inverted question mark\nÀ        À       192    Agrave           u00410300   A grave\nÁ        Á       193    Aacute           u00410301   A acute\n               194    Acircumflex      u00410302   A circumflex\nà        à       195    Atilde           u00410303   A tilde\nÄ        Ä       196    Adieresis        u00410308   A dieresis (umlaut)\nÅ        Å       197    Aring            u0041030A   A ring\nÆ        Æ       198    AE               u00C6        A+E combined\nÇ        Ç       199    Ccedilla         u00430327   C cedilla\nÈ        È       200    Egrave           u00450300   E grave\nÉ        É       201    Eacute           u00450301   E acute\nÊ        Ê       202    Ecircumflex      u00450302   E circumflex\nË        Ë       203    Edieresis        u00450308   E dieresis (umlaut)\nÌ        Ì       204    Igrave           u00490300   I grave\n\nÍ        Í       205    Iacute           u00490301   I acute\nÎ        Î       206    Icircumflex      u00490302   I circumflex\nÏ        Ï       207    Idieresis        u00490308   I dieresis\nÐ        Ð       208    Eth              u00D0        E th\nÑ        Ñ       209    Ntilde           u004E0303   N tilde\nÒ        Ò       210    Ograve           u004F0300   O grave\nÓ        Ó       211    Oacute           u004F0301   O acute\nÔ        Ô       212    Ocircumflex      u004F0302   O circumflex\nÕ        Õ       213    Otilde           u004F0303   O tilde\nÖ        Ö       214    Odieresis        u004F0308   O dieresis (umlaut)\n×        ×       215    multiply         u00D7        multiply\nØ        Ø       216    Oslash           u00D8        O slash\nÙ        Ù       217    Ugrave           u00550300   U grave\nÚ        Ú       218    Uacute           u00550301   U acute\nÛ        Û       219    Ucircumflex      u00550302   U circumflex\nÜ        Ü       220    Udieresis        u00550308   U dieresis (umlaut)\nÝ        Ý       221    Yacute           u00590301   Y acute\nÞ        Þ       222    Thorn            u00DE        Thorn\nß        ß       223    germandbls       u00DF        German double s (sharp s)\nà        à       224    agrave           u00610300   a grave\ná        á       225    aacute           u00610301   a acute\nâ        â       226    acircumflex      u00610302   a circumflex\nã        ã       227    atilde           u00610303   a tilde\nä        ä       228    adieresis        u00610308   a dieresis (umlaut)\nå        å       229    aring            u0061030A   a ring\næ        æ       230    ae               u00E6        a+e combined\nç        ç       231    ccedilla         u00630327   c cedilla\nè        è       232    egrave           u00650300   e grave\né        é       233    eacute           u00650301   e acute\nê        ê       234    ecircumflex      u00650302   e circumflex\në        ë       235    edieresis        u00650308   e dieresis (umlaut)\nì        ì       236    igrave           u00690300   i grave\ní        í       237    iacute           u00690301   i acute\nî        î       238    icircumflex      u00690302   i circumflex\nï        ï       239    idieresis        u00690308   i dieresis (umlaut)\nð        ð       240    eth              u00F0        e th\nñ        ñ       241    ntilde           u006E0303   n tilde\nò        ò       242    ograve           u006F0300   o grave\nó        ó       243    oacute           u006F0301   o acute\nô        ô       244    ocircumflex      u006F0302   o circumflex\nõ        õ       245    otilde           u006F0303   o tilde\nö        ö       246    odieresis        u006F0308   o dieresis (umlaut)\n÷        ÷       247    divide           u00F7        divide\nø        ø       248    oslash           u00F8        o slash\nù        ù       249    ugrave           u00750300   u grave\nú        ú       250    uacute           u00750301   u acute\nû        û       251    ucircumflex      u00750302   u circumflex\nü        ü       252    udieresis        u00750308   u dieresis (umlaut)\ný        ý       253    yacute           u00790301   y acute\nþ        þ       254    thorn            u00FE        thorn\nÿ        ÿ       255    ydieresis        u00790308   y dieresis (umlaut)\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Named Glyphs",
                        "content": "Glyph  names  can be embedded into the document text by using escape sequences.  groff(7) de‐\nscribes how these escape sequences look.  Glyph names can consist of quite arbitrary  charac‐\nters  from  the  ASCII or latin1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters.  Here some exam‐\nples:\n\n\\(ch   A glyph having the 2-character name ch.\n\n\\[charname]\nA glyph having the name charname (having length 1, 2, 3, ...).  Note that ‘c’ is  not\nthe  same  as  ‘\\[c]’ (c a single character): The latter is internally mapped to glyph\nname ‘\\c’.  By default, groff defines a single glyph name starting with  a  backslash,\nnamely ‘\\-’, which can be either accessed as ‘\\-’ or ‘\\[-]’.\n\n\\[baseglyph composite1 composite2 ...]\nA composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.\n\nIn groff, each 8-bit input character can also referred to by the construct ‘\\[charn]’ where n\nis the decimal code of the character, a number between 0 and 255 without leading zeros (those\nentities are not glyph names).  They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the .trin request.\n\nAnother  special convention is the handling of glyphs with names directly derived from a Uni‐\ncode code point; this is shown in the ‘Unicode’ column of the table below.  In  general,  all\nglyphs  not  having  a name as listed in this manual page can be accessed with the ‘\\[uXXXX]’\nconstruct.  Refer to section “Using Symbols” in Groff: The GNU Implementation of  troff,  the\ngroff Texinfo manual, which describes how groff glyph names are constructed.\n\nMoreover, new glyph names can be created by the .char request; see groff(7).\n\nIn  the following, a plus sign ‘+’ in the ‘Notes’ column indicates that this particular glyph\nname appears in the PS version of the original troff documentation, CSTR 54.\n\nEntries marked with ‘*’ denote glyphs for mathematical purposes (mainly used for  DVI  out‐\nput).  Normally, such glyphs have metrics which make them unusable in normal text.\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\nÐ        \\[-D]   Eth          u00D0     uppercase eth\nð        \\[Sd]   eth          u00F0     lowercase eth\nÞ        \\[TP]   Thorn        u00DE     uppercase thorn\nþ        \\[Tp]   thorn        u00FE     lowercase thorn\nß        \\[ss]   germandbls   u00DF     German double s (sharp s)\n\nLigatures and Other Latin Glyphs\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript   Unicode           Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\nff       \\[ff]   ff           u00660066        ff ligature +\nfi       \\[fi]   fi           u00660069        fi ligature +\nfl       \\[fl]   fl           u0066006C        fl ligature +\nffi      \\[Fi]   ffi          u006600660069   ffi ligature +\nffl      \\[Fl]   ffl          u00660066006C   ffl ligature +\nŁ        \\[/L]   Lslash       u0141             L slash (Polish)\nł        \\[/l]   lslash       u0142             l slash (Polish)\nØ        \\[/O]   Oslash       u00D8             O slash (Scandinavian)\nø        \\[/o]   oslash       u00F8             o slash (Scandinavian)\nÆ        \\[AE]   AE           u00C6             A+E combined\næ        \\[ae]   ae           u00E6             a+e combined\nŒ        \\[OE]   OE           u0152             O+E combined\nœ        \\[oe]   oe           u0153             o+e combined\nIJ        \\[IJ]   IJ           u0132             I+J combined (Dutch)\nij        \\[ij]   ij           u0133             i+j combined(Dutch)\nı        \\[.i]   dotlessi     u0131             i without a dot (Turkish)\nȷ        \\[.j]   dotlessj     u0237             j without a dot\n\nAccented Characters\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript    Unicode      Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\nÁ        \\['A]   Aacute        u00410301   A acute\nĆ        \\['C]   Cacute        u00430301   C acute\nÉ        \\['E]   Eacute        u00450301   E acute\nÍ        \\['I]   Iacute        u00490301   I acute\nÓ        \\['O]   Oacute        u004F0301   O acute\nÚ        \\['U]   Uacute        u00550301   U acute\nÝ        \\['Y]   Yacute        u00590301   Y acute\ná        \\['a]   aacute        u00610301   a acute\nć        \\['c]   cacute        u00630301   c acute\né        \\['e]   eacute        u00650301   e acute\n\ní        \\['i]   iacute        u00690301   i acute\nó        \\['o]   oacute        u006F0301   o acute\nú        \\['u]   uacute        u00750301   u acute\ný        \\['y]   yacute        u00790301   y acute\nÄ        \\[:A]   Adieresis     u00410308   A dieresis (umlaut)\nË        \\[:E]   Edieresis     u00450308   E dieresis (umlaut)\nÏ        \\[:I]   Idieresis     u00490308   I dieresis (umlaut)\nÖ        \\[:O]   Odieresis     u004F0308   O dieresis (umlaut)\nÜ        \\[:U]   Udieresis     u00550308   U dieresis (umlaut)\nŸ        \\[:Y]   Ydieresis     u00590308   Y dieresis (umlaut)\nä        \\[:a]   adieresis     u00610308   a dieresis (umlaut)\në        \\[:e]   edieresis     u00650308   e dieresis (umlaut)\nï        \\[:i]   idieresis     u00690308   i dieresis (umlaut)\nö        \\[:o]   odieresis     u006F0308   o dieresis (umlaut)\nü        \\[:u]   udieresis     u00750308   u dieresis (umlaut)\nÿ        \\[:y]   ydieresis     u00790308   y dieresis (umlaut)\n        \\[^A]   Acircumflex   u00410302   A circumflex\nÊ        \\[^E]   Ecircumflex   u00450302   E circumflex\nÎ        \\[^I]   Icircumflex   u00490302   I circumflex\nÔ        \\[^O]   Ocircumflex   u004F0302   O circumflex\nÛ        \\[^U]   Ucircumflex   u00550302   U circumflex\nâ        \\[^a]   acircumflex   u00610302   a circumflex\nê        \\[^e]   ecircumflex   u00650302   e circumflex\nî        \\[^i]   icircumflex   u00690302   i circumflex\nô        \\[^o]   ocircumflex   u006F0302   o circumflex\nû        \\[^u]   ucircumflex   u00750302   u circumflex\nÀ        \\[`A]   Agrave        u00410300   A grave\nÈ        \\[`E]   Egrave        u00450300   E grave\nÌ        \\[`I]   Igrave        u00490300   I grave\nÒ        \\[`O]   Ograve        u004F0300   O grave\nÙ        \\[`U]   Ugrave        u00550300   U grave\nà        \\[`a]   agrave        u00610300   a grave\nè        \\[`e]   egrave        u00650300   e grave\nì        \\[`i]   igrave        u00690300   i grave\nò        \\[`o]   ograve        u006F0300   o grave\nù        \\[`u]   ugrave        u00750300   u grave\nà        \\[~A]   Atilde        u00410303   A tilde\nÑ        \\[~N]   Ntilde        u004E0303   N tilde\nÕ        \\[~O]   Otilde        u004F0303   O tilde\nã        \\[~a]   atilde        u00610303   a tilde\nñ        \\[~n]   ntilde        u006E0303   n tilde\nõ        \\[~o]   otilde        u006F0303   o tilde\nŠ        \\[vS]   Scaron        u0053030C   S caron\nš        \\[vs]   scaron        u0073030C   s caron\nŽ        \\[vZ]   Zcaron        u005A030C   Z caron\nž        \\[vz]   zcaron        u007A030C   z caron\nÇ        \\[,C]   Ccedilla      u00430327   C cedilla\nç        \\[,c]   ccedilla      u00630327   c cedilla\nÅ        \\[oA]   Aring         u0041030A   A ring\nå        \\[oa]   aring         u0061030A   a ring\n\nAccents\n\nThe composite request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing glyph names; the val‐\nues given in parentheses are the original (spacing) ones.\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript     Unicode         Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n˝        \\[a\"]   hungarumlaut   u030B (u02DD)   Hungarian umlaut\n¯        \\[a-]   macron         u0304 (u00AF)   overbar accent\n˙        \\[a.]   dotaccent      u0307 (u02D9)   dot accent\n^        \\[a^]   circumflex     u0302 (u005E)   circumflex accent\n´        \\[aa]   acute          u0301 (u00B4)   acute accent +\n`        \\[ga]   grave          u0300 (u0060)   grave accent +\n˘        \\[ab]   breve          u0306 (u02D8)   breve accent\n\n¸        \\[ac]   cedilla        u0327 (u00B8)   cedilla accent\n¨        \\[ad]   dieresis       u0308 (u00A8)   umlaut accent\nˇ        \\[ah]   caron          u030C (u02C7)   caron accent\n˚        \\[ao]   ring           u030A (u02DA)   small circle, ring accent\n~        \\[a~]   tilde          u0303 (u007E)   tilde accent\n˛        \\[ho]   ogonek         u0328 (u02DB)   hook accent\n^        \\[ha]   asciicircum    u005E           high circumflex, ASCII character, in mathe‐\nmatics the power sign\n~        \\[ti]   asciitilde     u007E           tilde in vertical middle, ASCII, in Unix-like\nthe home directory\n\nQuotes\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript       Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n„        \\[Bq]   quotedblbase     u201E     low double comma quote\n‚        \\[bq]   quotesinglbase   u201A     low single comma quote\n“        \\[lq]   quotedblleft     u201C     left double quote\n”        \\[rq]   quotedblright    u201D     right double quote\n‘        \\[oq]   quoteleft        u2018     single open (left) quote\n’        \\[cq]   quoteright       u2019     single closing (right) quote\n'        \\[aq]   quotesingle      u0027     apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)\n\"        \\[dq]   quotedbl         u0022     double quote (ASCII 34)\n«        \\[Fo]   guillemotleft    u00AB     left guillemet [sic]\n»        \\[Fc]   guillemotright   u00BB     right guillemet [sic]\n‹        \\[fo]   guilsinglleft    u2039     single left-pointing angle quotation mark\n›        \\[fc]   guilsinglright   u203A     single right-pointing angle quotation mark\n\nPunctuation\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript     Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n¡        \\[r!]   exclamdown     u00A1     inverted exclamation mark\n¿        \\[r?]   questiondown   u00BF     inverted question mark\n—        \\[em]   emdash         u2014     em-dash symbol +\n–        \\[en]   endash         u2013     en-dash symbol\n‐        \\[hy]   hyphen         u2010     hyphen symbol +\n\nBrackets\n\nThe extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs.  In classical troff only  one  glyph\nwas available to vertically extend brackets, braces, and parentheses: ‘bv’.  We map it rather\narbitrarily to u23AA.\n\nNote that not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can be piled up  with  ‘\\b’\ndue to the restrictions of the escape's piling algorithm.  A general solution to build brack‐\nets out of pieces is the following macro:\n\n.\\\" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em\n.\\\" above the baseline.\n.\\\" The first argument is placed at the top.\n.\\\" The pile is returned in string 'pile'\n.eo\n.de pile-make\n.  nr pile-wd 0\n.  nr pile-ht 0\n.  ds pile-args\n.\n.  nr pile-# \\n[.$]\n.  while \\n[pile-#] \\{\\\n.    nr pile-wd (\\n[pile-wd] >? \\w'\\$[\\n[pile-#]]')\n.    nr pile-ht +(\\n[rst] - \\n[rsb])\n.    as pile-args \\v'\\n[rsb]u'\\\"\n.    as pile-args \\Z'\\$[\\n[pile-#]]'\\\"\n.    as pile-args \\v'-\\n[rst]u'\\\"\n.    nr pile-# -1\n.  \\}\n.\n.  ds pile \\v'(-0.5m + (\\n[pile-ht]u / 2u))'\\\"\n.  as pile \\*[pile-args]\\\"\n.  as pile \\v'((\\n[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)'\\\"\n.  as pile \\h'\\n[pile-wd]u'\\\"\n..\n.ec\n\nAnother complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent bracket pieces in  original\ntroff  can  be used for other mathematical symbols also, for example ‘lf’ and ‘rf’ which pro‐\nvide the ‘floor’ operator.  Other devices (most notably for  DVI  output)  don't  unify  such\nglyphs.   For  this  reason,  the four glyphs ‘lf’, ‘rf’, ‘lc’, and ‘rc’ are not unified with\nsimilarly looking bracket pieces.  In groff, only glyphs with long names  are  guaranteed  to\npile up correctly for all devices (provided those glyphs exist).\n\nOutput   Input               PostScript       Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n[        \\[lB]               bracketleft      u005B     left square bracket\n]        \\[rB]               bracketright     u005D     right square bracket\n{        \\[lC]               braceleft        u007B     left curly brace\n}        \\[rC]               braceright       u007D     right curly brace\n⟨        \\[la]               angleleft        u27E8     left angle bracket\n⟩        \\[ra]               angleright       u27E9     right angle bracket\n\n⎪        \\[bv]               braceex          u23AA     curly brace vertical extension * +\n⎪        \\[braceex]          braceex          u23AA     curly brace vertical extension\n\n⎡        \\[bracketlefttp]    bracketlefttp    u23A1     left square bracket top\n⎣        \\[bracketleftbt]    bracketleftbt    u23A3     left square bracket bottom\n⎢        \\[bracketleftex]    bracketleftex    u23A2     left square bracket extension\n⎤        \\[bracketrighttp]   bracketrighttp   u23A4     right square bracket top\n⎦        \\[bracketrightbt]   bracketrightbt   u23A6     right square bracket bottom\n⎥        \\[bracketrightex]   bracketrightex   u23A5     right square bracket extension\n\n⎧        \\[lt]               bracelefttp      u23A7     left curly brace top +\n⎧        \\[bracelefttp]      bracelefttp      u23A7     left curly brace top\n⎨        \\[lk]               braceleftmid     u23A8     left curly brace middle +\n⎨        \\[braceleftmid]     braceleftmid     u23A8     left curly brace middle\n⎩        \\[lb]               braceleftbt      u23A9     left curly brace bottom +\n⎩        \\[braceleftbt]      braceleftbt      u23A9     left curly brace bottom\n⎪        \\[braceleftex]      braceleftex      u23AA     left curly brace extension\n⎫        \\[rt]               bracerighttp     u23AB     right curly brace top +\n⎫        \\[bracerighttp]     bracerighttp     u23AB     right curly brace top\n⎬        \\[rk]               bracerightmid    u23AC     right curly brace middle +\n⎬        \\[bracerightmid]    bracerightmid    u23AC     right curly brace middle\n⎭        \\[rb]               bracerightbt     u23AD     right curly brace bottom +\n⎭        \\[bracerightbt]     bracerightbt     u23AD     right curly brace bottom\n⎪        \\[bracerightex]     bracerightex     u23AA     right curly brace extension\n⎛        \\[parenlefttp]      parenlefttp      u239B     left parenthesis top\n⎝        \\[parenleftbt]      parenleftbt      u239D     left parenthesis bottom\n⎜        \\[parenleftex]      parenleftex      u239C     left parenthesis extension\n⎞        \\[parenrighttp]     parenrighttp     u239E     right parenthesis top\n⎠        \\[parenrightbt]     parenrightbt     u23A0     right parenthesis bottoom\n⎟        \\[parenrightex]     parenrightex     u239F     right parenthesis extension\n\nArrows\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript      Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n←        \\[<-]   arrowleft       u2190     horizontal arrow left +\n→        \\[->]   arrowright      u2192     horizontal arrow right +\n↔        \\[<>]   arrowboth       u2194     horizontal arrow in both directions\n↓        \\[da]   arrowdown       u2193     vertical arrow down +\n↑        \\[ua]   arrowup         u2191     vertical arrow up +\n\n↕        \\[va]   arrowupdn       u2195     vertical arrow in both directions\n⇐        \\[lA]   arrowdblleft    u21D0     horizontal double arrow left\n⇒        \\[rA]   arrowdblright   u21D2     horizontal double arrow right\n⇔        \\[hA]   arrowdblboth    u21D4     horizontal double arrow in both directions\n⇓        \\[dA]   arrowdbldown    u21D3     vertical double arrow down\n⇑        \\[uA]   arrowdblup      u21D1     vertical double arrow up\n⇕        \\[vA]   uni21D5         u21D5     vertical double arrow in both directions\n⎯        \\[an]   arrowhorizex    u23AF     horizontal arrow extension\n\nLines\n\nThe font-invariant glyphs ‘br’, ‘ul’, and ‘rn’ form corners; they can be used to build boxes.\nNote that both the PostScript and the Unicode-derived names of these three  glyphs  are  just\nrough approximations.\n\n‘rn’ also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the square root sign.\n\n‘ru’ is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n|        \\[ba]   bar          u007C\n│        \\[br]   SF110000     u2502     box rule +\n\\[ul]   underscore   u005F     +\n‾        \\[rn]   overline     u203E     +\n\\[ru]   ---          ---       baseline rule +\n¦        \\[bb]   brokenbar    u00A6\n/        \\[sl]   slash        u002F     +\n\\        \\[rs]   backslash    u005C     reverse solidus\n\nUse ‘\\[radicalex]’, not ‘\\[overline]’, for continuation of square root.\n\nText markers\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript       Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n○        \\[ci]   circle           u25CB     +\n•        \\[bu]   bullet           u2022     +\n‡        \\[dd]   daggerdbl        u2021     double dagger sign +\n†        \\[dg]   dagger           u2020     dagger +\n◊        \\[lz]   lozenge          u25CA     lozenge, diamond, pound key\n□        \\[sq]   uni25A1          u25A1     white square +\n¶        \\[ps]   paragraph        u00B6     end of paragraph marker\n§        \\[sc]   section          u00A7     section sign +\n☜        \\[lh]   uni261C          u261C     hand pointing left +\n☞        \\[rh]   a14              u261E     hand pointing right +\n@        \\[at]   at               u0040     at\n#        \\[sh]   numbersign       u0023     number sign\n↵        \\[CR]   carriagereturn   u21B5     carriage return\n✓        \\[OK]   a19              u2713     check mark, tick\n\nLegal Symbols\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n©        \\[co]   copyright    u00A9     +\n®        \\[rg]   registered   u00AE     +\n™        \\[tm]   trademark    u2122\n\\[bs]   ---          ---       AT&T Bell Labs logo +\n\nThe Bell Labs logo is not supported in groff.\n\nCurrency symbols\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n$        \\[Do]   dollar       u0024     dollar\n¢        \\[ct]   cent         u00A2     cent +\n€        \\[eu]   ---          u20AC     official Euro symbol\n€        \\[Eu]   Euro         u20AC     font-specific Euro glyph variant\n¥        \\[Ye]   yen          u00A5     Japanese Yen\n£        \\[Po]   sterling     u00A3     pound sterling (British)\n¤        \\[Cs]   currency     u00A4     Scandinavian currency sign\nƒ        \\[Fn]   florin       u0192     Dutch currency sign\n\nUnits\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript     Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n°        \\[de]   degree         u00B0     degree +\n‰        \\[%0]   perthousand    u2030     per thousand, per mille sign\n′        \\[fm]   minute         u2032     arc minute sign +\n″        \\[sd]   second         u2033     acr second sign\nµ        \\[mc]   mu             u00B5     mu, micro sign\nª        \\[Of]   ordfeminine    u00AA     feminine ordinal (Spanish)\nº        \\[Om]   ordmasculine   u00BA     masculine ordinal (Spanish)\n\nLogical Symbols\n\nOutput   Input    PostScript    Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n∧        \\[AN]    logicaland    u2227     logical and\n∨        \\[OR]    logicalor     u2228     logical or\n¬        \\[no]    logicalnot    u00AC     logical not + *\n¬        \\[tno]   logicalnot    u00AC     text variant of ‘no’\n∃        \\[te]    existential   u2203     there exists\n∀        \\[fa]    universal     u2200     for all\n∋        \\[st]    suchthat      u220B     sucht that\n∴        \\[3d]    therefore     u2234     therefore\n∴        \\[tf]    therefore     u2234     therefore\n|        \\[or]    bar           u007C     bitwise OR operator (as used in C) +\n\nMathematical Symbols\n\nOutput   Input          PostScript       Unicode      Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n½        \\[12]          onehalf          u00BD        1/2 symbol +\n¼        \\[14]          onequarter       u00BC        1/4 symbol +\n¾        \\[34]          threequarters    u00BE        3/4 symbol +\n⅛        \\[18]          oneeighth        u215B        1/8 symbol\n⅜        \\[38]          threeeighths     u215C        3/8 symbol\n⅝        \\[58]          fiveeighths      u215D        5/8 symbol\n⅞        \\[78]          seveneighths     u215E        7/8 symbol\n¹        \\[S1]          onesuperior      u00B9        superscript 1\n²        \\[S2]          twosuperior      u00B2        superscript 2\n³        \\[S3]          threesuperior    u00B3        superscript 3\n\n+        \\[pl]          plus             u002B        plus in special font +\n−        \\[mi]          minus            u2212        minus in special font +\n∓        \\[-+]          uni2213          u2213        minus-plus\n±        \\[+-]          plusminus        u00B1        plus-minus + *\n±        \\[t+-]         plusminus        u00B1        text variant of \\[+-]\n·        \\[pc]          periodcentered   u00B7        period centered\n⋅        \\[md]          dotmath          u22C5        multiplication dot\n×        \\[mu]          multiply         u00D7        multiply sign + *\n×        \\[tmu]         multiply         u00D7        text variant of \\[mu]\n⊗        \\[c*]          circlemultiply   u2297        multiply sign in circle\n⊕        \\[c+]          circleplus       u2295        plus sign in circle\n÷        \\[di]          divide           u00F7        division sign + *\n÷        \\[tdi]         divide           u00F7        text variant of \\[di]\n⁄        \\[f/]          fraction         u2044        bar for fractions\n\n∗        \\[]          asteriskmath     u2217        mathematical asterisk +\n\n≤        \\[<=]          lessequal        u2264        less or equal +\n≥        \\[>=]          greaterequal     u2265        greater or equal +\n≪        \\[<<]          uni226A          u226A        much less\n≫        \\[>>]          uni226B          u226B        much greater\n=        \\[eq]          equal            u003D        equals in special font +\n≠        \\[!=]          notequal         u003D0338   not equal +\n≡        \\[==]          equivalence      u2261        equivalent +\n≢        \\[ne]          uni2262          u22610338   not equivalent\n≅        \\[=~]          congruent        u2245        congruent, approx. equal\n≃        \\[|=]          uni2243          u2243        asymptot. equal to +\n∼        \\[ap]          similar          u223C        similar +\n≈        \\[~~]          approxequal      u2248        almost equal to\n≈        \\[~=]          approxequal      u2248        almost equal to\n∝        \\[pt]          proportional     u221D        proportional +\n\n∅        \\[es]          emptyset         u2205        empty set +\n∈        \\[mo]          element          u2208        element of a set +\n∉        \\[nm]          notelement       u22080338   not element of set\n⊂        \\[sb]          propersubset     u2282        proper subset +\n⊄        \\[nb]          notsubset        u22820338   not supset\n⊃        \\[sp]          propersuperset   u2283        proper superset +\n⊅        \\[nc]          uni2285          u22830338   not superset\n⊆        \\[ib]          reflexsubset     u2286        subset or equal +\n⊇        \\[ip]          reflexsuperset   u2287        superset or equal +\n∩        \\[ca]          intersection     u2229        intersection, cap +\n∪        \\[cu]          union            u222A        union, cup +\n\n∠        \\[/]          angle            u2220        angle\n⊥        \\[pp]          perpendicular    u22A5        perpendicular\n∫        \\[is]          integral         u222B        integral +\n∫        \\[integral]    integral         u222B        integral *\n∑        \\[sum]         summation        u2211        summation *\n∏        \\[product]     product          u220F        product *\n∐        \\[coproduct]   uni2210          u2210        coproduct *\n∇        \\[gr]          gradient         u2207        gradient +\n√        \\[sr]          radical          u221A        square root +\n√        \\[sqrt]        radical          u221A        square root\n\\[radicalex]   radicalex        ---          square root continuation *\n\\[sqrtex]      radicalex        ---          square root continuation *\n\n⌈        \\[lc]          uni2308          u2308        left ceiling +\n⌉        \\[rc]          uni2309          u2309        right ceiling +\n⌊        \\[lf]          uni230A          u230A        left floor +\n⌋        \\[rf]          uni230B          u230B        right floor +\n\n∞        \\[if]          infinity         u221E        infinity +\nℵ        \\[Ah]          aleph            u2135        aleph\nℑ        \\[Im]          Ifraktur         u2111        Gothic I, imaginary\nℜ        \\[Re]          Rfraktur         u211C        Gothic R, real\n℘        \\[wp]          weierstrass      u2118        Weierstrass p\n∂        \\[pd]          partialdiff      u2202        partial differentiation +\nℏ        \\[-h]          uni210F          u210F        Planck constant / 2pi (h-bar)\nℏ        \\[hbar]        uni210F          u210F        Planck constant / 2pi (h-bar)\n\nGreek glyphs\n\nThese glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real Greek; normally, the uppercase let‐\nters have upright shape, and the lowercase ones are slanted.  There is  a  problem  with  the\nmapping  of  letter  phi  to  Unicode.   Prior to Unicode version 3.0, the difference between\nU+03C6, GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, and U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was not clearly described; only\nthe  glyph  shapes  in  the  Unicode  book  could be used as a reference.  Starting with Uni‐\ncode 3.0, the reference glyphs have been exchanged and described verbally also: In mathemati‐\ncal  context,  U+03D5 is the stroked variant and U+03C6 the curly glyph.  Unfortunately, most\nfont vendors didn't update their fonts to this (incompatible) change in Unicode.  At the time\nof  this  writing (January 2006), it is not clear yet whether the Adobe Glyph Names ‘phi’ and\n‘phi1’ also change its meaning if used  for  mathematics,  thus  compatibility  problems  are\nlikely  to  happen  –  being conservative, groff currently assumes that ‘phi’ in a PostScript\nsymbol font is the stroked version.\n\nIn groff, symbol ‘\\[*f]’ always denotes the stroked version of phi,  and  ‘\\[+f]’  the  curly\nvariant.\n\nOutput   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\nΑ        \\[*A]   Alpha        u0391     +\nΒ        \\[*B]   Beta         u0392     +\nΓ        \\[*G]   Gamma        u0393     +\nΔ        \\[*D]   Delta        u0394     +\nΕ        \\[*E]   Epsilon      u0395     +\nΖ        \\[*Z]   Zeta         u0396     +\nΗ        \\[*Y]   Eta          u0397     +\nΘ        \\[*H]   Theta        u0398     +\nΙ        \\[*I]   Iota         u0399     +\nΚ        \\[*K]   Kappa        u039A     +\nΛ        \\[*L]   Lambda       u039B     +\nΜ        \\[*M]   Mu           u039C     +\nΝ        \\[*N]   Nu           u039D     +\nΞ        \\[*C]   Xi           u039E     +\nΟ        \\[*O]   Omicron      u039F     +\nΠ        \\[*P]   Pi           u03A0     +\nΡ        \\[*R]   Rho          u03A1     +\nΣ        \\[*S]   Sigma        u03A3     +\nΤ        \\[*T]   Tau          u03A4     +\nΥ        \\[*U]   Upsilon      u03A5     +\nΦ        \\[*F]   Phi          u03A6     +\nΧ        \\[*X]   Chi          u03A7     +\nΨ        \\[*Q]   Psi          u03A8     +\nΩ        \\[*W]   Omega        u03A9     +\nα        \\[*a]   alpha        u03B1     +\nβ        \\[*b]   beta         u03B2     +\nγ        \\[*g]   gamma        u03B3     +\nδ        \\[*d]   delta        u03B4     +\nε        \\[*e]   epsilon      u03B5     +\nζ        \\[*z]   zeta         u03B6     +\nη        \\[*y]   eta          u03B7     +\nθ        \\[*h]   theta        u03B8     +\nι        \\[*i]   iota         u03B9     +\nκ        \\[*k]   kappa        u03BA     +\nλ        \\[*l]   lambda       u03BB     +\nμ        \\[*m]   mu           u03BC     +\nν        \\[*n]   nu           u03BD     +\nξ        \\[*c]   xi           u03BE     +\nο        \\[*o]   omicron      u03BF     +\nπ        \\[*p]   pi           u03C0     +\nρ        \\[*r]   rho          u03C1     +\nς        \\[ts]   sigma1       u03C2     terminal sigma +\nσ        \\[*s]   sigma        u03C3     +\nτ        \\[*t]   tau          u03C4     +\nυ        \\[*u]   upsilon      u03C5     +\nϕ        \\[*f]   phi          u03D5     (stroked glyph) +\nχ        \\[*x]   chi          u03C7     +\nψ        \\[*q]   psi          u03C8     +\nω        \\[*w]   omega        u03C9     +\nϑ        \\[+h]   theta1       u03D1     variant theta\nφ        \\[+f]   phi1         u03C6     variant phi (curly shape)\nϖ        \\[+p]   omega1       u03D6     variant pi, looking like omega\nϵ        \\[+e]   uni03F5      u03F5     variant epsilon\n\nCard symbols\n\nOutput   Input      PostScript   Unicode   Notes\n──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n♣        \\[CL]      club         u2663     black club suit\n♠        \\[SP]      spade        u2660     black spade suit\n♥        \\[HE]      heart        u2665     black heart suit\n♡        \\[u2661]   uni2661      u2661     white heart suit\n♦        \\[DI]      diamond      u2666     black diamond suit\n♢        \\[u2662]   uni2662      u2662     white diamond suit\n"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "AUTHORS": {
                "content": "This  document  was written by James Clark ⟨jjc@jclark.com⟩, with additions by Werner Lemberg\n⟨wl@gnu.org⟩ and Bernd Warken ⟨groff-bernd.warken-72@web.de⟩, and revised to use real  tables\nby Eric S. Raymond ⟨esr@thyrsus.com⟩.\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "SEE ALSO": {
                "content": "Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and Werner Lemberg, is the primary\ngroff manual.  Section “Using Symbols” may be of particular note.  You can browse it interac‐\ntively with “info '(groff)Using Symbols'”.\n\ngroff(1)\nthe GNU roff formatter\n\ngroff(7)\na short reference of the groff formatting language\n\nAn extension to the troff character set for Europe, E.G. Keizer, K.J. Simonsen, J. Akkerhuis;\nEUUG Newsletter, Volume 9, No. 2, Summer 1989\n\nThe Unicode Standard ⟨http://www.unicode.org⟩\n\n\n\ngroff 1.22.4                                23 March 2022                              GROFFCHAR(7)",
                "subsections": []
            }
        }
    }
}